GUIDE TO

PRESENTATION OF
ASSIGNMENTS
2012
This booklet is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study,
research, criticism or review, no part may be reproduced without written permission.

Any enquiries about these Guidelines should be made to:

Health Sciences Library

The University of Sydney (Cumberland Campus)
Level 1, R Block
75 East Street, Lidcombe NSW 2141
Telephone: (02) 9351 9423

A full-colour, electronic version of this document is published at:

http://sydney.edu.au/health_sciences/pdfs_docs/assignment_guide.pdf

Acknowledgement: Kate Masters and Kanchana Ekanayake, Faculty Liaison Librarians at the Health
Sciences Library, undertook the major revisions for this edition. Much of the original work was
undertaken by Susan M. Lucas, Learning & Teaching Support and the Learning Centre, Faculty of
Health Sciences. Printed by the Printery, Faculty of Health Sciences.

© 2012, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney

[Version 5, revised 14 November 2011]

ii
GUIDE TO PRESENTATION OF ASSIGNMENTS 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Plagiarism ............................................................................................................................................. 1
How to Avoid Plagiarism ..................................................................................................................... 2

Referencing – Part 1 ........................................................................................................................... 2

Academic Writing ................................................................................................................................ 3

EndNote .............................................................................................................................................. 3
Step 1: Download the Software ..................................................................................................... 3
Step 2: Learn How to Use EndNote ............................................................................................... 4

Formatting Your Assignment .............................................................................................................. 4

Assignment Cover Sheet ................................................................................................................ 4
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 4
Abstract or Synopsis ...................................................................................................................... 4
Tables, Graphs, Figures & Illustrations .......................................................................................... 4
Appendices ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Final Presentation .......................................................................................................................... 5
Submission of Assignment ............................................................................................................. 6

Referencing – Part 2 ........................................................................................................................... 7

Non-Discriminatory Language ........................................................................................................... 25

Sources of Help .................................................................................................................................. 25

Writing Advice .................................................................................................................................... 25

Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 25

iii
This Guide to Presentation of Assignments has been written to assist you to receive the
highest possible mark on your written assignment submissions to the Disciplines within the
Faculty of Health Sciences.

Before we begin to address the specifics of assignment writing, referencing and submission, we will
address the topic of plagiarism.

PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism is the fraudulent use of the intellectual property of another by copying another’s work
without acknowledgement, by implying material is one’s own when it is not or by presenting an idea
as new when it has come from another source. A student may not present, copy or reproduce
material from another without acknowledging the source.

Depending on the extent of plagiarism found in a student’s assessment submission, penalties can
range from an interview with the Head of Discipline to expulsion from the University. The University of
Sydney policy on Academic Honesty in Coursework is available at:

http://sydney.edu.au/learning/education_policy/academic_dishonesty_in_coursework_policy_
2012.pdf

You should read the above document for yourself to ensure that you understand the implications of
the policy.

A copy of the Compliance Statement is included on the Faculty’s Assignment Cover Sheet: a signed
copy of this statement MUST be included with ALL assessment submissions. Typing your name
into the signature field is sufficient verification for electronic submissions.

The FHS Assignment Cover Sheets for individuals or groups are available online:

http://sydney.edu.au/health_sciences/current_students/forms_applications.shtml

A series of modules covering information skills has been developed by the University of Sydney
Library. Please take the time to view the topic Plagiarism and Academic Honesty at:

http://sydney.edu.au/library/elearning/learn/plagiarism

Robert Harris (2001), as cited in Central Queensland University’s Harvard referencing guide, has
developed flowcharts that should assist you in determining whether material should be cited.

Figure 1: Harris, R. A. (2001). The plagiarism handbook: Strategies for preventing, detecting, and
dealing with plagiarism. Los Angeles, CA: Pyrczak, pp. 155 & 158.

1
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM

• Keep good notes on the source material you use when preparing your assignments. If you
photocopy the source material, ensure you also photocopy its bibliographic details (i.e.
author, year of publication, title etc.) You require this information for your reference list. In the
case of books, this information can usually be found at the front of the book, after the title
page and before the table of contents. In the case of journal articles, this information can
usually be found on the first page of the article. Different reference types require different
bibliographic details to be recorded in the reference list – refer to Part 2 of this guide for
specific examples.

If you use a physical item from the Library, you may find it helpful to record its call number –
this will enable you to easily relocate it. There is a Call Number field in EndNote. Remember
that an item’s call number at the Health Sciences Library won’t necessarily be the same as its
call number at other University of Sydney Libraries.

• Do not overuse direct quotations. It is always better to paraphrase and use general
statements to support your arguments. Paraphrasing demonstrates your understanding of the
material. Remember, if you paraphrase the words or ideas of another, you must reference the
source. If you do use the words of another author, put the borrowed words in quotation marks
and treat them as a quotation. See page 9 of this guide for more information about direct
quotations.

• It is not acceptable to cut and paste sections of material from the Internet or other sources
and place them in your essay (with or without a reference) without any comment or
connecting material written by you. This shows a lack of intellectual input on your part and will
earn a poor mark because there is no academic merit in the essay.

• How to Recognise Plagiarism – a student tutorial from Indiana University in the USA:

http://www.indiana.edu/~istd/index.html

The University of Sydney is opposed to and will not tolerate plagiarism. It is the responsibility of all
students to:

• Ensure they do not commit plagiarism or collude with another person to commit plagiarism
• Report possible instances of plagiarism
• Comply with the University’s policy and procedure on plagiarism

REFERENCING – PART 1

As part of the requirements for most units of study, you will be asked to submit some form of written
work in which you are expected to demonstrate an acceptable level of skill in academic writing. This
guide will assist you in setting out and completing written work where academic writing is expected.
Often a portion of the mark given for an assignment is awarded on the basis of referencing – you will
find this guide a useful aid when completing your assignments. Referencing is an essential
component of academic writing; it shows how well, and to what extent, you have researched your
topic. It acknowledges your sources, lends credibility to your arguments, and allows readers to
confirm what you have written as well as seek further information about your topic.

The Faculty of Health Sciences uses the American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style.
The sixth and latest edition of this style (APA 6th) was published in 2010. In this style of referencing
(called an ‘author-date’ system) the document being referred to is listed twice in the assignment:
once within the text and again in the reference list. It is preferred to other referencing systems as the
authors’ details and date of publication occur in the text adjacent to the material being cited (as
opposed, for instance, to a system that uses superscript numbering.)

