ASSESSMENT TEST No.

PART A. LISTENING
Section 1. You will hear part of a radio interview in which the comedian and writer
Jane Clarkson is talking about her work. For questions 1- 5, choose the answer (A,
B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear.
1 What did Jane find difficult about writing a book?
A She couldn’t travel around the country.
B She didn’t get any instant reaction to her work.
C She had to spend time looking after her daughter.
D She found the process itself very challenging.
2 According to Jane, why did some critics dislike her novel?
A They didn’t think the book was funny.
B They were dismissive of her initial success.
C They thought her male colleagues were better writers.
D They thought she should stick to being a comedian.
3 Which aspect of Jane’s work as a comedian helped her to write?
A her patience B her ability to listen
C her habit of watching people D her rational way of thinking
4 According to Jane, how do many people react to female comedians?
A They’re convinced women can’t tell jokes.
B They’re afraid the women will break down.
C They find women’s humour too intense.
D They find women’s jokes embarrassing.
5 What was the disadvantage of the stage image which Jane developed?
A It frightened the audience.
B It made the audience angry.
C People thought it reflected her real personality.
D People did not take her seriously any more.
Section 2. Listen to the recording and decide whether the following statements are
true (T) or false (F).
1. The speaker has come from the Theosophical Society.
2. One of the main points of the talk is to save money.
3. She thinks students should do more housework.
4. She argues that plastic containers won't biodegrade quickly.
5. She warns that asthma sufferers should be careful with her recipes.
Section 3. Listen to the talk about women in the workplace and answer the following
questions
1. How is the situation for women in the workplace changing?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. In which management role that women constitute 17% of the staff?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. How many percent of employees think that gender equality is a priority?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. What is the action companies should take to understand the problem of gender
inequality?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. What should companies do to make sure opportunities and advancement are equitable?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Section 4: Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing information
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Over the past few years as first lady, I have had the (1)______________ of
traveling all across this country and everywhere I’ve gone and the people I've met and the
stories I’ve heard, I have seen the very best of the (2)______________.
See, our life before moving to Washington was, was filled with simple joys.
Saturdays at soccer games, Sundays at grandma’s house, and a date night for Barack and
me was either dinner or movie because as an exhausted mum I couldn’t stay awake for
both.
Even back then when Barack was a senator and (3)______________ to me he was still
the guy who picked me up for our dates in a car that was so (4)______________ that I
could actually see the pavement going by in a hole in the passenger side door. He was the
guy whose (5)______________ was a coffee table he'd found in a dumpster.
Well today, after so many (6)______________ and moments that’ve tested my
husband in ways I never could have imagined, I have seen first-hand that being president
doesn’t change who you are. No it (7)______________who you are.
When it comes to the health of our families, Barack refused to listen to all those
folks to told him to leave (8)______________ for another day, another president. He
didn’t care whether it was the easy thing to do politically, no that's not how he was raised.
He cared that it was the right thing to do.
When we were first married our combined monthly student loan bill was actually
higher than our (9)______________.
Yeah!! We were so young, so in love, and so in debt.
If we wanna give all of our children a foundation for their dreams and
opportunities worthy of their promise. If we wanna give them that sense of
(9)______________, that belief that here in America there was always something better
out there if you're willing to work for it. Then we must work like never before, and we
must once again come together and stand together for the man we can trust to keep
moving this great country forward.
My husband, our president, Barack Obama.
Thank you, God bless you, God bless America.
PART B. LEXICO-GRAMMAR
Section 1. Choose the best option A, B, C, or D to complete the following sentences.
1. The decision was ......................... to a later meeting.
A. cancelled B. arranged C. deferred D. delayed
2. Tempers began to ................... as the lorries forced their way through the picket lines.
A. break B. fray C. grate D. fire
3. The old ship will be towed into harbour and ............................... .
A. broken up B. broken down C. broken in D. broken off
4. Making private calls on the office phone is severely .......... on in our department.
A. frowned B. criticised C. regarded D. objected
5. Apart from the ..................... cough and cold. I’ve been remarkably healthy all my life.
A. odd B. opportune C. irregular D. timely
6. The company was declared bankrupt when it had ...................... more debts than it
could hope to repay.
A. inflicted B. incurred C. entailed D. evolved
7. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth
century houses from .................. .
A. disruption B. abolition C. demolition D. dismantling
8. Before I went to drama school, I had to .................... quite a lot of family pressure for
me to study. medicine.
A. resist B. restrain C. refuse D. reconcile
9. Strong protests were made .................. with demands for an international enquiry.
A. joined B. added C. coupled D. included
10. What her problems all seemed to ............................. to was lack of money.
A. analyse B. condense C. boil down D. sum up
Section 2. The passage below contains 5 mistakes. UNDERLINE the mistakes and
WRITE THEIR CORRECT FORMS in the numbered blanks below the passage.
By the mid-1990s, the academic world finally appeared to be coming round to a
conclusion as the public: that human behaviour is a mix of nature, nurture and simple
happenstance. Nowadays, for the media, the story was still resistible: the discovery of a
link between genes and political allegiance. “Leftwing liberals are born not bred”,
declared the headlines, over reports that scientists in the US had revealed that people with
a specific gene were more likely to hold liberal political views. In the face of it, the
finding was just the latest contribution to the nature versus nurture debate – the question
of whether we’re born with traits instill in us by our genes or acquire them in later life.
Behind all the media coverage lies an unnerving implication: just as we have no choice
over our eye colour, who we become in life is dictated by our DNA.
Many of the media put the claim squarely into the nature ‘box’ of the debate and
moved on, wait ing for the next ‘born, not made’ story. The resilience of the debate is
astonishing – and also disturbing. The belief in the primacy of genes has underpinned
such outrage as the forcible sterilization of ‘feebleminded’ people in 1930s America and
the ethnic cleansing in the Balkans of the 1990s.

