Review notes on technical drawing/drafting

Orthographic projection – a method of representing the exact shape of an object by projecting perpendiculars from two
or more sides of the object to projection planes.

Isometric drawing – are 3D drawings. They show three sides, all in dimensional proportion, but none are shown as a true
shape with 90-degree corners. All he vertical lines are drawn vertically but all horizontal lines are drawn at 30 degrees to
the base line. Isometric is an easy method of drawing 3D images.

Oblique drawings are also used in engineering. The object is drawn with the most distinguishing features facing directly
towards the observer, showing the true shape of these features. Circular features like round holes can be drawn on this
front face as true circles. In other 3D forms, circular features must be drawn as ellipses.

To show the 3D effect, parallel lines (called ‘lines of sight’) are drawn from the front face at an angle.

The cavalier method is the simplest form of oblique projection.

All features in the oblique projection view are drawn to the same scale eg 1:1, and the lines of sight are drawn at 45
degrees to the horizontal as shown in the diagram. The lines of sight may appear to diverge excessively and so the shape
may appear to be very much. Other methods of oblique proportion try to reduce these distorting effects, usually by
reducing the scale used along the lines of sight to half that used for the features facing the observer to create the
appearance of depth. It is also called cabinet method.

The six principal views – they are actually the views of an object but in orthographic projection only the three views are
considered as standard practice to represent the object. The drafter has the option to use rest of the views.

Width, depth and height. They are considered as space dimensions to guide us that object has distinct limits.

Projectors. As used here they are the imaginary lines that will aid the drafter to project corners to the plane to form the
view or shape of an object.

Sectional drawings – are methods of representing hidden portions of any object to give more details to the blueprint
reader. It is obtained by putting an imaginary cutting plane that passes through the object exposing the portion that is
being cut. They can be classified as full section, half section, and assembly sections as used here.

Half section – this is a sectional view sometimes used for symmetrical objects in which one half drawn in section and the
other half is drawn as a regular exterior view.

Full section – a full section is one in which the cutting plane passes entirely across the object so that the resulting view is
completely in section.

Assembly section – an assembly section is to reveal the interior of a machine or object structure so that the separate
parts can be clearly shown and identified.

Hidden line – the hidden object line is used to show surfaces, edges, or corners of an object that are hidden from view.

Center lines – they are used to show the center of holes and symmetrical features.

Extension and dimension line – used to show when dimensioning and object or part.

Leaders or leader line – used to indicate the part of the drawing to which a note refers. Arrowheads touch the object
lines while the dots touch the surface.

Break lines – they are used when it is desirable to shorten the view of a long part.

Cutting plane line – they are used to designate where an imaginary cutting took place.

Visible line – used to indicate visible edge of an object. They should cut clearly in contrast to other lines so that the
shape of the object is apparent to the eye.

Section line – used to indicate the surface in the section view imagined to have been cut along the cutting-plane line.

Viewing plane line – used to indicate direction of sight when a partial view is used.

Phantom lines – are used to indicate position of moving parts, adjacent position of moving parts and repetitive position
of moving parts.

Dimensions – they are used to convey measurement of a drawing.

Freehand sketching – the act of making drawings with the use of pencil and paper only.

Lettering – the art of making letters by hand.