Many staff and students of the Faculty use Endnote – a type of reference management software
th
which facilitates the production of in-text and reference list citations. The version of APA 6 used in

2
 th
this guide matches that produced by the software. You should use APA 6 unless your Unit of
Study Coordinator specifically asks you to use another style.
In Referencing – Part 2 you will find samples of referencing for various types of sources, each of
which has its own way of being cited. For example, an article from a scholarly journal is referenced
differently from that of a textbook and differently again from a book that is made up of sections written
by various authors. The style is quite specific and it does matter where you place commas, first
initials, dates, and so on (and you will be marked accordingly). Refer to the in text and reference list
examples in Part 2 of this guide as you research and write your assignments. In time you will find that
referencing will become almost automatic. Remember to always present your reference list in
alphabetical order.

You may be familiar with bibliographies. A bibliography is compiled of sources which have been useful
to you in preparing your assignment, but which you have not cited in your work. All the sources you
have consulted are listed alphabetically, by author. The bibliography is placed after the reference list.
Bibliographies are not usually required in assignments. You should not include one unless your
lecturer specifically requires one.

ACADEMIC WRITING

You should consult your lecturer about the style of writing required in preparing reports, particularly
clinical reports or portfolios, where the use of point format (such as a list of dot points) and headings
may be acceptable. In essays, point format is generally not acceptable. Make sure you know and
understand the marking criteria used by your Discipline, your Unit of Study Coordinator and
the penalties for late submission.

You will find useful explanations, examples of aspects of academic writing, and activities for practice
at:

http://writesite.elearn.usyd.edu.au/
(requires UniKey authentication)

Remember that you must use appropriate academic sources such as textbooks and peer-reviewed
journals. A peer-reviewed journal, also known as a ‘refereed’ or ‘umpired’ journal, is one which has
been scrutinised by experts in that particular field. These experts perform an impartial review of all
submitted articles to the journal. Sources such as Wikipedia are generally not acceptable, as the
credentials of the author(s) are unknown and the information presented is not necessarily correct or
objective.

Students completing thesis requirements for higher degrees should consult the Faculty
Handbook and their supervisors in order to comply with any guidelines specific to higher
degrees.

ENDNOTE

EndNote is a software program designed to manage bibliographic references and create reference
lists which are required in all academic papers. References can be manually entered, or exported
directly from a database into an EndNote Library, organised into groups, and added to your essay or
thesis in virtually any referencing style. EndNote is free to current staff and students of the University
of Sydney and there are Microsoft Windows and Macintosh versions available.

The current version of EndNote is EndNote X5.

Step 1: Download the Software

You can download the software, as well as access the EndNote Guide and EndNote tutorials from the
following link:

http://sydney.edu.au/library/skills/endnote.html

3
Select the ‘For students’ option, read the conditions, and click on ‘I agree’. Before continuing, be
sure to log out of all Microsoft Office programs, such as Word, Outlook, Excel, etc. Then scroll down
and select ‘Download EndNote X5’ for PC or for Mac.

Step 2: Learn How to Use EndNote

It is possible to enter references directly from online sources, search databases for references from
within EndNote, download full text articles, organise your references into groups, and insert
references automatically as you write your paper. It is recommended that you attend classes or view
online tutorials to learn how to use the more advanced features of EndNote. Please refer to:

http://libguides.library.usyd.edu.au/endnote

FORMATTING YOUR ASSIGNMENT

Assignment Cover Sheet

This page identifies your written work. Tutors and lecturers manage large numbers of students in a
variety of units of study, sometimes from different Disciplines. The information you provide on this
page ensures your work reaches the right person, is marked, and is returned to you. It includes your
name and student number, your University email address, your Unit of Study name and number, your
tutorial group (if appropriate), your Unit of Study Coordinator’s or Tutor’s name, the title of your
assignment, and the length (do not count the words in an abstract or in your reference list or
bibliography).

Table of Contents
A table of contents is generally necessary only where the text is divided into chapters or several
subheadings. Most short written assignments do not require a table of contents.

The table of contents provides an overview of the material being presented and its location in your
assignment. Included in it are the major divisions of the assignment: the introduction,
chapters/sections (and sometimes subsections), reference list, bibliography and appendix. You should
include page numbers to indicate where these divisions are contained in your document.
Acknowledgements as well as lists of tables and figures may be included as well. The relationship
between the various divisions needs to be shown by appropriate use of indentations and capitals.
After the Table of Contents, insert your list of Tables and Figures if you need to include these.

Abstract or Synopis
An abstract is not always required. If included in an assignment it should cover only the outline of your
argument or the problem (not details), a brief description of the methods and procedures used in
collecting data, and the general conclusions you have reached. An abstract is usually very short; if
the length is not specified, then it is usual to aim at 5 to 10% of the essay itself. The abstract is placed
after the title page and immediately before the text of your assignment. Most journals will include
abstracts of their articles – you can use these as examples to prepare your own abstract.

A well-written abstract answers the following five questions, almost always in this order:

• Why was the study carried out (or why is the topic being discussed?)
• What was done?
• How was it done?
• What was found?
• What conclusions were drawn?

You may find the same sentence answers both the second and third questions.

Tables, Graphs, Figures and Illustrations

Tables, graphs, figures and illustrations can greatly enhance assignment presentation if they are used
in moderation to convey relevant and useful information. Do not use several paragraphs of text to
explain information that could easily be conveyed in tabular or diagrammatic form. As with the written
word, make sure that tables and figures are properly referenced. (For a fuller outline of the use of
tables, graphs, figures and illustrations refer to other publications such as those listed at the end of
this booklet.) Include tables, graphs and other forms of illustration only where they serve a definite

4
purpose. Do not try to convey too much information in any table or graph. Place them as close as
possible to where they are referred to in the text.

Remember that Figures include pictures, graphs and diagrams while Tables contain data. Therefore,
it is appropriate to list tables and figures separately. Provide a list of Figures and Tables at the
beginning of your assignment, immediately after the title page and the table of contents. Tables and
figures should appear in consecutive order as they are referred to in the text, and have clear, concise
titles. The correct method of introducing them into your text is to refer to the figure or table by number,
for example: “As Table 4 shows, ...” – or – “(See Figure 2)”. Generally tables are typed (doubled
spaced) and inserted in the text with two lines left above and below the table.