Mistake Correction
1
2
3
4
5

Section 3. Complete each of the following sentences with a suitable preposition or

particle.
1. Gareth Bale is a brilliant young footballer who is ______________ the up and up.
2. Jan's good at keeping secrets, so you'll have to worm it _____________ her!
3. None of us could fathom ___________ why the experiment wasn't working.
4. Jim seems to be___________ the misapprehension that tomorrow’s a holiday. It isn't.
5. That’s enough TV! It’s time to knuckle _____________ and get on with your
homework now.

Section 4. Write the correct form of each bracketed word. Write your answer in the
corresponding numbered boxes.
POWER NAPS
Power napping is an effective, and under-used tool. It is a
quick, intense sleep which (1) DRAMA improves alertness. 1___________________
These naps are especially useful for those whose sleep is
constrained by a (2) DEMAND schedule: for example, 2___________________
mothers of small children or travelling business (3) 3___________________
EXECUTE. However, the conditions must be right and
practice is required for maximum effect.
Power naps should be short, between ten and twenty-five
minutes, to prevent (4) ORIENT on awakening in such a 4___________________
short time, but (5) ACQUIRE of the habit is simply a 5___________________
question of practice. At the (6) OUT, it is more important to 6___________________
relax for a while than actually fall asleep.
Power napping is not a good idea if you find it difficult to
wake up at the (7) DESIGN time or have problems sleeping 7___________________
at night after a power nap in the day. The kind of dozing that
can (8) COMPANY a sensation of overwhelming 8___________________
(9) SLEEP is not a true power nap, but a desperate attempt to 9___________________
compensate for a poor sleep routine.
However, with practice, you will find that power naps can
lead to a welcome (10) ENHANCE of your performance 10__________________
when you need it most.

PART C. READING COMPREHENSION

Section 1. Choose the option A, B, C, or D that best fits each blank in the following
passage.
The popular writer J K Rowling has agreed to end her part in the (1) _____ of the
world’s forests by having her books printed on paper which is environmentally friendly.
The multimillionaire author,
Whose novels about a teenage wizard have consumed 6.5 million trees so far, is
one of a number of highprofile authors who have (2) _____ their support for the
environment by stipulating that only recycled paper (3) _____ for their books.
Techniques (4) _____ in Canada mean that, for the first time, paper made from such
materials as office waste paper can be used to make books. The Canadian edition of
Rowling’s last book was printed without chopping down a single tree, saving an (5)
_____ 40,000 of them.
In the past, it was difficult to print books on recycled paper because the paper was
not strong enough to (6) _____ a lifetime’s reading. Technological advances mean that
paper which is (7) _____ from waste material is now just as durable as paper made from
virgin fibre in terms of quality and strength.
 Despite the high cost of developing recycled paper that has the required strength
and whiteness needed for books, there will not (8) _____ be a price rise for the reader.
Instead, publishers are likely to (9) _____ for the higher paper cost by using cheaper book
covers, as (10) _____ in Canada.