1. When a designer or an ordinary person translates his or her design idea with the use only of paper and pencil,
what is the name of the activity?
a. Architectural delineation
b. Freehand sketching
c. Geometric construction
d. Drafting
2. After the 2-diemnsional drawings are done and all the shapes and sizes being laid-out, the next step to be
executed to complete the process is called _______.
a. Dimensioning
b. Tolerancing
c. Specifications
d. Sectional drawing
3. With the help of drawing instruments such as T-square and triangles one produces quick and accurate
delineations for an intended project. The process is considered as ______.
a. Drafting
b. Pictorial drawing
c. Graphics
d. Shape and size descriptions
4. Technical drafting involves the manipulation of the elements of geometry to make accurate description of
shapes. Which term is referred to by engineers and drafting professionals all over the world?
a. Blueprint reading
b. Geometric construction
c. Line weights
d. Measurement
5. Objects to be drawn are not always solid in nature and if we want to explain complex objects to the reader of
our blueprints we need an imaginary cut through a component (part) or an assembly drawing to portray exactly
what is inside. This element is called ______.
a. Sectioning
b. Parallel perspective
c. Etching
d. Dimensioning
6. To make drawings look more professional, the notes, dimensions, and other specifications must be
professionally executed. In manual drafting this is called _____.
a. Lettering by hand
b. Scaling
c. Drawing of views
d. Legibility
7. In various engineering fields multiple line weights are being used to emphasize or deemphasize areas of a
drawing. It is also standardized in order for a uniform interpretation of drawings. The term is called _____.
a. Horizontal lines
b. Center lines
c. Alphabet of lines
d. Dimensioning
8. It is about placing units of measure to the height, width, and length of an object to convey accurate instructions
to produce that part. In old English it is called ‘dimensions’. In drafting this means ______.
a. Tolerancing
b. Datum
c. Axis
d. Dimensioning
9. Which is a method of representing the exact shape and size of an object drawn to scale on ‘set of planes’ which
sometimes are called planes of projection? It is also known as 3-view drawing
a. Orthographic projection
b. Perspective construction
c. Isometric drawing
d. Fourth dimension
10. Which technique in pictorial drawing appears like 3-dimensional but the lines are exactly 30 degrees from the
horizontal part of the object?
a. Isometric drawing
b. Cabinet drawing
c. Oblique drawing
d. Perspective drawing
11. As far as the appearance of the drawing is concerned, it is the most important part for the usefulness of the
drawing it can be ruined if it is done carelessly.
a. Painting
 b. Lettering
c. Etching
d. Calligraphy
12. There are six secrets of lettering namely: form, proportions, stability, density, spaing. Identify the sixth secret by
completing this adage: “a good draftsman will never letter without the use of _____.
a. Line
b. Guidelines
c. Horizontal lines
d. Border lines
13. Five guidelines are accepted in the drafting field. Which of them are laid-out to touch the capital letter C aside
from the base line?
a. Base line
b. Cap line
c. Drop line
d. Waist line
14. Which of these are positioned to limit letter g aside from the waist line?
a. Cap line
b. Drop line
c. Waist line
d. Base line
15. Of the many styles of letters, the most commonly used are script or italics, gothic, old English and roman. Which
of them is most commonly used in college diploma?
a. Roman
b. Script or italics
c. Old English
d. Gothic
16. Extended letters of a given height are more legible while compressed letters are used when ______.
a. Space is limited
b. Space is wide
c. Space is limitless
d. Space is narrow
17. Time is gold, so a drafter must not get into a habit of making excessively time-consuming letters. Single-stroke
letters are advised with ______.
a. Rapidity of strokes
b. Sloppiness
c. Laziness
d. Free and natural fashion
18. A grade 9 student understood that the roman letters consists of thick and thin lines and was asking to himself
what those small thin lines at the end of every letter except O were? in the drafting field the line are called ____.
a. Serifs
b. Stem
c. Dash line
d. Ditto
19. Prior to the introduction of computer-aided design and drafting there are tools in lettering which are made of
either plastic of aluminum on which the drafter just traced the letters using a technical pen to produce each
letter. The instrument is called ______.
a. Lettering temple
b. Lettering box
c. Leroy guide
d. Pressure-sensitive guide
20. For beginning drafters the suggested height of letters to practice first is 6mm and then shift to a height of _____.
a. 30mm
b. 3mm
c. 1mm
d. 0.50mm
21. In the field of drafting, each line has a specific meaning. This is to establish a uniform way when interpreting
complex blueprints of objects and other mega projects. These lines are called ______.
a. Alphabet of lines
b. Alpha numeric of lines
c. Language of lines
d. Lines of sight
22. Based on a blue print, a machinist is about to drill a 16mm diameter hole on a piece of 100mm x 120mm flat bar.
Which line in the alphabet of lines must he look for first?
a. Hidden line
 b. Phantom line
c. Center line
d. Section line
23. When drawing the different vies in orthographic projection a drafter must acknowledge that there are hidden
edges that must be emphasized in order to produce a complete drawing information. Which line is he going to
use?
a. Hidden line
b. Section line
c. Center line
d. Object line
24. A drawing teacher on a local high school was discussing a feature on which the surface appears to have been
imaginary cut along the cutting plane line. Which line is she going to apply to the surface where the cutting plane
cut through?
a. Center line
b. Dimension line
c. Section line
d. Invisible line
25. There are six principal views of an object; the top view, the front view, right side view, left side view, bottom
view, and the rear views. Which of the views are accepted by the industry as standard multi- views according to
the 3rd angle projection?
a. Top view, from view, and right side views
b. Side view, bottom view, and rear views
c. Right side view, left side view, and bottom views
d. Front view, rear view, side views
26. A group of students is experimenting on views in orthographic projection. They extract first the front view of a