Example of a graph and its caption taken from another source:

Figure 2: The average lateral displacement of the car (mean of absolute values) during glances at in-
car target by age and road type (Wikman, 2005, p. 716).

Appendices
Use an appendix when you wish to include material in your assignment that is important, but not
directly relevant to your main argument. An appendix might include copies of data collection forms
used in the research, excerpts from diaries or transcripts from case studies, questionnaires, tests,
statistical tables, and raw data. Including this material in the main body of your essay or assignment
would make your work difficult to read or cluttered. This evidence should be placed in an appendix so
that interested readers can consult the material if they wish. Appendices should not include
photocopies of journal articles or text from references. The material placed in the appendix should be
referred to in the body of the assignment, for example: “All subjects were given a Banks Item Test
(see Appendix 1).” – or – “All subjects were given a Banks Item Test. A copy of the test is included in
Appendix A.” Where there is more than one appendix, identify them by number or letter.

Final Presentation
Assignments are written for other people to read, comment on and mark. If markers are to give
students a fair, accurate assessment they will need to be able to follow the student's work easily, so
that they can concentrate on the content without the distractions of poor writing or disordered pages.

HERE ARE A FEW SIMPLE RULES:

• Present the text (main body) of your assignment on numbered pages beginning with 1 and
continuing, in sequence, to the last page.
• Type your work using double spacing between lines.
• Actual font size will vary with the font you choose. Ensure that the font size and style you
choose can be easily read. It is recommended that if you use Arial as your font, the minimum
font size should be 10 point. If using Times New Roman the minimum font size should be 12
point.
• Print on only one side of the page.
• Leave a margin of at least 3 cm on the left-hand side of the page.
• Do NOT justify the right-hand margin.

5
 • There are different styles for including headings in assignments. This document is an example
of one style. If unsure, consult the Unit Coordinator in your Discipline.
• Stay within the specified word limit. Your lecturer will have a purpose in setting a limit –
perhaps the exercise is designed to test your ability to argue concisely or select the most
important points. There may be a penalty for having too many or too few words.
• The word count should include all words in the main body of the assignment (including ‘a’,
‘the’, etc.) Do NOT count the words in the abstract or the reference list.

SUBMISSION OF ASSIGNMENT

Some assignments will need to be electronically submitted via your Unit of Study elearning sites.
Where a practice submission is available, be sure to use this facility well ahead of the due date for
your first assignment to identify any issues you may encounter in the process.

When an electronic submission is not required, all the pages of your assignment must be firmly bound
together. When bound at only one point, the top left-hand corner should be used. Do not submit your
assignment as loose pages.

• You may wish to submit your work in a plastic sleeve or folder but there is no requirement to
do so. Do NOT insert each page in individual plastic sleeves – these make it hard for markers
to provide comments. Please do NOT submit your work in a ring binder unless specifically
asked to do so.

• The Assignment Cover Sheet MUST BE signed and attached to every submission you make.
The cover sheets include the mandatory compliance statement.

• Download the appropriate cover sheet from:

http://sydney.edu.au/health_sciences/current_students/forms_applications.shtml
(under the heading Assessment)

It is your responsibility to keep a copy of all submissions as sometimes work is misplaced.

Markers are under no obligation to award an extension to a student whose work is lost or stolen.

6
REFERENCING – PART 2

The Faculty of Health Sciences uses the American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. The sixth and latest edition of this style (APA 6th) was published in 2010.

IN-TEXT REFERENCES

• APA uses the ‘author-date’ style of referencing. That is, in-text references (generally) appear in the following format:
(Author’s Last Name, Year of Publication, Page Number(s)).
Example: (Austen, 1813, p. 64).

• You are also permitted to include the Author’s name in a sentence, omitting it from the brackets.
Example: Austen (1813, pp. 64-67) observes that…
Note: For multiple pages, use the abbreviation ‘pp.’ Include the full page range, i.e. ’64-67’ as opposed to ’64-7’.

• If you are referring to an entire work, include only the Author’s Last Name and Year of Publication in brackets. If you are referring to part of a work, you must include Page
Numbers or their equivalent (see specific examples for more information).

• When citing a source you have not read yourself, but which is referred to in a source you have read (also known as ‘secondary referencing’), use the following method:
Moore (as cited in Maxwell, 1999, p. 25) stated that…
Important: You would cite Maxwell, not Moore, in the Reference List
Note: It is always preferable to cite the original source

REFERENCE LIST

• The Reference List should appear at the end of your work on a separate page.

• Only include references you have cited in your work.

• All references should have a hanging indent. That is, all lines of a reference subsequent to the first line should be indented (see examples in the tables below).

• In general, references should be listed alphabetically by the last name of the first author of each work.

• Special Reference List cases:

o In the case of works by different authors with the same family name, list references alphabetically by the authors’ initials.
o In the case of multiple works by the same author in different years, list references chronologically (earliest to latest).
o In the case of multiple works by the same author in the same year, list references alphabetically by title in the Reference List (see page 10 for more information).

7
 • When referring to Books, Book Chapters, Article Titles or Webpages, capitalise only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, and proper nouns.
Example: Aboriginals and the mining industry: Case studies of the Australian experience

• When referring to Journal Titles, capitalise all major words (do not capitalise words such as ‘of’, ‘and’, & ‘the’ unless they are the first word in the title).
Example: Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness

USEFUL LINKS
REFERENCING AND CITATION STYLES SUBJECT GUIDE: http://libguides.library.usyd.edu.au/citation

ENDNOTE SUBJECT GUIDE: http://libguides.library.usyd.edu.au/endnote

HOW TO REFERENCE TUTORIAL: http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/elearning/learn/referencing/index.php

HEALTH SCIENCES FACULTY LIAISON LIBRARIANS: http://sydney.edu.au/library/contacts/subjectcontacts.html#hsc

Acknowledgement: The material contained in this document has been adapted, with permission of the authors, from the following publication:

University of Canberra Library & Academic Skills Program. (2010). A guide to referencing with examples in the APA & Harvard styles (6th ed.). Retrieved from the University of Canberra
Library website: http://www.canberra.edu.au/library/attachments/pdf/referencing-guide.pdf