1. A. demolition B. desolation C. destruction D. destitution

2. A. contracted B. pledged C. secured D. undertaken
3. A. be used B. is used C. using D. to be used
4. A. founded B. inaugurated C. led D. pioneered
5. A. estimated B. assessed C. established D. evaluated
6. A. experience B. withstand C. confront D. encounter
7. A. manufactured B. constructed C. devised D. formed
8. A. certainly B. naturally C. absolutely D. necessarily
9. A. balance B. compensate C. return D. refund
10 A. developed B. arose C. happened D. followed
Section 2. Read the text and think of a word that best fits each gap. Use ONLY ONE
word in each gap.
Over the last century the world has become increasingly smaller. Not geographically, of
course, but in the sense that media, technology and the opening of borders has enabled
the world’s citizens to view, share and gain (1)__________ to a much wider range of
cultures, societies and world views. In this (2)__________ pot that the world has become,
today’s child is privy (3)__________ facets of the human experience that his immediate
predecessors had no inkling even existed. It (4)__________ to reason that in order to
absorb, configure and finally form opinions about this information-laden planet, children
must be supplied with certain tools. (5)__________ in this list of ‘tools’ are: education,
social skills, cultural awareness and the acquisition of languages, the most important of
these being the latter. Until recently, a child who had the ability to speak more than
one language would have been considered a very rare entity. (6)__________ one-
language phenomenon could be attributed to a combination of factors. One of them is that
the monolingual environment in which a child was raised played a strong role,
(7)__________ did the limited, biased education of the past. With regard to immigrants,
the sad fact was that non-native parents tended to withhold the teaching of the mother
tongue so that the child would acquire the ‘more prestigious’ language of the adopted
country. Nowadays, the situation has (8)__________ an almost complete reversal. In the
majority of North American and European countries, most children are given the
opportunity to learn a second or (9)__________a third language. Children acquire these
foreign languages through various and diverse means. In many countries, learning a
foreign language is a compulsory subject in the state school curriculum. Other children
rely on language schools or private tuition to achieve their goal. In other instances,
children are (10)__________ to bilingual parents, who, if they so desire, may teach the
children two languages.

Section 3. Read the passage and choose the best option A, B, C, or D to answer the
questions.
When people learn to play video games, they are learning a new literacy. Of
course, this is not the way the word "literacy" is normally used. Traditionally, people
think of literacy as the ability to read and write. Why, then, should we think of literacy
more broadly, in regard to video games or anything else, for that matter? There are two
reasons.
First, in the modem world, language is not the only important communicational
system. Today images, symbols, graphs, diagrams, artifacts, and many other visual
symbols are particularly significant. Thus, the idea of different types of "visual literacy"
would seem to be an important one. For example, being able to “read” the images in
advertising is one type of visual literacy. And, of course, there are different ways to read
such images, ways that are more or less aligned with the intentions and interests of the
advertisers. Knowing how to read interior designs in homes, modernist art in museums,
and videos on MTV are other forms of visual literacy.
Furthermore, very often today words and images of various sorts are juxtaposed
and integrated in a variety of ways. In newspapers and magazines as well as in textbooks,
images take up more and more of the space alongside words. In fact, in many modem
high school and college textbooks in the sciences images not only take up more space,
they now carry meanings that are independent of the words in the text. If you can’t read
these images, you will not be able to recover their meanings from the words in the text as
was more usual in the past. In such multimodal texts (texts that mix words and images),
the images often communicate different things from the words. And the combination of
the two modes communicates things that neither of the modes does separately. Thus, the
idea of different sorts of multimodal literacy seems an important one. Both modes and
multimodality go far beyond images and words to include sounds, music, movement,
bodily sensations, and smells.