simple object using a transparent material as discussed by their teacher. What technique are they using?
a. Glass box technique
b. Onion shin technique
c. Japanese paper technique
d. Polycarbonate technique
27. Orthographic projection goes farther than right angle. A drafter can actually extract views for more details of the
object provided that the projectors are parallel to each other and normal to the plane of projection. The
additional plane is called _____.
a. Frontal plane
b. Auxiliary plane
c. Profile plane
d. Horizontal plane
28. All of objects have distinct limits which can be considered as the width, depth and height. So when a drafter is
working on the difference in elevation between any two points, measured as the perpendicular distance
between a pair of horizontal lines, he is now engaged in the ____ of the object.
a. Depth
b. Height
c. Width
d. Bottom
29. When an engineer is engaged in the preparation of views prior to formal drafting activities, he practically bases
his information on actual and accurate observation. This process is regarded as _____.
a. Pencil and paper exercise
b. Glass box technique
c. Orthographic sketch
d. Order of drawing
30. After all the views are given the drafter must now word on the real form of the objects based on actual result of
the orthographic projection. This process is called _____.
a. Pictorial drawing
b. Depth dimensions
c. Height dimensions
d. Center dimensions
31. In isometric drawings the angle used to aid in the construction of the object is 30 degrees and all vertical lines
are equal to their actual lengths or scale but in oblique drawing the angle used is ______.
a. 40 degrees
b. 45 degrees
c. 30 degrees
d. 60 degrees
32. In oblique drawing, the depth of the object is reduced to ½ in case of cabinet oblique, ¾ in case of a general
oblique, and true or same measurement in ______ oblique.
a. Width
b. Cavalier
c. Specific
d. Object
33. Which technique is commonly used around the world as a graphic method of representing a 3-dimensional
object and intended to combine the illusion of depth, with the undistorted presentation of the object’s principal
dimensions?
a. Cavalier oblique
b. Isometric drawing
c. Cabinet oblique
d. General oblique
34. When an observer stands in the middle of a street, the end of the street seems to narrow as far as his eyes can
see. Then he tries to draw the buildings as it appears on his visual observations. This process is called _____.
a. Perspective drawing
b. Isometric drawing
c. Dimetric drawing
d. Cabinet drawing
35. A student in drafting has done drawing the three views; his next task is to indicate the dimensions to complete
the information. What is the distance of the first dimensions from the views?
a. 1”
b. 2”
c. 1/8”
d. ½”
36. There is a good reason why we shouldn’t place dimensions directly on the drawing itself. This is to avoid ___.
a. Super dimensioning
b. Overcrowding of dimensions
c. Inaccurate dimensions
d. Aligned dimensioning
37. The radius of an arc should always be specified by the drafter in the form of a symbol which denotes______.
a. R
b. r
c. rad
d. ra
38. It is important for the drafting student to place the overall dimension of a part or view to appear more pleasing
to the reader. It is placed starting from the _____.
a. Shortest dimension line outside the view
b. Longest dimension line outside the view
c. Longer dimension inside the view
d. Shorter dimension inside the view
39. Some drafters often place dimensions on every view while this may be permitted in some drafting classes let’s
keep in mind that these are repetitions and can be avoided. This is referred to as ______.
a. Superfluous dimensioning
b. Unidirectional dimensioning
c. Aligned dimensioning
d. Tolerance dimensioning
40. In the rule of sectional drawing, all visible edges exposed by the cutting plane line must be emphasized and a
series of lines can now be drawn. This process is called ______.
a. Filling-up of section lines
b. Eliminating hidden lines
c. Eliminating object lines
d. Symmetric objects
41. There are situations in executing sectional drawings that every drafter must be familiar with especially when
dealing with blow-up part of an object. We find this very reasonable with tiny and complicated parts. This refers
to ______.
a. Detail sections or spot details
b. Dual dimensioning
c. Aligned objects
d. Isometric objects
42. For a professional looking sectional detail, which additional feature shall a drafter include to really portray the
drawing?
a. Line symbols
b. Common section line symbols for materials
c. Material line weight
d. Symmetric object line
43. There are several types of sections a full section which the cutting plane line passes across entire object and half
section on which the cutting plane passes through an object which is ______.
a. Symmetrical
b. Orthographic
c. Offset drawing
d. Common section
44. When a section is to be detailed according to the intended parts, assembly is called ______.
a. Assembly of parts
b. Assembly section
c. Assembly of materials
d. Assembly of common section
45. The world has adapted the metric system of dimensioning, but some countries used it voluntarily depending on
the situation they practice. What is the name of their approach?
a. Unidirectional system
b. Dual dimensioning system
c. Aligned system
d. Position dimensioning
46. A third world country even for its stage can’t neglect drafting as part of its industrial pursuit be it manual,
mechanized, or automated. So a citizen of a third world country must have the necessary skills in the use of
______.
a. Graphic or drafting language
b. Foreign language
c. Sign language
d. English language
47. Mr. John T. Cross purchased a 12.00 m x 9.00 m (frontage) land along the road. Local building code mandated
that the building must have a setback of 3.00 m with respect to the edge of the paved barangay road. What then
is the total area of the land minus the building code?
a. 80 square meters
b. 81 square meters
c. 90 square meters
d. 79.90 square meters
48. Grade 10 students from a local central school in the north wanted to build a square culvert with one side open
for an irrigation system. The dimensions are; width .80m, depth 1.20m, height .80m, and the thickness is .08m.
what then is the set of drawings they need in order for the culverts to be realized before giving it to an engineer
to determine the size of reinforcement bars?
a. Top view, front view, side view, and isometric
b. Top view, front view and bottom view, and isometric
c. Top view, front view, rear view, and isometric
d. Top view and side view only

