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Discrete Mathematics

Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. It includes areas like graph theory, combinatorics, probability theory, number theory, and algebraic structures. Graphs are one of the primary objects of study and can model networks and relationships. Probability theory distinguishes between discrete and continuous probability distributions. Number theory examines properties of integers and their applications in cryptography. Algebraic structures include Boolean algebra, relational algebra, and discrete groups, rings and fields.

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59 views

Discrete Mathematics

Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. It includes areas like graph theory, combinatorics, probability theory, number theory, and algebraic structures. Graphs are one of the primary objects of study and can model networks and relationships. Probability theory distinguishes between discrete and continuous probability distributions. Number theory examines properties of integers and their applications in cryptography. Algebraic structures include Boolean algebra, relational algebra, and discrete groups, rings and fields.

Uploaded by

Gokul Krish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Discrete mathematics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics

number theory and analysis, partition theory is now considered a part of combinatorics or an
independent field. Order theory is the study of partially ordered sets, both finite and infinite.

Graph theory

Graph theory, the study of graphs and networks, is often considered


part of combinatorics, but has grown large enough and distinct
enough, with its own kind of problems, to be regarded as a subject in
its own right.[18] Graphs are one of the prime objects of study in
discrete mathematics. They are among the most ubiquitous models
of both natural and human-made structures. They can model many
types of relations and process dynamics in physical, biological and
social systems. In computer science, they can represent networks of
communication, data organization, computational devices, the flow Graph theory has close links to
of computation, etc. In mathematics, they are useful in geometry group theory. This truncated
tetrahedron graph is related to
and certain parts of topology, e.g. knot theory. Algebraic graph
the alternating group A4.
theory has close links with group theory. There are also continuous
graphs; however, for the most part, research in graph theory falls
within the domain of discrete mathematics.

Probability

Discrete probability theory deals with events that occur in countable sample spaces. For example,
count observations such as the numbers of birds in flocks comprise only natural number values {0, 1,
2, ...}. On the other hand, continuous observations such as the weights of birds comprise real number
values and would typically be modeled by a continuous probability distribution such as the normal.
Discrete probability distributions can be used to approximate continuous ones and vice versa. For
highly constrained situations such as throwing dice or experiments with decks of cards, calculating
the probability of events is basically enumerative combinatorics.

Number theory

Number theory is concerned with the properties of numbers in general, particularly integers. It has
applications to cryptography and cryptanalysis, particularly with regard to modular arithmetic,
diophantine equations, linear and quadratic congruences, prime numbers and primality testing.
Other discrete aspects of number theory include geometry of numbers. In analytic number theory,
techniques from continuous mathematics are also used. Topics that go beyond discrete objects
include transcendental numbers, diophantine approximation, p-adic analysis and function fields.

Algebraic structures

Algebraic structures occur as both discrete examples and continuous examples. Discrete algebras
include: boolean algebra used in logic gates and programming; relational algebra used in databases;
discrete and finite versions of groups, rings and fields are important in algebraic coding theory;
discrete semigroups and monoids appear in the theory of formal languages.

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