None of this news today, of course. We very obviously live in a world awash with
images. It is our first answer to the question why we should think of literacy more
broadly. The second answer is this: Even though reading and writing seem so central to
what literacy means traditionally, reading and writing are not such general and obvious
matters as they might at first seem. After all, we never just read or write; rather, we
always read or write something in some way.
So there are different ways to read different types of texts. Literacy is multiple,
then, in the sense that the legal literacy needed for reading law books is not the same as
the literacy needed for reading physics texts or superhero comic books. And we should
not be too quick to dismiss the latter form of literacy. Many a superhero comic is replete
with post-Freudian irony of a sort that would make a modem literary critic's heart beat
fast and confuse any otherwise normal adult.
Literacy, then, even as traditionally conceived to involve only print, is not a unitary
thing but a multiple matter. There are, even in regard to printed texts and even leaving
aside images and multimodal texts, different "literacies."
Once we see this multiplicity of literacy (literacies), we realize that when we think
about reading and writing, we have to think beyond print. Reading and writing in any
domain, whether it is law, rap songs, academic essays, superhero comics, or whatever, are
not just ways of decoding print, they are also caught up with and in social practices...
Video games are a new form of art. They will not replace books; they will sit beside
them, interact with them, and change them and their role in society in various ways, as
indeed, they are already doing strongly with movies. (Today many movies are based on
video games and many more are influenced by them.) We have no idea yet how people
"read" video games, what meanings they make from them. Still less do we know how
they will "read" them in the future.

1. According to the first paragraph, the traditional definition of ’’literacy” is ______.

A. the ability to analyze literature B. the ability comprehend basic cultural cues
C. the ability to read and write D. the ability to compose poetry
2. All are mentioned as being types of "visual literacy” EXCEPT ______.
A. musical tones B. interior design
C. diagrams D. Modem Art
3. An example from a science textbook of the phenomenon the author describes in the
third paragraph could be ______.
A. a genetic tree that coincides with the discussion of specific mammal classes in the
text
B. a diagram of a specific chemical reaction that is used to explain a broad definition
in the text
C. an illustration of a plant cycle that accompanies a chapter on photosynthesis
D. a cartoon that references the same methods discussed in the text about laboratory
safety
4. What is an example of a "multimodal” text?
A. A dictionary
B. A movie script
C. A photo album
D. An art book that describes the art as well as reproduces images of the original
prints
5. The phrase "beyond print” is closest in meaning to ______.
A. reading to understand the underlying meanings and themes of the author's words-
not just a literal interpretation
B. reading text that defines different types of wheat and grains
C. to read the text from right to left rather than left to right
D. to read books that use recycled paper and other green alternatives
6. In the seventh paragraph, the author suggests that literacy is multiple, meaning that
______.
A. to be "literate" can mean participating in any form of expression
B. one's literacy increases exponentially as greater mastery of reading and writing is
achieved
C. different genres and modes of expression require different background knowledge
and perspectives to understand them
D. literacy can only be gained by exploring every type of media and expression
7. Why does the author give the example of superhero comics to explain multiple
literacies?
A. To explain that comic books are written for children and purely for entertainment.
They require only a basic knowledge of the action that occurs in the story.
B. To once again refer to his earlier points about "multimodal" texts
C. To insist that even when an author may intend multiple meanings and
interpretations, they are rarely successful in conveying those to readers
D. Things that may seem on the surface to be only meant for a particular group of
people can actually have very profound meanings to those who possess other types of
literacy
8. The author suggests that all of the following require different types of literacy and the
ability to decode meaning EXCEPT ______
A. Rap music B. Comic books C. Academic papers D. Symphonies
9. The author says that video games ______.
A. are not yet entirely understood in terms of literacy, but are already impacting other
forms of expression such as filmmaking.
B. are unrealistic and should not fall into the same categories as the other texts he
describes
C. are too violent to risk experimenting with for the purposes of understanding
literacy
D. are irrelevant in academic discussion because no one has yet determined how to
explain the ways that people understand them
10. What would be the most logical information for the next paragraph to contain if the
article continued?
A. A technological definition of video games, how they are made, and how they are
played
B. A historical explanation of the very first video game and its evolution
C. Examples of the way that some people currently interpret video games and what
they mean to them
D. A price comparison of video game consoles and whether or not quality has a direct
impact on literacy

Section 4. Read the passage and answer the questions as required. Write all your
answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.