1. B 17. D 33. B
2. A 18. A 34. B
3. A 19. B 35. B
4. B 20. B 36. D
5. A 21. A 37. B
6. A 22. C 38. A
7. C 23. A 39. A
8. A 24. C 40. A
9. A 25. C 41. A
10. A 26. A 42. B
11. B 27. A 43. A
12. B 28. B 44. A
13. B 29. C 45. B
14. B 30. C 46. A
15. C 31. A 47. B
16. A 32. C 48. A
ANALYZING TEST ITEMS

1. The following are reasons why a drawing pencil is better than an ordinary writing pencil except ______
a. Drawing pencils are made of a much better grade of graphite called lead.
b. It is possible to draw lines of uniform blackness
c. Drawing pencils are more expensive so they produce better results.
d. There are different kinds of drawing pencils for specific work.

Options a,b,c are the advantages of using a drawing pencil

Option d is the answer to the question because it is not a true statement for the use of a drawing pencil.

2. The following statements are good to follow when making lettering except_______
a. Vertical guidelines are drawn lightly and are spaced at random.
b. When lower case letter are used, the capital letter is used for the beginning letter
c. When using lower case letter only two horizontal guidelines are used.
d. When using two heights of capital letter only three guidelines are used.

Options a,b,d are the rules to follow when lettering

Option c. This is the correct answer to the question. The number 2 makes the statement wrong because there should be
3 horizontal guidelines.

3. When you want to indicate the center of holes of an object to be made in the drawing, which of the following
lines will you use?
a. Adjacent parts line
b. Center lines
c. Ditto lines
d. Long break lines

Option a. adjacent parts lines are lines to indicate parts which can be move from one position to another

Option c. ditto lines are used to indicate identical parts after a few have been draw in details.

Option d. long break lines are used to show parts of the object not shown on the drawing

Option b. is the correct answer. It is used to indicate the center of holes or center symmetrical object.

4. If you want to contrast the outline of the object and contact extension lines with long, slim arrowheads what
line will you use?
a. Construction lines
b. Dimension lines
c. Extension lines
d. Guidelines

Option a. construction lines are lines not shown in the alphabet of lines because they are lines which never appear on
the finished drawing.

Option c. extension line is line beyond the dimension line.

Option d. guidelines serve as guide in making the letters all the same height.

Option b is the correct answer because what is stated in the question is the function of dimension lines.

5. You wanted to know the increases in the enrollment of first year high school students this school year. The
easiest way of portraying ideas is through the use of ______ graph.
a. Bar
b. Line
c. Organizational
d. Volume

Option b. line graph is usually made by placing two sets of figures in relation to each other on axes formed by two lines
perpendicular to each other which intersect at one point.
Option c. organizational graph is useful in showing relationship and function of different department of an industry,
school system and others.

Option d. volume graph is suitable when only two or three items are to be compared.

Option a is the correct answer as bar graph is the excellent way for comparing quantities, values and percentages.