8
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST

BOOKS
One author – in-text reference ‘Information prominent’ (the author’s name is within Cochrane, A. (2007). Understanding urban policy: A critical
placement parentheses): approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
The conclusion reached in a recent study (Cochrane, 2007) was
Note: There are two main ways to use in- that…
text references. Firstly, to focus on the
information from your source – ‘information OR
prominent’. Secondly, to focus on the
author – ‘author prominent’. ‘Author prominent’ (the author’s name is outside the
parentheses):
Cochrane (2007) concluded that…

One author – when fewer than 40 words An interesting view was expressed that “the connection of high profile Cochrane, A. (2007). Understanding urban policy: A critical
are quoted developments to their surrounding environment has increasingly been approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
questioned” (Cochrane, 2007, p. 117).
Include the material in the paragraph and
include specific page number/s. OR

Use double quotation marks to show the An interesting view was expressed by Cochrane (2007) that “the
exact words. connection of high profile developments to their surrounding
environment has increasingly been questioned” (p. 117).

One author – when 40 or more Much has been written about acute care. Finkelman (2006), for Finkelman, A. W. (2006). Leadership and management in nursing.
words are quoted example, points out that: Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Begin quoting the material on a new line, There are many changes in acute care services occurring
indent it 5 spaces (use the Indent tool to almost daily, and due to the increasing use of outpatient
keep all lines of the quote evenly indented), surgery, surgical services have experienced major changes.
and include specific page number/s.
Hospitals are increasing the size of their outpatient or
Omit the quotation marks. ambulatory surgery departments and adjusting to the need of
moving patients into and out of the surgical service in 1 day or
Use double spacing for both your text and even a few hours. (p. 184)
the indented quote.
Recently, this trend has been seen in some Australian hospitals and
Make sure the quote is exactly as it was research here…
published.

9
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
Two authors When considering the Howard Government’s Indigenous health Palmer, G. R., & Short, S. D. (2010). Health care and public policy:
expenditure, Palmer and Short (2010, p. 63) maintain that… An Australian analysis (4th ed.). South Yarra, VIC: Palgrave
Macmillan.

Three to five authors A recent study (Seeley, VanPutte, Regan, & Russo, 2011, p. 143) Seeley, R., VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2011). Seeley’s
concluded that… anatomy & physiology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
For the first in-text reference, list all the
authors’ family names, then use the first Subsequent in-text reference/s:
author’s family name followed by ‘et al.’ for (Seeley et al., 2011, p. 143)
subsequent entries.

Six to seven authors The Russian Revolution may never have succeeded if there hadn’t Bulliet, R. W., Crossley, P. K., Headrick, D. R., Hirsch, S. W.,
already been widespread discontent among the Russian populace Johnson, L. L., & Northrup, D. (2011). The earth and its
For all in-text references, list only the first (Bulliet et al., 2005, p. 768). peoples: A global history (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
author’s family name followed by ‘et al.’ All
authors are included in the Reference List.

For books with eight or more authors,

please follow the guidelines for journal
articles with eight or more authors on
page 7.

Works by different authors with the These techniques have been shown to improve test scores among Smith, C., & Laslett, R. (1993). Effective classroom management:
same family name primary school aged children (R. Smith, 2010, p. 56). A teacher’s guide (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.

For in-text references, include the initials of If funding were enhanced, it is arguable these problems could be Smith, R. (2010). Rethinking teacher education: Teacher education
the authors in question to enable readers ameliorated (C. J. Smith & Laslett, 1993, p. 24). in the knowledge age. Sydney, NSW: AACLM Press.
to differentiate between them.

List references alphabetically by the

authors’ initials in the Reference List.

10
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
Several works by the same author in These techniques have changed markedly in the last decade Greenspan, A. (2000). Orthopedic radiology: A practical approach
different years (Greenspan, 2000, 2011). (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

When citing references separately, no Greenspan, A. (2011). Orthopedic imaging: A practical approach
special rule needs to be observed. When (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
citing references collectively, separate
years with a comma and insert years
earliest to latest.

List references chronologically (earliest to

latest) in the Reference List.

Several works by the same author in the Leadership and change in schools have been major topics of Fullan, M. (1996a). Leadership for change. In International
same year discussion for several years (Fullan, 1996a, 1996b) and this handbook for educational leadership and administration. New
conference… York, NY: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Arrange alphabetically by title in the
Reference List. Place lowercase letters “Educational change” has taken on a new meaning in recent years Fullan, M. (1996b). The new meaning of educational change.
(“a”, “b”, “c”, etc.) immediately after the (Fullan, 1996b) … London, England: Cassell.
year.

Several authors, different years, The cyclical process (Carr & Kemmis, 1986; Dick, 2000; Kemmis Carr, W., & Kemmis, S. (1986). Becoming critical: Education
referred to collectively in your work & McTaggart, 1988; MacIsaac, 1995) suggests… knowledge and action research. London, England: Falmer
Press.
List sources alphabetically by family name
in the in-text reference in the order in which Dick, B. (2000). A beginner’s guide to action research. Retrieved
they appear in the Reference List. from http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arp/guide.html

Separate each reference with a semicolon. Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (Eds.). (1988). The action research
planner (3rd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Deakin University.

MacIsaac, D. (1995). An introduction to action research. Retrieved

from
http://physicsed.buffalostate.edu/danowner/actionrsch.html

11
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
E-Book – online book We found helpful information about deaf children (Niemann, Niemann, S., Greenstein, D., & David, D. (2004). Helping children
Greenstein, & David, 2004) that meant we could… who are deaf: Family and community support for children
- If the URL leads to information about how who do not hear well. Retrieved from
to obtain the book, use “Available from” OR http://www.hesperian.org/publications_download_deaf.php
instead of “Retrieved from”.
Schiraldi (2001) offers solutions to PTSD. Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder
- If there is a DOI (digital object identifier), sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe
include it instead of the ‘Retrieved from’ Digital Editions version]. doi:10.1036/0071393722
statement. A DOI is a unique, permanent
identifier assigned to many electronic
documents.

