HW2
HW2
Physics HW2
1. Show that SU(3) has eight free continuous parameters .
2. Show that SO(1,2) has three free continuous parameters.
3. To get comfortable with manipulations in special relativity, we will start with a simple version
that uses smaller vectors and matrices. Consider SO(1,1) which by our counting in class only has
one free parameter. Following what we did in class, consider how it would act on a vector of
𝑐𝑑𝑡
coordinate differentials 𝑑𝑥 where 𝜇 0,1.
𝑑𝑥
a) Construct a matrix representing the one type of transformation in this group. Verify
explicitly that it satisfies the conditions defining SO(1,1).
b) Construct the dual vector 𝑑𝑥 .
c) Separately transform the vector and dual vector, i.e. determine 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 , then confirm
that 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , i.e. that it is invariant.
4. We often write things as matrices because the rules of matrix multiplication quickly reproduce
certain algorithms for combining many quantities. But matrices are kinda dumb. A basic matrix
is just a square array of numbers. Often the things we are working with have more structure
than just a simple array of numbers. In this problem you will learn what in the world I mean
𝐴 𝐵
here. Consider the matrix . For the next three questions you will consider how these
𝐶 𝐷
components transform under an SO(2) transformation (the basic form of which you must first
𝑑𝑥
write down based on how it acts on vectors, e.g. 𝑑𝑥 ) :
𝑑𝑦
a) If the matrix represents a (0,2)‐tensor.
b) If the matrix represents a (2,0)‐tensor.
c) If the matrix represents a (1,1)‐tensor (be careful since it could represent two different (1,1)‐
tensors!)
5. One of the nice things about using superscripts and subscripts to indicate tensor properties is
that we can look at a complicated object and immediately read off what sort of tensor it is, i.e.
how it will transform under Lorentz transformations. For example 𝑇 is certainly ugly, but
it is just a (2,3)‐tensor meaning it will transform like 𝑇 Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ 𝑇 .
For each of the following, determine what type of (p,q)‐tensor it is and write down the
appropriate transformation law:
a) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
b) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
c) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
d) 𝑇 𝑊
6. In this problem you will work through the kinematics of two of the most important "collision"
type processes that we study to compare with experiment. Later in the course we will cover the
dynamics of these calculations (including forces), but for now you will explore what you can
determine from purely kinematical reasoning.
a) Consider a scattering process where 𝐴 𝐵 → 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 where particle 𝐴 begins with
(relativistic) energy 𝐸 and particle 𝐵 begins at rest. Consider all particle masses known, i.e.
𝑚 , 𝑚 , 𝑚 , 𝑚 , 𝑚 , 𝑚 . Calculate the minimum energy 𝐸 required for this process to occur in
terms of 𝑚 , 𝑚 , 𝑚 , 𝑚 , 𝑚 , 𝑚 . You should be able to generalize your result to an arbitrary
number of final particles.
b) Now consider a decay process wherein 𝐴 → 𝐵 𝐶. Again consider all masses known, i.e.
𝑚 , 𝑚 , 𝑚 . Determine the energies 𝐸 and 𝐸 in terms of the masses 𝑚 , 𝑚 , 𝑚 . Also
determine the magnitude of the outgoing 3‐momentum of each decay product |𝑝⃗ | and |𝑝⃗ | in
terms of the masses 𝑚 , 𝑚 , 𝑚 .