6. What drawing equipment will you use if you want to represent each unit of the object to be made in its proper
scale or proportion?
a. Cross rules paper
b. Drawing board
c. Ruler
d. Triangles
7. The drawing equipment that is used to draw horizontal lines is _____
a. Cross ruled paper
b. Ruler
c. Triangle
d. T-square
8. In order to get good spacing of letters in forming words, the areas between the letter should be approximately
equal which means _______
a. Horizontal distances are equal
b. Vertical distances are equal
c. The space between two words in the same sentence should be equal to the height of the lines of the letters
d. The upper-case letter is equal to the height of the capital letter.
9. This line is used to represent the visible edges of an object when making a drawing.
a. Hidden line
b. Long break line
c. Outline of parts
d. Section line
10. How will you draw horizontal lines?
a. It is drawn from right to left
b. It is drawn from left to right
c. It is drawn along the vertical edge of triangle
d. It is drawn in any direction
11. This kind of line is a heavy wavy lines made of freehand.
a. Cutting plane lines
b. Ditto lines
c. Long break lines
d. Short break lines
12. Which of the following kinds of drawing is used to show the front, top, and side of an object in their catual
relation to each other?
a. Isometric
b. Oblique
c. Perspective
d. Pictorial
13. This kind of drawing shows how object actually appeared to the observer?
a. Iso metric
b. Oblique
c. Perspective
d. Pictorial
14. In dimensioning drawing the dimension figures should be about ______ inch high and the fraction should be ¼
inch high.
a. 1/16
b. 1/8
c. ¼
d. 1/2
15. The following are the importance of geometric construction except _____.
a. Developing sketches
b. Making lettering
c. Making plans
d. Reading drawing
16. These are lines that do not meet no matter how far they are extended.
a. Angle lines
b. Curved lines
 c. Oblique lines
d. Parallel lines

17. Which of the following is a description of obtuse angle?

a. It is greater than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees
b. An angle less than 90 degrees
c. It has two equal sides
d. It is 45 degrees
18. You use a _____ map if the relative elevation of the ground surfaces are given.
a. Contour
b. Geographic
c. Relief
d. Topographic
19. This is a six-sided figure which is frequently used in machine drawing for showing heads of bolds and screws.
a. Hexagon
b. Octagon
c. Square
d. Triangle
20. If an oval shape is required what figure is used?
a. Circle
b. Ellipse
c. Oblong
d. Round
21. Workers in the construction industry, execute their job thru blueprint or architectural plans. So, it is sometimes
known as the international language of industry. Which is it?
a. Drawing
b. Isometric
c. Orthographic
d. Shading
22. There are two systems of measurement. English system is known as the one that uses the foot and inches. While
metric system uses the meter as the basic unit of measurement. How many millimeters do we have in 1 meter?
a. 10 mm
b. 100 mm
c. 200 mm
d. 1000 mm
23. In languages we have our own alphabets. But in drawing we have alphabet of lines. Which one represents the
sides of the object that are seen by the naked eye?
a. Center line
b. Dimension line
c. Phantom line
d. Visible line
24. There are three types of drawing pencil. We have the soft, medium and hard pencils. Which one can we consider
the medium pencil used by draftsman?
a. B
b. 2H
c. HB
d. 9H
25. Isometric drawing is elevated at a certain degree from the horizontal plane. What is its degree of inclination?
a. 30 degrees
b. 45 degrees
c. 60 degrees
d. 90 degrees

1. d
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. a
6. c
7. d
8. c
9. c
10. b
11. d
12. a
13. d
14. b
15. b
16. d
17. a
18. c
19. a
20. b
21. a
22. d
23. d
24. c
25. A
Competencies to be tested

- Fundamental elements in drafting

- Standards in lettering
- Different kinds of lines, orthographic projection and pictorial drawing
- Fundamentals in dimensioning and sectioning
- Relate drafting skills to real life situation.

Drafting is the primary method of communication between designers and clients, architects and builders, engineers and
production personnel and between advertisers and customers. A drawing, when used to show the material, dimension,
and shape of a product is known as technical drawing.

Common terms:

Drawing – is considered as an international language of industry.

Freehand drawing or sketching – is a graphic language with the use of a pencil, eraser and paper only. A good freehand
sketch should not be drawn with rigidly straight lines. The line should have a certain freedom and variety.

Mechanical drawing – are used to express the graphic language with the aid of precision drawing instruments like T-
square, triangles, compass, scale, drawing pencil, technical pen, etc. it is the next stage after the freehand sketch is
drawn in preparing working drawings.

Orthographic projection – is the method of representing the exact shape of an object into two or more views on planes
generally at right angles or 90 degrees to each other by extending perpendicular from the object to the plane.

Drafting tools and materials

Tools:

Pencils – one of the draftsman’s most important tools. They come in different grades of hardness indicated by numbers
and letters.