Chapter in edited book A discussion about Australia’s place in today’s world (Richards, 1997) Richards, K. C. (1997). Views on globalization. In H. L. Vivaldi
included reference to… (Ed.), Australia in a global world (pp. 29-43). North Ryde,
Australia: Century.
OR

Richards (1997) proposed that…

Brochure – author is also publisher The security of personal information is addressed in the TransACT TransACT . (n.d.). Guide to equipment and service [Brochure].
brochure (TransACT, n.d.) Canberra, Australia: Author.

Editor In discussing best practice, Zairi (1999) identified… Zairi, M. (Ed.). (1999). Best practice: Process innovation
management. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.
OR

Best practice indicators in management have been identified (Zairi,

1999) and…

Compiler, or Reviser, or Translator This novel by Gaarder (1991/1994) provides an appealing approach Gaarder, J. (1994). Sophie’s world: A novel about the history of
to… philosophy (P. Møller, Trans.). London, England: Phoenix
Use the following abbreviations after House. (Original work published 1991).
the person’s name in the Reference List: OR

Comp. Socrates has been described as “enigmatic” (Gaarder, 1991/1994, p.

Rev. 50) which provides us with…
Trans.

12
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
Corporate author – when the author is A recent study (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2009). Indigenous
also the publisher 2009) highlighted … housing needs 2009: A multi-measure needs model (AIHW
cat. no. HOU 214). Canberra, Australia: Author.
Spell out the full name of the body each Subsequent in-text reference/s:
time it is cited in-text, unless it is long and The AIHW (2009) found that…
has a familiar/easily understood
abbreviation. In the latter case, give the full
name with the abbreviation for the first in-
text reference. Use the abbreviation only
for subsequent references.

Corporate author – commissioned The report prepared by the South Australian Centre for Economic South Australian Centre for Economic Studies. (2009). Local
reports Studies (2009) was discussed. government’s current and potential role in water
management and conservation: Final report. Commissioned
by the Local Government Association of South Australia.
Adelaide, Australia: Author.

No date of publication Some aspects of forensic science are more challenging than others Browne, J. D. (n.d.). Forensic science as a career. London,
(Browne, n.d.) and for this reason… England: Tower Publishing.

Second or later edition Peters (2001, p. 6) argued that “...” Peters, T. (2001). The elements of counselling (2nd ed.). Brisbane,
Australia: Macmillan.

Multi-volume work Inge, Duke and Bryer (1978, p. 27) claim that there is much to learn Inge, M. T., Duke, M., & Bryer, J. R. (Eds.). (1978). Black
about these writers which results in… American writers: Bibliographical essays (Vols. 1-2). New
York, NY: St. Martins.
OR
Clark, C. M. H. (1978). A history of Australia: Vol. 4. The earth
There is so much to learn about our country (Clark, 1978, p. 42) abideth for ever, 1851-1888. Australia: Melbourne University
that we kept returning to… Press.

13
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST

JOURNAL, NEWSPAPER & NEWSLETTER ARTICLES

Journal article with one author – In an earlier article, it was proposed (Jackson, 2007)… Jackson, A. (2007). New approaches to drug therapy. Psychology
separated paging (paginated by issue) Today and Tomorrow, 27(1), 54-59.

If each issue of a journal begins on page

1, include the issue number in parenthesis
immediately after the volume number in
the Reference List.

Journal article with two authors – Kramer and Bloggs (2002) stipulated in their latest article… Kramer, E., & Bloggs, T. (2002). On quality in art and art therapy.
continuous paging throughout a American Journal of Art Therapy, 40, 218-231.
volume. OR

If the journal volume page numbers run This article on art (Kramer & Bloggs, 2002) stipulated that…
continuously throughout the year,
regardless of issue number, do not include
the issue number in your Reference List
entry.

Journal article with three to five authors A recent study to investigate the effects of an organisational stress Elo, A., Ervasti, J., Kuosma, E., & Mattila, P. (2008). Evaluation of
management program on employees (Elo, Ervasti, Kuosma, & Mattila, an organizational stress management program in a
For the first in-text reference, list all the 2008) concluded that… municipal public works organization. Journal of Occupational
authors’ family names, then use the first Health Psychology, 13(1), 10-23.
author’s family name followed by ‘et al.’ Subsequent in-text reference/s:
for subsequent entries. (Elo et al., 2008, p. 11)

Journal article with six to seven authors A simple ALMA is described in a recent study (Restouin et al., 2009). Restouin, A., Aresta, S., Prébet, T., Borg, J., Badache, A., &
Collette, Y. (2009). A simplified, 96-well–adapted, ATP
For all in-text references, list only the first luminescence–based motility assay. BioTechniques, 47,
author’s family name followed by ‘et al.’ All 871–875.
authors are included in the Reference List.

14
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
Journal article with eight or more Traumatic injury is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide Steel, J., Youssef, M., Pfeifer, R., Ramirez, J. M., Probst, C.,
authors (Steel et al., 2010, p. 523). Sellei, R., ... Pape, H. C. (2010). Health-related quality of life
in patients with multiple injuries and traumatic brain injury
For all in-text references, list only the first 10+ years postinjury. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection,
author’s family name followed by ‘et al.’ In and Critical Care, 69(3), 523-531. doi:
the Reference List, include the first six 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e90c24
authors’ names, then insert three ellipsis
points (...), and add the last author’s name.

Journal or magazine article with no Wychick and Thompson (2005) foreshadow that scam will still be Wychick, J., & Thompson, L. (2005, November 24). Fallen for a
volume or issue number enticing… scam lately? AustraliaToday, 54-60.

OR

An interesting approach to scam (Wychick & Thompson, 2005)

suggested that…

Journal article retrieved from a A study examining priming (Johns & Mewhort, 2009) discovered … Johns, E., & Mewhort, D. (2009). Test sequence priming in
database – with a DOI (Digital Object recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Identifier) Learning, Memory and Cognition, 35, 1162-1174. doi:
10.1037/a0016372
A DOI is a unique, permanent identifier
assigned to articles in many databases.
Always include the DOI if one is provided
(usually in the article’s full-text, abstract
or database record). If there is a DOI, no
other retrieval information is necessary.

