ASSIGNMENT OF DISPENSING PHARMACY

GIVEN BY (SIR IBRAR)

TOPIC: Container and Closure

TAYYABA YASEEN

ROLL NO: (B187059)

Purpose of closures[edit]

Many containers and packages require a means of closing. It can be a separate device or seal or
sometimes an integral latch or lock. Depending on the contents and container, closures have several
functions:

Keep the container closed and the contents contained for the specified shelf life until time of
opening
Provide a barrier to dirt, oxygen, moisture, etc. Control of permeation is critical to many types of
products: foods, chemicals, etc.
Keep the product secure from undesired premature opening
Provide a means of reclosing or reusing the container
Assist in dispensing and use of product
Allow reasonable ease to open the container by the intended user. Difficult to open containers
may cause wrap rage. The force or torque required to open a closure is an important
consideration for packaging engineers.[1][2]
Many types of packaging with their closures are regulated for strength, safety, security,
communication, recycling, and environmental requirements plus many others.
Types of closures[edit]
Closures need a means of attaching to the container with sufficient security. Threads, lugs,
hinges, locks, adhesives, etc. are used.
Many closures need to have the ability to adjust to slight manufacturing variation in the container
and the closure structure. Some closures are made of flexible material such as cork, rubber, or
plastic foam. Often an o-ring or a closure liner (gasket made of pulp or foam cap liner) is used.
Linerless closures often use a deformable plastic rim or structure to maintain the seal.
Secondary seals are common with sensitive products that may deteriorate or where extra security
is needed. Foil or plastic innerseals are used on some bottles, Heat sealed lidding films are used
on some tubs. External shrink bands, labels, and tapes are sometimes used outside the primary
closure structure. Additionally, many closures feature ventilation to prevent bloating, collapse or
explosion due to unequalized pressure during processing or storage. Venting technologies utilize
common materials such as PTFE, PP, etc. These elements are preferred due to their ability to
withstand temperatures of 260°C and water intrusion pressure levels of 770 mbar.[3]
Screw top[edit]
Main articles: Screw cap and Screw cap (wine)
A screw closure is a mechanical device which is screwed on and off of a threaded "finish" on a
container. Either continuous threads (C-T) or lugs are used. Metal caps can be either preformed
or in some instances, rolled on after application. Plastic caps may use several types of molded
polymer.
Some screw tops have multiple pieces. For example, a mason jar often has a lid with a built in
rubbery seal and a separate threaded ring or band.
Crown cap[edit]

Crown caps
Main article: Bottle cap
Beverage bottles are frequently closed with crown beverage caps. These are shallow metal caps
that are crimped into locking position around the head of the bottle.
Snap on[edit]
Some closures snap on. For opening, the top is designed to pry off or, break off, or have a built in
dispenser.
Friction fit[edit]
Some containers have a loose lid for a closure. Laboratory glassware often has ground glass
joints that allow the pieces to be fitted together easily.
An Interference fit or friction fit requires some force to close and open, providing additional
security. Paint cans often have a friction fit plug.
Tamper-evident[edit]
Main article: Tamper resistant
Main article: Tamper-evident
Resistance to tampering is required for some types of products. Container closures can be one of
several layers of packaging to deter tampering and to provide evidence of attempts at tampering.
*Sometimes tamper resistance is obtained by a tamper-evident band; separate or integral with the
closure.[4][5] [6]
Dispensing[edit]
Main article: Pump dispenser
A wide variety of convenience dispensing features can be built into closures. Spray bottles and
cans with aerosol spray (valves, actuator) have special closure requirements. Pour spouts,
triggers, sprayer cap, measuring attachments, sifting devices, etc. are common caps.
Spray Bottle[edit]
Main article: Spray bottle
A spray bottle is a bottle that can dispense, squirt, spray or mist fluids. A common use for spray
bottles is dispensing cool cleaners, cosmetics, and chemical specialties.
Child-resistant[edit]
Main article: Child-resistant packaging
Child-resistant packaging or C-R packaging has special closures designed to reduce the risk of
children ingesting dangerous items. This is often accomplished by the use of a special safety cap.
It is required by regulation for prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, pesticides, and
household chemicals.
Examples[edit]

Spray bottle cap

rubber stoppers on flasks

spray duster with long tube for dispensing

Closure and roll-on device for deodorant

Inverted ketchup bottle with innerseal and dispensing closure

An opened flip-top bottle closure
 

A screw cap capsule is fitted onto a wine bottle and heat shrunk tightly