A. Our daily lives are largely made up of contacts with other people, during which we
are constantly making judgments of their personalities and accommodating our
behavior to them in accordance with these judgments. A casual meeting of
neighbors on the street, an employer giving instructions to an employee, a mother
telling her children how to behave, a journey in a train where strangers eye one
another without exchanging a word - all these involve mutual interpretations of
personal qualities.

B. Success in many vocations largely depends on skill in sizing up people. It is

important not only to such professionals as the clinical psychologist, the
psychiatrist or the social worker, but also to the doctor or lawyer in dealing with
their clients, the businessman trying to outwit his rivals, the salesman with
potential customers, the teacher with his pupils, not to speak of the pupils judging
their teacher. Social life, indeed, would be impossible if we did not, to some extent,
understand, and react to the motives and qualities of those we meet; and clearly we
are sufficiently accurate for most practical purposes, although we also recognize
that misinterpretations easily arise - particularly on the part of others who judge us!
C. Errors can often be corrected as we go along. But whenever we are pinned down to
a definite decision about a person, which cannot easily be revised through his 'feed-
back', the inadequacies of our judgments become apparent. The hostess who
wrongly thinks that the Smiths and the Joneses will get on well together can do
little to retrieve the success of her party. A school or a business may be saddled for
years with an undesirable member of staff, because the selection committee which
interviewed him for a quarter of an hour misjudged his personality.

D. Just because the process is so familiar and taken for granted, it has aroused little
scientific curiosity until recently. Dramatists, writers and artists throughout the
centuries have excelled in the portrayal of character, but have seldom stopped to
ask how they, or we, get to know people, or how accurate is our knowledge.
However, the popularity of such unscientific systems as Lavater's physiognomy in
the eighteenth century, Gall's phrenology in the nineteenth, and of handwriting
interpretations by graphologists, or palm-readings by gipsies, show that people are
aware of weaknesses in their judgments and desirous of better methods of
diagnosis. It is natural that they should turn to psychology for help, in the belief
that psychologists are specialists in 'human nature'.

E. This belief is hardly justified: for the primary aim of psychology had been to
establish the general laws and principles underlying behavior and thinking, rather
than to apply these to concrete problems of the individual person. A great many
professional psychologists still regard it as their main function to study the nature
of learning, perception and motivation in the abstracted or average human being, or
in lower organisms, and consider it premature to put so young a science to practical
uses. They would disclaim the possession of any superior skill in judging their
fellow- men. Indeed, being more aware of the difficulties than is the non-
psychologist, they may be more reluctant to commit themselves to definite
predictions or decisions about other people. Nevertheless, to an increasing extent
psychologists are moving into educational, occupational, clinical and other applied
fields, where they are called upon to use their expertise for such purposes as fitting
 the education or job to the child or adult, and the person to the job. Thus a
considerable proportion of their activities consists of personality assessment.

F. The success of psychologists in personality assessment has been limited, in

comparison with what they have achieved in the fields of abilities and training,
with the result that most people continue to rely on unscientific methods of
assessment. In recent times there has been a tremendous amount of work on
personality tests, and on carefully controlled experimental studies of personality.
Investigations of personality by Freudian and other 'depth' psychologists have an
even longer history. And yet psychology seems to be no nearer to providing society
with practicable techniques which are sufficiently reliable and accurate to win
general acceptance. The soundness of the methods of psychologists in the field of
personality assessment and the value of their work are under constant fire from
other psychologists, and it is far from easy to prove their worth.

G. The growth of psychology has probably helped responsible members of society to

become more aware of the difficulties of assessment. But it is not much use telling
employers, educationists and judges how inaccurately they diagnose the
personalities with which they have to deal unless psychologists are sure that they
can provide something better. Even when university psychologists themselves
appoint a new member of staff. They almost always resort to the traditional
techniques of assessing the candidates through interviews, past records, and
testimonials, and probably make at least as many bad appointments as other
employers do. However, a large amount of experimental development of better
methods has been carried out since 1940 by groups of psychologists in the Armed
Services and in the Civil Service, and by such organizations as the (British)
National Institute of Industrial Psychology and the American Institute of Research.