15
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
Journal article retrieved from a The effects of climate change on agriculture are studied by Ramalho, Example using URL of journal home page:
database – without a DOI Da Silva and Dias (2009)…
Ramalho, M., Da Silva, G., & Dias, L. (2009). Genetic plant
- If there is no DOI, do a Web search to Primary care is one area marked for improvement (Purtilo, 1995, p. improvement and climate changes. Crop Breeding and
locate the URL of the journal’s home page 111). Applied Biotechnology, 9(2), 189-195. Retrieved from
& include it in the Reference List. The http://www.sbmp.org.br/cbab
journal URL can sometimes be found in
the database record or in the full text view Example using URL of database (where there is no journal
of the article. home page):

- If the online article is ONLY available from Purtilo, R. (1995). Managed care: Ethical issues for the
a database (e.g. for discontinued journals rehabilitation professions. Trends in Health Care, Law and
where the journal home page doesn’t Ethics, 10, 105-118. Retrieved from
exist), include the entry page URL of the http://www.proquest.com
database where it was found. Give the
database name if not in the URL.

Book review in a journal In his review of Thomas Samaras’ latest book, Marson (2009) Marson, S. M. (2009). How big should we be? A Herculean task
identifies… accomplished [Review of the book Human body size and the
laws of scaling: Physiological, performance, growth,
longevity and ecological ramification, by T. Samaras]. Public
Health Nutrition, 12, 1299–1300.
doi:10.1017/S1368980009990656

Newspaper article – with an author The notion of a Bill of Rights may be inappropriate in the Australian Waterford, J. (2007, May 30). Bill of Rights gets it wrong. The
context (Waterford, 2007). Canberra Times, p. 11.

Newspaper article – without an author The redesign of the Internet (“Internet pioneer”, 2007) is said to… Internet pioneer to oversee network redesign. (2007, May 28). The
Canberra Times, p. 15.

Newspaper article retrieved from a In an attempt to save the tiger, Darby (2002) provided… Darby, A. (2002, August 20). Rarest tiger skin a rugged survivor.
database Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from
http://www.smh.com.au
Do a Web search to locate the URL of the
newspaper’s home page & include it in the
Reference List.

Article in an online newsletter Australia’s casualty rate was almost 65 per cent - the highest in the Australians and the Western Front. (2009, November). Ozculture
British Empire (“Australians and the Western Front”, 2009) newsletter. Retrieved from
http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/newsletter/

16
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
Government department as author The need for guidelines to manage and use multiple channels to Department of Finance and Administration. (2006). Delivering
deliver e-government services (Department of Finance and Australian Government services: Managing multiple
Spell out the full name of the body each Administration [DOFA], 2006) presents Australian Government channels. Canberra, Australia: Author.
time it is cited in-text, unless it is long and agencies with…
has a familiar/easily understood
abbreviation. In the latter case, give the full Subsequent in-text reference/s:
name with the abbreviation for the first in- DOFA (2006) identified …
text reference. Use the abbreviation for
subsequent references.

Legislation In relation to action regarding unsuitable goods, s. 74B of the Trade Trade Practices Act, Cth. (1974). Retrieved from
Practices Act (1974) states… http://www.comlaw.gov.au/

Note: This is an example of a Commonwealth Act.

Government publication – with Recently released statistics from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). Australian social trends
identifying number (ABS) (2007) reveal interesting changes in Australian society. (Cat. no. 4102.0). Canberra, Australia: ABS.

Includes report numbers, catalogue Subsequent in-text reference/s:

numbers, etc. The ABS (2007) reported that …

Government report – online First in-text reference: Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2008). Families
A recent government report (Department of the Prime Minister and in Australia: 2008. Retrieved from
Cabinet [PM&C], 2008) examines a selection of key topics … http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/families/index.cfm
#contact
Subsequent in-text reference/s:
Families in Australia were highlighted (PM&C, 2008)…

Government approved standards …and “including data in computer systems, created or received and Standards Australia. (1996). Australian Standard AS 4390:
maintained by an organisation” (Standards Australia, 1996, p. 7) as Records Management. Sydney, Australia: Author.
well as…

17
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST

UNIVERSITY PROVIDED STUDY MATERIAL

Lecture / tutorial notes, etc. – online Septicaemia is one of many infections commonly acquired in hospitals Maw, M. (2010). NURS5082 Developing nursing practice, lecture
(Maw, 2010). 2, week 1: Healthcare-associated infections and their
prevention [Lecture PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
http://learn-on-line.ce.usyd.edu.au/

OTHER SOURCES
Blog post The plight of the flapper skate was recently highlighted (Keim, Keim, B. (2009, November 18). ID error leaves fish at edge of
2009)… extinction [Web log post]. Retrieved from
- List the author’s name as it is used in the http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/11/extinction-error/
posting (including nicknames).

- For a blog comment, use ‘web log

comment’ instead of ‘web log post’ and
include the exact title (including ‘Re:’ if
used)

CD recording – music Lyrics from Paul Kelly’s song “From little things big things grow” Kelly, P. (1997). From little things big things grow. On Songs from
(Kelly, 1997, track 10) were used in recent television advertisements. the south: Paul Kelly’s greatest hits [CD]. Melbourne,
Australia: Mushroom Records.

Conference or seminar papers in In a paper about conservation of photographs (Edge, 1996), Edge, M. (1996). Lifetime prediction: Fact or fancy? In M. S. Koch,
published proceedings – print the proposition that… T. Padfield, J. S. Johnsen, & U. B. Kejser (Eds.),
Proceedings of the Conference on Research Techniques in
If the paper is from a book, use the Book Photographic Conservation (pp. 97-100). Copenhagen,
chapter citation format. If it is from regularly Denmark: Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts.
published proceedings (e.g. annual), use
the Journal article citation format.

Conference or seminar papers in Tester (2008) points to the value of using geothermal sources for Tester, J. W. (2008). The future of geothermal energy as a major
published proceedings – online power and energy. global energy supplier. In H. Gurgenci & A. R. Budd (Eds.),
Proceedings of the Sir Mark Oliphant International Frontiers
of Science and Technology Australian Geothermal Energy
Conference, Canberra, Australia: Geoscience Australia.
Retrieved from
http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA11825.pdf

18
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
Dictionary / Encyclopaedia – print According to one definition of “bivalence” (VandenBos, 2007, p. VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology.
123)… Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Include information about editions, volume
numbers and page numbers in parenthesis
following the title in the Reference List.

