CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13

Compression Members - 1 1

Column:
Stanchion, Post, Strut, Pillar, Prop,
Buttress, Pier, Pilaster, Baluster

‰ Members loaded under axial

load accompanied by negligible
bending if any.
‰ Only very short columns can be
loaded to their yield stress.
‰ The usual situation is that
buckling, or sudden bending as
a result of instability, occurs
prior to developing the full
material strength of the
member.

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13

Compression Members - 1 2

Behavior of a prismatic member

under compression

Elastic
deformation
Elasto-plastic
deformation

Fully plastic
deformation Plastic
hinge

Very Short: Short: Long/Slender:

No buckling Elasto-plastic Elastic buckling
buckling
Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017
 CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13
Compression Members - 1 3

Euler Elastic Buckling

P
y
P
Mz

Solution

But Boundary cond. (a): y=0 at z=0

Ÿ 0 = A sin 0 + B cos 0 = B
∴
∴
Boundary cond. (b): y=0 at z=L
Ÿ 0 = A sin kL
Ÿ sin kL = 0
Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13

Compression Members - 1 4

The fundamental buckling mode will occur when n=1,

which is defined as The Euler Critical Load:

Dividing both sides by gross x-section area, A

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13
Compression Members - 1 5

Meaning of n Basic
Higher modes
mode

In order to
produce higher
modes of Contraflexure
buckling, lateral
supports are
needed at points
Contraflexure
of contraflexure.

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13

Compression Members - 1 6

Critical buckling stress,

Fcr

Euler Elastic buckling

L/r
Cc

Cc = Critical slenderness ratio

= Slenderness ratio below which inelastic buckling occurs.

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13
Compression Members - 1 7

BASIC COLUMN STRENGTH

Ideal column assumptions:
‰ There are the same compressive stress-strain properties
throughout the section.
‰ No initial internal stresses exist such as those due to
cooling after rolling and those due to welding.
‰ The column is perfectly straight and prismatic.
‰ The load resultant acts through the centroidal axis of the
member until the member begins to bend.
‰ The end conditions must be determinate so that a definite
equivalent pinned length may be established.
‰ The small deflection theory of ordinary bending is
applicable and shear may be neglected.
‰ twisting or distortion of the cross-section does not occur
during bending.

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13

Compression Members - 1 8

BASIC COLUMN STRENGTH

Once the foregoing assumptions have been made, it
is now agreed that the strength of a column may be
expressed by

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13
Compression Members - 1 9

It is well known that long compression members fail by elastic buckling and
that short stubby compression members may be loaded until the material
yields or perhaps even into the strain-hardening range.
However, in the vast majority of usual situations, failure occurs by buckling
after a portion of the cross-section has yielded. This is known as inelastic
buckling.

Design Curve

inelastic
buckling
Elastic buckling

Euler elastic buckling governs the strength for large slenderness ratios,
yield strength Py= FyAg controls for short columns, and a transition curve
must be used for inelastic buckling.

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13

Compression Members - 1 10

AISC 2005 Column Strength Curve vs Test Results

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13
Compression Members - 1 11

Column Strength Curve: AISC 2005

‰ The parabolic equation provides a reasonable approximation for a

column strength curve that provides a transition between elastic buckling
and yielding, reflecting essentially the effect of residual stress.
‰ Traditionally, accidental eccentricity and initial crookedness were
accounted for by using as increased safety factor as the slenderness
increased.
‰ Load and resistance factor design philosophy provided for a constant
margin of safety for all columns. If the strength truly varies with
slenderness, then the nominal strength Pn should account for it.
‰ In the development of the 2005 AISC Specification, the specification
committee decided to continue using only one column strength curve for
steel design. The equation fits the SSRC Curve 2 modified to reflect an
initial out-of-straightness of about 1/1500.
‰ However, the slenderness parameter λ was replaced by the more familiar
slenderness ratio KL/r

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13

Compression Members - 1 12

Column Strength Curve: AISC 2005

Nominal strength Pn = Fcr Ag

1. (6.7.7)

2. (6.7.8)

Fe is the elastic (Euler) buckling stress:

The establishment of an acceptable single equation of the critical stress Fcr

has been the subject of some controversy since, as has been shown, the shape
of the cross-section and the method of manufacture (i.e., hot-rolling or
welding) influence the strength. Furthermore, residual stress and out-of-
straightness are significant influencing parameters but are not quantifiable.
Another major factor affecting column strength is end restraint, particularly
in situations where the joints are not rigid.

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13
Compression Members - 1 13

AISC 2005 Critical Stress Curves for Different Grades of Steel

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13

Compression Members - 1 14

AISC LRFD Capacity of Compression Members

AISC introduces a reduction factor Q < 1.0 into Eqs. 6.7 .7 and 6.7.8 to account
for local buckling effects. When local buckling of one or more plate
components of the cross-section occur prior to achieving the overall buckling
strength of the member QFy is used in place of Fy.

1. (6.8.2)

(6.8.3)
2.

For majority of cases with AISC standard sections, Q = 1.0

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13
Compression Members - 1 15

AISC ASD Capacity of Compression Members

Here, nominal strength Pn = Fcr Ag

Critical stress Fcr is found from eqs. 6.7.7 or 6.7.8

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13

Compression Members - 1 16
Y
EXAMPLE: X
Determine the allowable compressive load carrying capacity
of the column shown in Fig. It consists of W10î45 section X
Y
having A992 (Fy = 50 ksi) steel. There are hinge support at
top and bottom that allows rotation in any direction. Also the P P
column has weak direction support (braced) at mid-height so
that lateral deflection is prevented in x direction. Use ASD
approach.

SOLUTION:
For W10î45 section, from AISC Manual Chart we have
13'
A = 13.3 in2, rx=4.32 in., ry=2.01 in.
x → strong axis
y → weak axis
Column length, L = (13î2) î12 = 312 in. 13'
Z
Z
Possibility of buckling in both x and y directions to be checked.
X Y
Buckling in y direction causes bending about x axis or strong
axis. For strong axis buckling, the buckling shape is like a half P P
sine wave over full column length. Thus for strong (or x axis) Weak-axis Strong-axis
axis buckling, Kx = 1.0 buckling buckling

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017

 CE 319 : Design of Steel Structures 13
Compression Members - 1 17

∴KxL/rx = 1.0×312/4.32 = 72.22

∴Fex = π2E/(KxL/rx)2 = 3.142×29000/(72.2)2 = 54.82 ksi. (> Fy, note)
And 4.71√(E/Fy) = 4.71√(29000/50) = 113.43 ∴ KxL/rx < 4.71√(E/Fy)

= [0.658(50/54.82)]50= 34.13 ksi

Nominal strength for x-axis buckling Pnx = Fcr Ag = 34.13×13.3 = 454 kip
Buckling in x direction causes bending about y axis or weak axis. For weak
axis buckling, the buckling shape is like a full sine wave over full column
length. Thus for weak (or y axis) axis buckling, Ky = 0.5
∴KyL/ry = 0.5×312/2.01 = 77.61
∴Fey = π2E/(KyL/ry)2 = 3.142×29000/(77.61)2 = 47.47 ksi.

= [0.658(50/47.47)]50= 32.17 ksi

Nominal strength for y axis buckling Pny = Fcr Ag = 32.17×13.3 = 427.9 kip

∴Pn = smaller of Pnx and Pny = 427.9 kip

∴ Allowable strength P = Pn/Ω = 427.9/1.67 = 256.2 kip

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2017