List of Headings
i. The advantage of an intuitive approach to personality assessment
ii. Overall theories of personality assessment rather than valuable guidance
iii. The consequences of poor personality assessment
iv. Differing views on the importance of personality assessment
v. Success and failure in establishing an approach to personality assessment
vi. Everyone makes personality assessments
vii. Acknowledgement of the need for improvement in personality assessment
viii. Little progress towards a widely applicable approach to personality assessment
ix. The need for personality assessments to be well-judged
x. The need for a different kind of research into personality assessment
Question 1-6. Choose the correct headings for the paragraphs below.
Example : Paragraph A vi
1. Paragraph B ______ 2. Paragraph C ______ 3. Paragraph D ______
4. Paragraph E ______ 5. Paragraph F ______ 6. Paragraph G ______
Question 7. Choose THREE letters A-F. Write your answers in box 7.
Which THREE of the following are stated about psychologists involved in personality
assessment?
A. 'Depth' psychologists are better at it than some other kinds of psychologist.
B. Many of them accept that their conclusions are unreliable.
C. They receive criticism from psychologists not involved in the field.
D. They have made people realize how hard the subject is.
E. They have told people what not to do, rather than what they should do.
F. They keep changing their minds about what the best approaches are.
Questions 8 - 10. Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the
Reading Passage. In boxes 8 - 10 write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
8. Unscientific systems of personality assessment have been of some use.
9. People make false assumptions about the expertise of psychologists.
10. It is likely that some psychologists are no better than anyone else at assessing
personality.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Section 5. Read the following article about how to be environmentally friendly and
decide in which paragraph (A-E) the following are mentioned. For each question 1-10,
write your answer (A, B, C, D or E) in the corresponding numbered boxes. Write one
letter for each answer. The paragraphs may be chosen more than once.
A. FAIR TRADE
Farmers in developing countries are some of the most vulnerable people on earth, prey to
world commodity markets, middle men and the weather. So-called “fair trade”
arrangements guarantee cooperative groups a price above the world market and a bonus
on top. The growing fair-trade market has distributed hundreds of millions of pounds to
more than 50 million people worldwide. But critics say that fair trade will never lift a
country out of poverty; indeed, it may keep it there, because the money generated from
sales goes almost in its entirety to rich countries which promote the products. As a simple
guide, only about 5% of the sale price of a fair-trade chocolate bar may actually go to the
poor country.
B. ORGANIC FOOD
For food to be organic it must be free of added chemicals, both in the growing of the food
and in the killing of the pests that might damage the crop. In a world where many
manufactured chemicals have never been properly tested for safety, this is a very big
selling point. Parents are thus prepared to pay a premium for organic food, especially
when chemicals suspected of causing a variety of problems have been found, albeit in
tiny quantities, in most children’s blood. The problem is that many farmers have not
switched to organic in sufficient numbers to satisfy this growing market. As a result,
supermarkets are often forced to fly vegetables as they can label “organic” halfway round
the world, at a great cost to the planet in extra greenhouse gases. Environmentalists are
now urging shoppers to buy locally produced vegetables, even if they are not organic and
have been sprayed with pesticides.
C. BEING CARBON NEUTRAL
If you want to make yourself feel better about the planet, there are lots of ways for you to
ease your conscience by becoming “carbon neutral”. One of the most appealing methods
is to pay for someone to plant trees, preferably creating or regenerating new forests. The
theory is that trees grow by absorbing carbon dioxide and giving out oxygen, storing the
carbon in their trunks. But woods and forests create their own mini-climate, which
collects and stores water and creates rainclouds. Added to this, there is the potential
problem that planting trees often releases carbon stored in the soil - and what happens if
the forests catch fire, or are chopped down and harvested for timber? Another and
perhaps better solution might be to invest in small-scale hydro-electric schemes, so that
people who live in the Himalayas, for example, and currently do not have electricity, can
develop a 21st century lifestyle without polluting the planet.
D. ECO-TOURISM
The idea of “green” tourism is to persuade local people not to chop down forests, shoot
elephants or wipe out tigers, but to preserve them so rich tourists visit and peer at the
wildlife through binoculars. Unfortunately, the best money is made from reintroducing
animals for trophy hunting by the very rich - an idea which does not always meet with
approval and has caused much debate. While tourists may help sustain some national
parks, they often create as many problems as they solve. One is that they tend to demand
all mod cons in their hotels, such as a great deal of water for showers; a luxury sometimes
not available for locals. Eco-tourism, when properly managed, can offer the locals and the
animals a brighter future. Sometimes, though, the only winners are a few business people
who own hotels.
E. RECYCLING
A great shift has taken place in the way we think about rubbish. Where once we were
happy to bury it in landfills or dump it at sea, we are now being urged by national and
local governments to recycle it and think of waste as a resource. The wheelie-bin culture
is being replaced by a series of kerbside collections of paper, metals, plastic, bottles,
clothes and compost. The idea is to cut landfill as well as saving the planet. It is,
however, having some unexpected consequences. Most of Britain’s plastic and paper is
now being sent for recycling in China or India, which creates more greenhouse gases just
to get it there, plus workers then have to separate it. Meanwhile, some paper and bottles
carefully sorted out by householders end up being dumped in landfills after all, because
the demand for recycled materials constantly fluctuates.

