MODULE 2

Political Ideologies

What I Need to Know

For the learners

Congratulations my dear students you are now promoted to Module
2. You have learned in the previous module that politics is a social activity
through which people make and amend the general rules that guide their political
life. As an event politics is studied in different political perspectives.

Module Content
In this module we explore different political ideas and the impact of
particular political perspectives or ideologies on political behavior. Let’s find out
how political ideologies shape political behavior in particular directions.
At the end of the lesson you should be able to:
1. identify the basic tenets of major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism,
socialism, conservatism, etc.) HUMSS_PG12-Ib-c-6
2. differentiate the political ideologies HUMSS_PG12-Ib-c-7
3. examine the relationship between political ideologies and configurations
to political communities HUMSS_PG12-Ib-c-8
4. analyze how political ideologies impact on the social and political life of
Filipino HUMSS_PG12-Ib-c-10

1
 What I Know (Pretest)
This activity will enable you to assess your prior knowledge from the topic
that will be discussed in this lesson.
Directions: Read the statements carefully and choose the letter of the correct
answer.
1. It is a set of related ideas or systematic group of concepts and beliefs about
culture, society and human life.
a. ideology c. conservatism
b. liberalism d. socialism

2. It is an ideology that stands in opposition to capitalism and proposes an

alternative which is more humane and equitable.
a. liberalism c. conservatism
b. socialism d. anarchism

3. A political ideology that gives importance to the fulfillment of the individual

through the satisfaction of his interests.
a. conservatism c. liberalism
b. Marxism d. socialism

4. It is an ideology that desire to preserve institutions and is reflected in a

resistance to, or at least suspicion, of, change.
a. socialism c. communism
b. conservatism d. fascism

5. Peter believes that people will form groups and live peacefully naturally. He
thinks that the government comes in and corrupts our human nature, and
therefore should not exist.
a. Conservatism c. Socialism
b. Anarchism d. Fascism

6. Avery believes strongly that one day, the working class (proletariat) will rise
against the wealthy/ruling class (bourgeoisie) and seize the means of production!
a. Nationalism c. Marxism
b. Anarchism d. Socialism

7. It is a political ideology which adheres to the maxim of strength through unity

and desires an organically unified national community.
a. Fascism c. socialism
b. feminism d. communism

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8. It is an idea that desire to enhance the social role of women and the structure
of male power must be overturned.
a. communism c. feminism
b. conservatism d. Marxism
9. A political ideology that is based on common ownership. It aims to establish
society that is classless, egalitarian, and stateless.
a. communism c. conservatism
b. liberalism d. fascism
10. It is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides a basis for organized
political action. An ideology that pertains to the conduct of government.
a. ideology c. Marxism
b. political ideology d. Liberalism

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Lesson 1: Identify the Basic Tenets of Major
Political Ideologies and Differentiate Political
Ideologies

What’s New

Activity 1: “Kwentong-Bahay”
Directions: Read and understand the questions carefully. You may answer the
question based on how did you find your home being regulated by your
parents or anyone as head of the family. Write your answers in the activity
notebook.
Processing Questions:
1. How do your parents manage your household?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

2. What are the things you wish to change the way your household is
managed?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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 What Is It

What is an ideology?
The term was conceived in 1796 by French Philosopher Destutt de Tracy
which he called “science of ideas” ideologie.
Today, ideology could mean different things to different people. It simply
put as a set of related ideas or systematic group of concepts and beliefs about
culture, society, and human life.
Appropriately, an ideology that pertains to the conduct of government is
called a political ideology. A more or less coherent set of ideas that provides a
basis for organized political action, whether the ideas are intended to preserve,
modify, or overthrow the existing power structure (Ramos, 2016).

POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES:
Liberalism – it is a political ideology that gives importance to the
fulfillment of the individual through the satisfaction of his interests. Liberals
believe that individuals are born equal and should have equal opportunities to
realize their goals and therefore, be allowed the greatest latitude of freedom.
Conservatism – is defined by the desire to preserve institutions and is
reflected in a resistance to, or at least suspicion of, change. For the
conservatives, tradition reflects the accumulated wisdom of the past, as
manifested in the practices that have endured the test of time.
Socialism – is an ideology that stands in opposition to capitalism and
proposes an alternative which is more humane and equitable. The goal of
socialism is to minimize or abolish class division between the rich and the poor.
Socialists view human beings as social creatures bound by common humanity,
cooperation is preferred, collectivism is favored over individualism, and
characterize therefore with equality.
Communism – may be described as a socio-economic structure which
aims to establish a society that is classless, egalitarian, and stateless. A political
ideology based on common ownership. Under communism, there is no such
thing as private property. All property is communally owned, and each person
receives a portion based on what they need.
Marxism - An idea that the exploitation of the workers (proletariat) by the
capitalists (bourgeoisie) develop class consciousness among the workers hence

5
 conducting a proletarian revolution which will facilitate the birth of a communist
society.
Fascism – is a political ideology which adheres to the maxim of strength
through unity and desires an organically unified national community. The
community or social group absorbs individual identity. The individual is literally
nothing. It is anti-rational, anti-liberal, anti-conservative, anti-capitalist, anti-
communist, etc., and believe exactly the opposite.
Anarchism – is an ideology that is based on the belief that government
and laws are not necessary. Political authority in whatever form is undesirable
and unwanted. The state is evil because it exercises coercive authority, which
violates the freedom and equality of individuals. Anarchists prefer a stateless
society.
Feminism - the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the
sexes. It desires to enhance the social role of women and the structure of male
power must be overturned.

From the activity above, you were able to determine the important
factor on how people make decisions. In order to make good decisions, you
have to have an open mind to all of the potential solutions for the issue under
consideration. Here are the following topics that you need to contemplate for
you to have a better understanding of the significance of political ideologies.

What’s More

Activity 2: “Mix and Match”

Direction: Match Political Ideologies in Column A with its corresponding definition and
or descriptive societal and political conditions in Column B

A B

-Is a social, political, and

economic philosophy that
1. a. examines the a. effect of
capitalism.
https://aldepartyim.wordpress
.com/tag/liberalism/

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 - individual identity is not as
important as that of the
social group or community.
2. b.
https://america.cgtn.com/2018/11/05/how-
did-socialism-become-a-dirty-word-in-the-us

An individual has freedom

when he/she is able to act
3. c. as he or she pleases.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/01/books/review
/american-conservatism-andrew-j-bacevich.html

Its goal is to minimize or

abolish class division
between the rich and the
poor.
4. d.

https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/04/
defining-fascism-isnt-as-important-as-subjecting
-all-political-movements-to-moral-scrutiny.html

Traditional institutions, such

as government and religion,
along with traditional values
are to be respected.
5. e.
https://www.slideshare.net/emclem/marxism-capitalism

7
 What I Have Learned

Key Points
 The term “ideology” was conceived in 1796 by the French
philosopher Destutt de Tracy to refer to a new science that
endeavored to uncover the origins of conscious thought and ideas.
 Political Ideology pertains to a coherent set of ideas that provides a
basis for organized political action.
 Political ideologies are both descriptive and prescriptive, they
provide lenses for positive and normative analysis of socio-political
conditions.
 Among the different political ideologies are liberalism,
conservatism, socialism, communism, Marxism, fascism,
anarchism, and feminism.

What I Can Do

Activity 3: Bahay Prinsipyo

Direction: In connection with your answers in activity 1, you may address the
following questions:
1. Compare the ideologies of your mother and father.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

2. Provided with such experience from your parents, who between

them are you in favor? Why?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Note: Write your answers in the activity notebook.

8
 Additional Activities

Activity 4: Compare and Contrast

Directions: Describe different political ideologies. Compare and generate list of
differences. Determine significant similarities and differences of political
ideologies. Write your answers in the column below.

Political Ideologies Similarities Differences

Liberalism
Socialism
Conservatism
Fascism
Feminism

Processing Question: What political ideology do you prefer? Why?

Welcome dear learners, you are done with your task in

the previous lesson so be ready to learn more in lesson 2.
Good luck!