Grades of pencil

- Soft – 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B (softest)

- Medium – 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B
- Hard – 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H (hardest)

Grades of pencil used for general drafting/drawing

- HB – used for lettering

- 2h – used for line work
- 4h – used for general layout purposes

Minimum requirement for drafting students

- 4H – for repenciling light finished lines (centerlines, dimension lines and visible object lines)
- F or H – for all lettering and freehand work
- 6H – for light construction lines in layout work where accuracy is required
- 2H – for visible object lines

Triangles – used for drawing vertical and oblique line°

Common types of triangles

- 30° x 60° triangle

- 45° x 90° triangle 

Other tools

- Protractor – used for measuring and laying out arcs of circles as well as
angles that cannot be measured by either of the triangles.
- Triangular scale – used to reproduce the dimensions of an object full size/
reduced/ or enlarged to some regular proportion.
- French curve – a curved ruler (called irregular curve) used to draw curves except
circles and arcs.

- Divider – used for dividing lines into any number of equal parts and
transferring measurements and spacing points or lines.

- Compass – used for drawing arcs and circles

- T- square – used for drawing horizontal lines and serves as guide for
triangles when drawing other kinds of lines.
o Types of T- squares:
 Fixed head
 Adjustable head
 Removable head

- Erasing shield - This tool is made up of metal with irregular holes. It is a

useful tool to protect the rest of the drawing when clearing up smudges,
unnecessary pencil lines and other erasures.

- Eraser - This is used to clean the dirt off the drawing. A soft eraser is
advantageous in removing smudges and pencil marks, whereas, a harder eraser is
useful for making changes and correcting errors in the drawing.

- Pencil sharpener - Pencils should be sharpened whenever they show sign of

dullness. Various types and designs are available in the store for use.

- Masking tape - This is used for fastening the drawing paper on the drawing table or
drawing board because it does not damage the board and it will not damage the
paper if it is removed by pulling it off.

Geometric figures
Geometric figures commonly used in drawing are lines, angles, quadrilaterals, regular polygons, circles
and arcs and solids.
Line – is a set of points. A portion if the line between two distinct points is called a line segment.
- Straight line – is the shortest distance between two points
- Parallel lines – are lines on the same plane which will not meet no matter how long you extend them.
- Perpendicular lines – are two intersecting lines which form right angles
Angle – is a figure formed by two rays with common end point
- Straight angle – an angle whose measure is 180°
- Right angle – an angle whose measure is 90°
- Acute angle – an angle whose measure is less than 90°
- Obtuse angle – an angle whose measure is more than 90° but less than 180°
- Complimentary angles – two angles whose sum measures 90°
- Supplementary angles – two angles whose sum measures 180°
Polygon – is a closed figure formed by line segments intersecting at end points. The line segments are called sides of
the polygon. Polygon is classified according to the number of sides.

Triangle – is a three-sided polygon

o Equilateral triangle – has all three sides equal
o Isosceles triangle – has two of the sides equal
o Scalene triangle – has three sides of unequal length
o Right triangle – has one of the angles that is a right angle

Quadrilaterals – is a four-sided polygon

- Parallelogram – is a quadrilateral with a right angle
- Rectangle – a parallelogram with right angle
- Square – a rectangle with four equal sides
- Rhombus – a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are unequal and whose angles are not right angles.
- Trapezoid – a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel in which one of them is longer than the other
- Isosceles trapezoid – is a trapezoid with its non-parallel sides equal
- Trapezium – a quadrilateral with no parallel sides and no equal angles.
Pentagon – is a five-sided polygon. If all sides of the pentagon are equal
it is a regular pentagon the measure of each inclined angle is 108°
Hexagon – is a polygon with six sides. If all the sides and angles are
equal, it is a regular hexagon. The measure of each included angle of a
hexagon is 120°
Heptagon – is a polygon with seven sides. If all the sides and angles are
equal, it is a regular heptagon and the measure of each angle is
approximately equal to 128.56°
Octagon – a polygon with eight sides. If all sides and angles are equal it
is a regular octagon and the measure of each angle is 135°
Nonagon – Is a polygon with nine sides. If all sides and angles are
equal, it is a regular nonagon and the measure of each angle is 140°
Decagon – it is a polygon with ten sides if all sides and angles are equal
it is a regular decagon and the measure of each angle is 144°