Dictionary / Encyclopaedia – online A psychological overview of ADHD (Arcus, 2001)… Arcus, D. (2001). Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
In B. Strickland (Ed.), The Gale encyclopedia of psychology.
Include information about editions, specific Retrieved from http://www.gale.cengage.com/
volume numbers or page numbers in
parenthesis following the title in the Note: If retrieved from a database, do a Web search for the home
Reference List. page of the publisher of the encyclopaedia and use the URL in the
reference.

Discussion group, list, etc. – online There are strongly held views about knowledge management Weidner, D. (2007, June 11). KM reducing in popularity
(Weidner, 2007) and from personal experience… [Discussion list message]. Retrieved from
http://actkm.org/mailman/listinfo/actkm_actkm.org

DVD / Videorecording Jane Austen’s world came alive in Sense and sensibility (Lee, 1995) Lee, A. (Director). (1995). Sense and sensibility [DVD]. Australia:
Columbia TriStar Home Video.

Email – NEVER cite addresses without Ms Coleman (personal communication, July 11, 2007) provided Not included in Reference List. Treat as personal
permission of the owner of the address details in an email and we acted on that information. communication and cite in-text only.

Facebook update $52 million will be provided to deploy Australian civilian troops (Rudd, Rudd, K. (2009, October 24). Australian civilian corps to help in
2009) crises [Facebook update]. Retrieved from
List the author’s name as it is written http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=200124043571
(including nicknames). &ref=mf

Figure, Table, Graph, Map or Chart Graph Graph

The internal processes were well described (Kaplan & Norton, 2004) Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2004). Internal processes deliver
Cite each of these as you would for a book. which led to… value over different time horizons [Graph]. In Strategy maps:
Include, in square brackets, the type of Converting intangible assets into tangible outcomes (p. 48).
entry immediately after the title: Map Boston, MA: Harvard Business School.
To locate a property just outside the Australian Capital Territory, use
[Figure]. the 1:100 000 map produced by Geoscience Australia (2004) which Map
[Table]. covers… Geoscience Australia [NATMAP] (Cartographer). (2004). ACT
[Map]. region, New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory
[Graph]. [Map]. Canberra, Australia: Author.
[Chart].

19
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
Image – online The effective use of light in Monet’s ‘Haystacks’ (Monet, 1890)… Monet, C. (1890). Haystacks, midday [Painting]. National Gallery
of Australia, Canberra. Retrieved from
http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail-LRG.cfm?IRN=29073
&View=LRG

Interview – on radio In a recent interview with the Prime Minister (Mitchell, 2009)… Mitchell, N. (Presenter). (2009, October 16). Interview with the
Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd. In Mornings with Neil Mitchell
[Radio broadcast]. Melbourne, Australia: Radio 3AW.

Interview – on television He demonstrated his professionalism and sensitivity in an interview Denton A. (Producer and Interviewer). (2006, September 25).
with Raelene Boyle (Denton, 2006) and… Interview with Raelene Boyle. In Enough Rope with Andrew
Denton. [Television broadcast]. Sydney, Australia: Australian
Broadcasting Corporation.

Motion picture (movie) Jackson and Pyke (2003) provide evidence that belief in a world… Jackson, P. (Director), & Pyke, S. (Producer). (2003). The lord of
the rings: The return of the king [Motion picture]. New
Zealand: Imagine Films.

Note: Give the country where the movie was made – not the city.

Personal communication J. Francis (personal communication, August 6, 2007) was able to Not included in Reference List. Cite in-text only.
confirm that the floods had not reached their area.
Includes private letters, memos, email,
telephone conversations, personal
interviews, etc. These are cited in-text only,
not in the Reference List.

Podcast (audio) Listening to the news on my MP3 player (Nolan, 2007) was a new Nolan, T. (Presenter). (2007, April 28). AM: News & current affairs
experience and I decided… [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from
http://abc.net.au/news/subscribe/amrss.sml

Radio program – broadcast When discussing how people write about music, Koval (2009)… Koval, R. (Presenter). (2009, November 19). The Book Show
[Radio broadcast]. Melbourne, Australia: ABC Radio
National.

Radio program – transcript The views of the internationally renowned author and public speaker, Mascall, S. (Reporter). (2005, February 14). Are we hardwired for
De Bono, prompted me to follow up one of the interviews (Mascall, creativity? In Innovations [Radio program] [Transcript].
2005) which… Melbourne, Australia: ABC Radio Australia. Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/ra/innovations/stories/s1302318. htm

20
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
Speech Amongst the views expressed about war and peace (Hodson, 2000) Hodson, A. (2000, November 11). Peace in today’s world.
were… Remembrance Day Speech presented at the Australian
Veterans Memorial Service, Lightning Ridge, Australia.

Speech – online In her ANZAC Day speech (Clark, 2007), the Prime Minister of New Clark, H. (2007, April 25). Prime Minister’s 2007 Anzac Day
Zealand referred to… message. Retrieved from http://www.anzac.govt.nz

Television advertisement The problems of teenage anxiety were graphically captured Beyondblue (Producer). (2009, November 29). Beyondblue:
(Beyondblue, 2009)… Anxiety [Television advertisement]. Canberra, Australia: WIN
TV.

Television program – broadcast Examining future plans for Canberra’s city area (Kimball, 2009)… Kimball, C. (Presenter). (2009, September 4). Stateline [Television
broadcast]. Canberra, Australia: ABC TV.

Always check the television station’s website and use the

transcript, if one is available, for direct quotes.

Television program – transcript Cyclones often affect Australia, especially in the north (McLaughlin, McLaughlin, M. (Presenter). (2004, November 7). Cyclone Tracy.
2004) and it is worthwhile… In Rewind [Television program] [Transcript]. Sydney,
Australia: ABC TV. Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/tv/rewind/txt/s1233697.htm

Thesis or Dissertation – print Nurses working in an acute care environment tend to experience a Duddle, M. (2009). Intraprofessional relations in nursing: A case
high degree of workplace conflict (Duddle, 2009, p. ii). study (Unpublished doctoral thesis), University of Sydney,
Australia.

Thesis or Dissertation – retrieved from a The field of engineering has largely developed around the positivist Hector, D. C. A. (2008). Towards a new philosophy of engineering:
database philosophical position (Hector, 2008). Structuring the complex problems from the sustainability
discourse (Doctoral thesis). Available from Australasian
Digital Theses database. (Record No. 185877)

Note: End the reference with the unique number or identifier

assigned to the thesis/dissertation.