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 Lesson 2: Examine the Relationship between
Political Ideologies and Analyze how Political
Ideologies Impact on the Social and Political life of
Filipino

What’s In

Activity: Jumbled Letters

Directions: Rearrange the jumbled letters below guided by a definition to help
you
you identify the correct word. Write each letter in the blank space
provided.

1. MMUOCNMSI – a political ideology based on common ownership.

_________
2. LIERLAIMSB - an ideology that gives importance to the fulfillment of
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the individual.
3. FMEMINIS - a political ideology that desire to enhance the social

________ role of women.

4. CFSMSIA - an ideology which adheres to the maxim strength
_______ through unity and desires an organically unified
national community.
5. LCISOAISM - an ideology that desires to preserve institutions and
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is reflected in a resistance to, or at least
suspicion of, change.

What’s New

Activity 1: Describe the Picture

Directions: List down your observation about the picture provided below. Write
your descriptions in your activity notebook.

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 SOURCE: https://www.google.com/search?q=edsa+people+power&bih= 657&biw
1366&hl=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjx 0ueNmdP
qAhUnx4sBHU3pDdUQ_AUoAXoECBkQAw#imgrc=5F1jkW08_A8X_M

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

https://www.dap.edu.ph/coe-psp/articles/re-thinking-elections-through-the-lens-of-productivity/

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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 What Is It

The above activity has something to do with…..

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND POLITICAL
COMMUNITY
The political ideology of a state inevitably shapes the configuration of the
political community. This occurs because the form of government reflects the
ideals advocated by the political ideology. In other words, a state would certainly
not have institutions which do not adhere to its beliefs. It would be incongruous
for a democratic nation advocating liberal ideas to have an authoritarian
government or a dictatorship. Conversely, it would be preposterous for a
communist nation to have a multi-party system where there are free elections
and the officials of government are elected by popular vote.
It does not mean, however, that a political ideology is necessarily
immutable. It has to adopt to the necessities of the times. An ideology should be
malleable to survive and prevail. After all, it is just a set of coherent ideas that
serve as the blueprint for political action. For example, China has astutely
retained its one-party system while at the same time adopting some features of
capitalism. This bold step has transformed the country into an economic
powerhouse: it is now one of the leaders on the world stage (Ramos, 2016).
We need to give more emphasis that political theory and political practice
are totally entangled. Political ideas did not come out of nowhere. They are
shaped and continuously reshaped by current socio-historical, economic, and
political circumstances. Whether you are conscious or not, your behavior is
guided by a set of ideas, beliefs, or value systems you adhere to. At a more
general level and at a definitely larger scale, political ideas shape the nature of
political systems and serve as glue that binds societies together.

HOW POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AFFECTS THE LIFE OF THE FILIPINO

The ideologies espoused by the succession of Philippine presidents have
had varying effects on the social and political lives of the Filipinos. After the
country regained its independence in 1945, however, the same rigid structures
resurfaced: the elite reasserted their dominance of the economy and politics.
The early years after the Second World War saw a largely destroyed local
economy dependent on American aid and Japanese reparations. Philippine
Presidents then were rabidly pro-American and so were many Filipinos. The
political ideology was adhered to the American model and we were able to

12
maintain the presidential form of government. Under the re-emergent democratic
system, the patrimonial character of the government remained. Many things
depended on personal considerations and connections, even with the growth of
bureaucracy.
The election of Ferdinand Marcos as the President (1965-1985) launched
a new ideology that advocated a “revolution” from the center,” meaning the
radical change would come from the top of the political leadership. He crafted the
“New Society” and he experimented with a mixed presidential and parliamentary
system. There was a president (Marcos) elected by a popular vote, and there
was a prime minister elected by the parliament.
Corazon Aquino, who replaced Marcos after he was deposed, returned
the country to the path of liberal democracy. She acted as the legislator when the
Freedom Constitution was in effect. It was the time when the political institutions
of the country was being rebuilt.
The re-democratization brought many problems. On the political level,
there is a highly politicized military, the persistence of elite-dominated,
patronage-based political party system, and rival claims for autonomy in the
South. On the economic level, poverty and unemployment persist. There is the
foreign debt burden and inflation to contend with. On the social level, unequal
social structures remain.