Circle – is a closed curve, all points are equidistant from the center. An arc is a portion of the circumference of a
circle. The following are terms related to a circle or parts of a circle.
- Concentric circle – consist of two or more circles having a common center
- Eccentric circle – are circles having no common center
- Ellipse – an oblique circle with two axes, the minor axis and the
major axis.
- Radius – a line segment from the center to any point on the
circle
- Chord – a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle
- Diameter – a chord that passes through the center of the circle
- Sector – is a portion of a circle bounded by two radii and the
intercepted arc
- Segment – is a portion of a circle bounded by an arc and a chord
- Circumference – is the distance around the circle
- Quadrant – is one fourth of the entire area of a circle
Solid – is a three-dimensional figure. The three dimensions are the length, width, and height. The following are
the different kinds of solids
Sphere – is a three-dimensional figure whose points are located at a constant distance away from the center
Prism – is a three-dimensional figure with a polygonal base and triangular lateral faces
 Cube – is a prism whose faces are congruent squares. An example of a cube is a dice
Cylinder – is a solid figure with two circular bases is parallel plane and parallel line segments connecting to
these bases. An example of a cylinder is a tin can.
Cone – is a solid figure with a circular base and a surface formed by line segments joining every point on the
edge of the base to a common point in a parallel plane
Tetrahedron – is a solid figure composed of four equilateral triangles
Dodecahedron – is a solid figure bounded by twelve equal regular pentagons
Icosahedrons - is a solid figure bounded by twenty equilateral triangles

Measurements accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate measurement would mean waste of
time, effort and materials. The development of the skill starts with the ability to read measurements.
Two systems of measurement
- English system – originated in England
- Metric system or systems international (SI) – originated in France
In the English system, the inch is divided into 16 graduations and the smallest graduation is read 1/16.
1/16 – 2/16 - 3/16 – 4/16 – 5/16 – 6/16 – 7/16 – ½

In the SI or metric system of measurement, the basic unit is meter. The meter is divided into 100 cm. each
centimeter is divided into 10 mm. they are abbreviated as follows:
Millimeters . . . . . . mm
Centimeters . . . . . cm
Decimeters . . . . . . dm
Meters . . . . . . . . . m
12345678910

Methods of conversion

Metric System of Measurement

(linear equivalent)
10 millimeters (mm.) = 1 centimeter (cm.)
10 centimeters (cm.) = 1 decimeter (dm.)
10 decimeter (dm.) = 1 meter (m.)
10 meters (m.) = 1 decameter (Dm.)
10 decameter (Dm.) = 1 hectometer (Hm.)
10 hectometer (Hm.) = 1 kilometer (Km.)
10 kilometer (Km.) = 1 mayriameter (Mn.)
English System of Measurement
(linear equivalent)
12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.)
3 feet (ft.) = 1 yard (yd.)
Metric Conversion Table
1 millimeter = 0.03937 inches (in.)
1 centimeter = .3937 inches (in.)
1 meter = 39.37 inches (in.)
English Conversion Table
1 inch (in.) = .0254 mm. = 2.54 cm. = .0254 (m.)
1 foot (ft.) = 304.8 mm. = 30.48 cm = .3048 (m.)
1 yard (yd.) = 914.4 mm = 91.4 cm = .9144 (m.)

A- Metric to English Equivalents

Metric System or Systems International (SI) _ English System or British (US) System
1 Meter = 39.37 Inches
3.28 Feet
0.30 Meter/ 30 Centimeters = 1 Foot
1 Centimeter = 0 .3937 Inch
2.54 Centimeters = 1 Inch
1 Millimeter = 0.03 Inch
25 Millimeters = 1 Inch
1 Kilometer = 1093.6 Yards
B – English to Metric Equivalents
1 Inch = 2.54 Centimeters
.5 Foot = 150 Millimeters
15 Centimeters
1 Foot = 30.5 Centimeters
1 Yard = 91.5 Centimeters

Lettering
Lettering is a fundamental part of drawing. It is closely related to design. What is essential regardless of
style is ease in reading.
An engineering drawing shows the exact shape of and object. Dimensions, notes, and specifications
have to be added to communicate with the fabricator.
The lettering must be uniform, accurate, sharp, dark and easy to read to eliminate many costly
production errors.

Three basic classification of letters

1. Roman
2. Gothic
3. Txt styles
Roman letters- accented
Gothic letters – uniform width elements
Single stroke gothic – recommended by ANSI (American national standards institute)
Text letters – this includes all styles of Old English text, church text, etc. whose elements are made with style
Italic letters – all slanting or inclined letters 67 ½ degrees angle

Four parts of a guide lines in lowercase lettering

Cap line – the uppermost horizontal guideline drawn for uppercase letters and stroke of letters that extends up
which is known as the ascender
Waist line – a horizontal guide line drawn between the cap and base lines used to determine the general height
of lower case letters
Base line – a horizontal guide line where all the letters rest or stand
Drop line – a horizontal guide line drawn for letters with strokes that extend down known as descender.

Sketching
It is the most basic form of expression for drafting beginners, for them to be able to present their ideas
and decisions to those whom they are communicating with in an understandable manner.