In which section is the following mentioned?

a controversial pastime that raises considerable money 1. ______
an action which creates a different weather pattern 2. ______
an undesirable result of unnecessary global transportation 3. ______
(NB. You must provide two different options) 4. ______
inadequate research into harmful substances 5. ______
people at the greatest risk from factors beyond their control 6. ______
a benefit for those the scheme was not originally intended for 7. ______
(NB. You must provide two different options) 8. ______
the bringing of a source of energy to remote areas 9. ______
a failure to adapt in order to meet increasing demands 10. ______

PART D. WRITING
Section 1. Read the following extract and use your own words to summarize it. Your
summary should be about 80 - 100 words long. You MUST NOT copy the original.
The way in which information is taught can vary greatly across cultures and time periods.
Entering a British primary school classroom from the early 1900s, for example, one gains
a sense of austerity, discipline, and a rigid way of teaching. Desks are typically seated
apart from one another, with straight-backed wooden chairs that face directly to the
teacher and the chalkboard. In the present day, British classrooms look very different.
Desks are often grouped together so that students face each other rather than the teacher,
and a large floor area is typically set aside for the class to come together for group
discussion and learning.
Traditionally, it was felt that teachers should be in firm control of the learning process,
and that the teacher’s task was to prepare and present material for students to understand.
Within this approach, the relationship students have with their teachers is not considered
important, nor is the relationship students have with each other in the classroom. A
student’s participation in class is likely to be minimal, aside from asking questions
directed at the teacher, or responding to questions that the teacher has directed at the
student. This style encourages students to develop respect for positions of power as a
source of control and discipline. It is frequently described as the “formal authority”
model of teaching.
A less rigid form of teacher-centred education is the “demonstrator” model. This
maintains the formal authority model’s notion of the teacher as a “flashlight” who
illuminates the material for his or her class to learn, but emphasises a more individualized
approach to form. The demonstrator acts as both a role model and a guide, demonstrating
skills and processes and then helping students develop and apply these independently.
Instructors who are drawn to the demonstrator style are generally confident that their own
way of performing a task represents a good base model, but they are sensitive to differing
learning styles and expect to provide students with help on an individual basis.
Many education researchers argue for student-centred learning instead, and suggest that
the learning process is more successful when students are in control. Within the student-
centred paradigm, the “delegator” style is popular. The delegator teacher maintains
general authority, but they delegate much of the responsibility for learning to the class as
a way for students to become independent thinkers who take pride in their own work.
Students are often encouraged to work on their own or in groups, and if the delegator
style is implemented successfully, they will build not only a working knowledge of
course specific topics, but also self-discipline and the ability to co-ordinate group work
and interpersonal roles.
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Section 2. The line graph below gives information about the rates of unemployment
between 1991 and 2005 in three different countries in Europe. The table shows the
percentage of men and woman in the workforce in these three countries.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words.

Employment rates of men and women in three countries in Europe in 1991

 Men Women
Germany 76.5% 54.4%
Spain 66.2% 32.3%
Italy 77.1% 37.8%
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Section 3. Write an essay of about 300 – 350 words on the following topic:
Some people feel that in order to improve the quality of our education we should
encourage high school students to evaluate and criticise their teachers. Others feel that
it will cause the loss of respect and discipline in the classroom.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

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