What’s More

Activity 2: Semantic Web

Directions: Fill in the organizer below to show what you have learned from the
discussion above. Write your answer in your activity
notebook.

Relationship How
between political
political ideology
ideologies affects the
and political lives of the
community Filipino

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 What I Have Learned

Important Points for you to remember

 The political ideology of a state inevitably shapes the configuration
of the political community because the form of government reflects
the ideals advocated by the political ideology.
 The ideologies espoused by the succession of Philippine presidents
have had varying effects on the social and political lives of Filipinos.

What I Can Do

Activity 3: Reflective and Integrative Approach

Question: If you are given a chance to follow a political ideology, which
political ideology will you choose? Why?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_____________________________________

Assessment (Post-test)

Essay: Choose one political group in the country and discuss how their
ideology influences their actions or advocacies. Write your answers in not
less than 150 words in your activity notebook.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
____________________________________________

14
 Additional Activities
Activity 4: Poster Making
Instruction: Create a poster in a CARTOLINA showing one of the political
ideology that impacts our present society if followed. Explain your poster drawing
by writing your explanation in the activity notebook.

Congratulations! You have done so well in this module.

The knowledge you’ve got will make you become a functioning
individual and as member of your community it will help you
contribute something by sharing your ideas to other members of
the locality. Now, be ready to learn more in the next module. I
hope you’ll find the activities provided more fun and challenging.
Good luck!

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REFERENCES:
Ramos, Renan E.Philippine Politics and Governance.Vibal Group, Inc.2016

WEBSITES
https://www.history.com/news/socialism-communism-differences
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/59ca69abf484e310000ac5ec/political-ideologies
https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism/The-suffrage-movement
https://www.google.com/search?
q=the+importance+of+political+ideology&source=lmns&bih=657&biw=1366&hl=en&ved
=2ahUKEwjC_JOY6s3qAhXCzIsBHUs5DasQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA
https://study.com/academy/lesson/conservatism-history-ideology-and-influence.html
https://www.slideshare.net/emclem/marxism-capitalism
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/04/defining-fascism-isnt-as-important-as-
subjecting-all-political-movements-to-moral-scrutiny.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/01/books/review/american-conservatism-andrew-j-
bacevich.html
https://america.cgtn.com/2018/11/05/how-did-socialism-become-a-dirty-word-in-the-us
https://aldepartyim.wordpress.com/tag/liberalism/
https://www.academia.edu/40066509/DLP_Philippine_Politics_and_Government
https://www.dap.edu.ph/coe-psp/articles/re-thinking-elections-through-the-lens-of-
productivity/
https://www.google.com/search?
q=edsa+people+power&bih=657&biw1366&hl=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=
2ahUKEwjx0ueNmdPqAhUnx4sBHU3pDdUQ_AUoAXoECBkQAw#imgrc=5F1jkW08_A
8X_M
https://www.academia.edu/40066509/DLP_Philippine_Politics_and_Government
https://www.google.com/search?
q=poster+making+rubric&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSjKC23tTqAh
WPQN4KHcdQDLEQ_AUoAXoECAwQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=-
3RztNp_pcP2fM

ANSWER KEY:
LESSON 1
Activity 1: Kwentong-Bahay
Answers may vary
Activity 2: Mix and Match
1. c
2. d
3. e
4. b
5. a

16
Activity 3: Bahay Prinsipyo
Answers may vary
Activity 4: Compare and Contrast
Answers may vary

LESSON 2

Activity: Jumbled Letters

1. communism
2. liberalism
3. feminism
4. fascism
5. socialism
Activity 1: Describe the Picture
Answers may vary
Activity 2: Semantic Web
Answers may vary
Activity 3: Reflective and Integrative Approach
Answers may vary (based on the student own principle)
Activity 4: Poster Making
Answers may vary

PRETEST POST-TEST
1. a Essay
2. b (answers may
3. c vary)
4. b
5. b
6. c
7. a
8. c
9. a
10. b

17
https://www.google.com/search?
q=poster+making+rubric&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSjKC23tTqAhWPQN4KH
cdQDLEQ_AUoAXoECAwQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=-3RztNp_pcP2fM

18