ALPHABET OF LINES
Visible line – a thick line that represents the visible edges or outline of the object; also
known as the object line
Hidden line – a medium thick line composed of short dashes about 2-3 millimeters long with
space between dashes about 1-2 millimeters wide; itt represents the surface or edges that
cannot be seen
Center line – a thin line consisting of two long dashes and short dash drawn alternately with
a gap of at least 2 millimeters in between; it represents the axis or center of symmetrical
shapes like a ball, washer, rectangular block, cube
Section line – a thin lines to show the surface that has been cut; they are spaced evenly at
45 degrees with the horizontal to make shaded effect
Extension line – a thin line that extends from the object in order to show dimension limits
Dimension line – a thin line with an arrowhead in one end used to indicate the
measurements of the object
Long-break line – a medium thick line consisting of broken and straight lines drawn
alternately. This is also known as the limiting line. This limits the length of an elongated
object without changing the size of its view.
Short-break line – thick line drawn in freehand to show details that a part has been cut off
or broken out.
Leader line – a short inclined thin line with an arrowhead at the end and short horizontal line
on the other end.
Phantom line – a thin line that shows position(s) of part of an object that moves drawn by
two short dashes and one long dash.
Cutting-plane line –thick lines used to indicate an imaginary cut through an object along the
line. Made up of two long dashes broken in one end with an arrowhead and two short
dashes drawn in between the long dashes.
THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Multi-view drawing – a drawing that shows more than one view of an object.
Orthographic Projection – A system for graphical representation of an object by a
line drawing on a flat surface.
Orthographic View – a drawing that shows a side of an object viewed directly from
90 degrees.
Six (6) Principal Views of an Object:
The simple work piece below shows the six (6) principal sides or views.

An orthographic view is made by projecting the edge of the object perpendicular to a

plane of projection.
Planes of Projection
Three planes of projection are used in orthographic drawing. These are called
the horizontal plane, frontal plane, and the profile plane.

The planes of projection join and form quadrants. The quadrants are called first
angle, second angle, third angle, and fourth angle. The first and the third quadrants are
used for drafting purposes.

Overall Size of the Object

1. Height is the perpendicular distance between two horizontal planes.
2. Width is the perpendicular distance between two profile planes.

3. Depth is the perpendicular distance between two frontal planes.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
1. First-Angle Projection (ISO Standard)
The first-angle projection is a system of orthographic projection used by the
European countries which places the object on the first quadrants.

2. Third-angle Projection (ANSI)

The third-angle projection is a system used in the United States which places the
object in the third quadrants.
Unfolded Planes
If the planes be unfolded and laid flat, the top view would be above the front view.

PICTORIAL DRAWING
A pictorial drawing shows likeness (shape) of an object as viewed by the observer. It
represents a portion of the object and shows the method of its construction. In some
presentations, the whole object is shown in one view.
Types of Pictorial Drawing:
A. Axonometric Pictorial Drawing
1. Isometric drawing – a pictorial drawing showing the three surfaces of the object
tilted 30 degrees in front of the observer.

Isometric drawing according to standard

2. Dimetric drawing – the angle that is used for the horizontal planes varies according
to the angle of view that has been chosen. This type is not widely used.
3. Trimetric drawing - a classification of an axonometric projection where in a cube is
positioned in the way that no axes and angles are equal when projected to the plane
projection.
B. Oblique Pictorial Drawing
1. Cavalier drawing – an oblique drawing in which the depth axis lines are full
scale or in full size.
2. Cabinet oblique – depth axis lines are drawn one-half scale.
3. General oblique – depth axis lines vary from one-half to full size.
 C. Perspective Pictorial Drawing
1. 1-pt. or Parallel perspective – a perspective drawing using one vanishing
point, the front view is drawn in its true shape in full or scale size.

2. 2-pt. or Angular perspective – a perspective drawing using having two vanishing

points.

3. 3-pt. or Oblique perspective – a perspective drawing using three vanishing points.

Isometric Drawing
 Axes used in Isometric Drawing
1. Vertical axis
2. Right-cross axis
3. Left-cross axis
Isometric drawing – a pictorial drawing showing the three surfaces of the object tilted
30 degrees in front of the observer.
Isometric lines – are lines drawn parallel to the isometric axes.
Steps in Drawing Isometric from a given Orthographic Views
1. Study the given orthographic views carefully. Estimate the width, height and the
depth of the object, then sketch the axes used in isometric drawing.

2. Transfer the height (A), the width (B), and the depth (C) of the object to the
corresponding axis respectively.

3.Sketch isometric lines to complete the isometric box.

4. Layout details of the object inside the box then finish the pictorial view by drawing
the object lines.