10 - The Rise and Spread of Islam

Question Answer
Peoples and Places of the Arab Empire
Peninsula on which the early Arabs lived Arabia
Climate of the early Arabs' homeland desert
Birthplace of Muhammad Mecca
Christians' term for the Muslim people who conquered Spain the Moors
Major occupation of Arabian nomads herding
Nomads of Arabia the Bedouins
City to which Muhammad fled and established his leadership Medina
City captured by Muhammad that became the center of Islam Mecca
Body of water on the west coast of Arabia the Red Sea
Continent whose northern border was conquered by the Arabs Africa
Western European country that became part of the Arab Empire Spain
Empire to the east of Arabia taken over by the Arabs the Persian Empire
Empire to the north of the Arab Empire extending from Asia Minor into Europe the Byzantine Empire
Near Eastern countries to the north of Arabia taken over by the Arab Empire Palestine and Syria
African country to the west of Arabia that became part of the Arab Empire Egypt
River on which Baghdad was built the Tigris
Wealthy businesswoman who married Muhammad Khadijah
Original name of the city of Medina Yathrib
New capital of the Umayyad caliphs, in Syria Damascus
New capital built by the Abbasid caliphs Baghdad
Spanish cities that were centers of learning under the Arabs Cordoba and Toledo

Governing the Arab Empire

Founder of the Arab Empire Muhammad
How the Arabs treated people they conquered generously/tolerantly
Official language of the Arab Empire Arabic
Term for a successor of Muhammad a caliph
The first 100 years in power of the Abbasids, 750-850 the Golden Age of Islam
Muhammad's early profession a camel driver (or caravan trader)
Method of choosing the first caliphs by election
How the title of caliph was passed on after the early caliphs by heredity
Source of income for the Arab Empire taxes
Battle in which the Arabs were turned back from their invasion of Europe the Battle of Tours
Muhammad's daughter, who established her own dynasty in North Africa and western Arabia Fatima
Muhammad's loyal friend, follower, and first successor Abu Bakr
Muhammad's son-in-law, the last of the Rightly Guided Caliphs Ali
Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 the Hijrah (Hegira)
Dynasty that ruled as hereditary caliphs for 90 years the Umayyad
Group of Muslims who favored caliphs chosen only from Muhammad's own family the Shi'ites
Group of Muslims who favored electing any eligible, pious Muslim as caliph the Sunnis
Group that defeated the Umayyads to rule the empire the Abbasids
Term for the three parts of the later empire a caliphate
Muslim body of law, incorporating religious, criminal, and civil matters the Shari'a

Islamic Culture
Type of mathematics invented by Muslim scholars algebra
Type of numbers introduced to Europeans by Arab mathematicians Arabic numerals
Health-care field in which Arabs excelled medicine
Things that could not be pictured by Islamic artists living creatures
Artistic use of flowing Arabic script calligraphy
Muslim scientists who tried to turn tin and lead into silver and gold alchemists
Muslim scientists who gave many stars their names astronomers
Muslim scientists who determined the earth might be round geographers
Popular collection of Persian tales The Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights )
European country that became a point of contact for Europeans and Muslim culture Spain
Events that brought Europeans into contact with Muslim culture the Crusades
Slender towers built next to mosques minarets
Navigation instrument perfected by Muslim scientists the astrolabe
Arab encyclopedia of medicine used in European medical schools for 500 years the Canon on Medicine
Famed Persian scholar, astronomer, and poet, author of the Rubaiyat Omar Khayyam
Great physician and author of collection of medical knowledge al-Razi, or Avicenna
Weapons from Damascus that became world famous steel swords
Revered Muslim shrine in Jerusalem built in the 600s using Byzantine domes and arches the Dome of the Rock
Library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad, a center for scholars the House of Wisdom

Religious Beliefs
The one God of Islam Allah
Muslim book of scriptures, the sacred word of God as revealed to Muhammad the Qur'an
Muslim house of worship a masjid (or mosque)
Muhammad's status a prophet (the last and greatest)
Food forbidden to Muslims pork
Beverage forbidden to Muslims liquor (alcoholic beverages)
Number of times per day Muslims must pray five
Position in which Muslims must pray facing Mecca
Muslims must do this for the needy. give alms (charity)
What Muslims must do during the daylight hours of the holy month fast
Men learned in Islamic faith and law mullahs
Muhammad believed Allah was the same god that these two religious groups worshipped. the Jews and Christians
Pilgrimage to Mecca a hajj
Heavenly creature whose voice spoke to Muhammad the angel Gabriel
Holy shrine of Mecca that contains a sacred cubelike black structure the Ka'aba
What the word Islam means "submission to God"
Islamic creed that Muslims must recite "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet."
Muslim prayer leader an imam
Muslim holy month Ramadan
Meaning of the word Muslim "one who submits"
Event that marks the first year of the Muslim calendar the Hijrah (Hegira)