Thesis or Dissertation – retrieved from Lacey (2011, p. 12) differentiates between instrumental violence and Lacey, D. (2011). The role of humiliation in collective political
the web violence inflicting injury for its own sake. violence (Masters thesis, University of Sydney, Australia).
Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7128

21
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
Twitter tweet President Obama announced the launch of the American Graduation BarackObama. (2009, July 15). Launched American Graduation
Initiative (BarackObama, 2009). Initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate
If the author uses their name as their college by 2020: http://bit.ly/gcTX7 [Twitter post]. Retrieved
Twitter ‘handle’, do not alter its format to from http://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/2651151366
follow the convention of ‘Family name,
Initial(s).’ Note: This reference would be filed under ‘B’, not ‘O’

Video blog post The Prime Minister, speaking about Australia’s role in the G20 forum Rudd, K. (2009, September 29). Update on new G20
(Rudd, 2009)… arrangements [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8IdJ-0S5rs

Web document – author or sponsor An RBA paper (Simon, Smith, & West, 2009) found that participation Simon, J., Smith, K., & West, T. (2009). Price incentives and
given, dated in a loyalty program and access to an interest-free period… consumer payment behaviour. Retrieved from the Reserve
Bank of Australia website:
Note: A web document is a file (e.g. a http://www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/RDP
Word or PDF file) found on the Web. Often /RDP2009-04.html
there are links to Web documents from
Web pages. A Web document is not the
same as a web page.

Web document – author or sponsor The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.
given but not dated (CSIRO) is designing several energy-efficient electric machines to (n.d.). Reducing Australia’s greenhouse emissions factsheet.
reduce greenhouse gas emissions (CSIRO, n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.csiro.au/resources/ps282.html

22
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
Web page with no page numbers Usually the author or creator of a work is the copyright owner University of Sydney (2010). Guide to copyright. Retrieved March
(University of Sydney, 2010, “Who owns copyright?”, para. 1). 21, 2011, from http://sydney.edu.au/copyright/students/
Include in in-text references: coursework.shtml#who
Note: The heading of the section was “Who owns copyright?”
- A paragraph number with the abbreviation
‘para’ (count paragraphs if numbers are
not visible)

OR

- A section heading and paragraph number

(e.g. Introduction, para. 3). A long section
heading may be shortened and enclosed
in double quotation marks.

Note: Because Web pages can be

updated, you must include the date on
which you accessed the source.

Web source – no author or sponsor This vaccine is 6 times more efficient than vaccines previously used to New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved April 16,
given immunise against the condition (“New child vaccine”, 2001). 2012, from http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_
13178.asp
When there is no author for a source you
find on the Web (whether it be a Web
document or a Web page), the title moves
to the first position of the reference entry.

If the title is long, use an abbreviated

version of it for in-text citations. Insert
double quotation marks around the title

Note: If you were citing the title of a book,

periodical, brochure or report, you would
use italics rather than double quotation
marks.

Website – entire website The new website of the Department of Education, Employment and Not included in Reference list.
Workplace Relations (http://www.deewr.gov.au) includes useful
information on current government education policy.

23
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
Wiki The role of media corporations in the media literacy movement is Great debates in media literacy: Theory and practice of media
discussed (“Great debates in media literacy”, n.d.) literacy. (n.d.). In Wikiversity. Retrieved October 27, 2009,
Include the date retrieved, as the from http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Great_Debates_in_Media
information is likely to change in these _Literacy
sources.

24
NON-DISCRIMINATORY LANGUAGE

Language and the way it is used are major vehicles for the expression of prejudice and discrimination.
It not only reflects and maintains the discriminatory values and practices of our society, but can also
be inaccurate and perpetuate false assumptions and stereotypes. Non-discriminatory language aims
to treat all people equitably and fairly, usually by avoiding certain expressions and selecting others
already existing in the language.

SOURCES OF HELP

Disability Services
Disability Services is the principal point of contact and support for current and prospective students
with disabilities. They provide direct support services and liaise with academics to minimise the impact
of disability on your study. They can be contacted at Cumberland Campus on 02 9351 9638 or on
Camperdown/Darlington Campuses on 02 8627 8433.

Writing

Anderson, A., & Poole, M. (2001). Thesis and assignment writing (4th ed.). Brisbane, QLD: John
Wiley & Sons.
Craswell, G. (2005). Writing for academic success: A postgraduate guide. London: Sage.
Higgs, J., Sefton, A., Hay, I., Street, A., & McAllister, L. (2005). Communicating in the health and
social sciences. Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press.
Marshall, L. A., & Rowland, F. (2006). A guide to learning independently (4th ed.). Melbourne, VIC:
Longman Cheshire.
Morley-Warner, T. (2009). Academic writing is – : A guide to writing in a university context. Sydney,
NSW: Association for Academic Language and Learning.
Summers, J., & Smith, B. (2005). Communication skills handbook: How to succeed in written and oral
communication (2nd ed.). Milton, QLD: John Wiley and Sons Australia.
You will find useful explanations and examples of aspects of academic writing and activities for
practice at the following URL:

http://writesite.elearn.usyd.edu.au/

WRITING ADVICE

The Learning Centre (Cumberland Campus), Ground floor of Jeffrey Miller Administration Building,
Room A004, provides language and academic skills support [Phone: (02) 9351 9638]. Workshops,
seminars, tutorials and one-to-one consultations on academic and professional communication skills
are available throughout the year. These sessions are available to all students on Cumberland
Campus. It is best to come early in the academic year as prevention is much better than remediation.
Booking is essential for one-to-one consultations and advisable for all other sessions. The Centre
liaises with academic staff on Cumberland Campus.

The Learning Centre (Camperdown Campus), Level 7, Room 722, of the Education Building on
Camperdown Campus [Phone: (02) 9351 3853)]. The Centre offers a range of workshops in many
areas of academic research and writing to students at all levels of study, especially postgraduate
students.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Neville, C. (2007). The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism. Berkshire, UK: Open
University Press.
th
Snooks & Co. (2002). Style manual for authors, editors and printers (6 ed.). Milton, QLD: John Wiley
& Sons, p. 190.

25