THE CELL

The structural unit of living systems.

 THE EUKARYOTIC CELL

Three (3) distinct parts:

1.Cytoplasm
2.Organelles
3.Plasma Membrane
CYTOPLASM
 Cytoplasm
portion of the cell enclosed by
the cell membrane and outside
Glycolysis
the nucleus where the cellular
Gluconeogenesis
organelles are found Fatty acid synthesis
Most of the biochemical Protein synthesis

reactions happens in the Part of urea cycle

cytoplasm Purine metabolism

Amino acid synthesis
Cytoplasm
The following are the major parts of the
cytoplasm (3):
1. Cytosol - fluid portion of the cytoplasm
- some biochemical reactions also occur in
the cytosol
2. Organelles - tiny structures that perform
different functions in the cell.
 Cytoplasm
3. Cytoskeleton – gives
shape and support to cell

Compositions
a. Microfilaments
b. Intermediate
filaments
c. Microtubules
Cytoplasm
3. Cytoskeleton – gives shape and support to cell

Functions:
a. Cell shape
b. Cell movement
c. Organelle movement
d. Cell division
Drugs
ORGANELLES
Organelles

Three (3) most important

organelles:

1. Nucleus
2. Mitochondrion
3. Chloroplast – seen in
plant cell
Nucleus
The most important and the largest
eukaryotic organelle.
repository and cellular localization
of storage, replication and expression of
genetic information.
contains almost 99% of the cell DNA
Biochemical reactions:
1. Replication
2. Synthesis of rRNA
3. Transcription of the tRNA, mRNA, and other types
of RNA
4. Biosynthesis of NAD+
Nucleus
Nucleus
Mitochondria

Evolved from
Endosymbiosis
Theory
Function: Production
of energy (ATP)

Endosymbiosis Theory
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Some processes occurring within the
mitochondria:
• Electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation
• Urea cycle
• Citric acid cycle
• ß oxidation in animal cells
• Ketogenesis
Chloroplasts
Found only in green plants
and green algae.

Photosynthesis
Other Organelles

1. Endoplasmic reticulum

2. Golgi Complex

3. Vesicular organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of membrane-
enclosed tubules and
channels in the cytoplasm.

It is continuous with the

nuclear membrane.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Types:
1. Smooth ER – without ribosomes
- site of carbohydrate and lipid synthesis
- helps to detoxify certain compounds
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Types:
2. Rough ER – coated with
ribosomes
- for protein synthesis
 Golgi Complex

• Specialized set of membranes

derived from ER which looks
like a stack of flattened sacs
• For modification, sorting, and
packaging of proteins and
other materials
ER à
 Vesicular Organelles (3)
1. Lysosomes
common in animal cells but
rare in plant cells
Functions:
contain hydrolytic enzymes
necessary for intracellular
digestion
get rid virus and bacteria,
digest food particles and
other damaged organelles
Vesicular Organelles (3)
2. Peroxisomes
Functions:
Involved in the breakdown of very long
chain fatty acids
Contain the enzyme catalase

3. Secretory Vesicles
Transport substances to the cell surface for
release
PLASMA MEMBRANE
 Plasma Membrane
General Functions:
1. Selectively isolates the cell’s contents
from the external environment.
2. It regulates the exchange of essential
substances between the cell’s
contents and the external
environment.
3. It communicates with other cells.
Fluid Mosaic Model ( S.J. Singer and
G.L. Nicolson)
Plasma Membrane:
Compositions
1. Phospholipid Bilayer
2. Proteins/Glycoproteins
3. Cholesterol
1. Compositions: Phospholipid
Bilayer
fluid portion of the membrane

Parts:
1. Polar, hydrophilic head
2. Pair of nonpolar, hydrophobic tails
1. Compositions: Phospholipid
Bilayer

Maintaining
fluidity
2. Compositions: Proteins

Categories:

1. Transport Proteins

2. Receptor Proteins

3. Recognition Proteins
2.1. Categories: Transport Proteins

regulate movement of hydrophilic

molecules through the plasma
membrane.
Examples: Channel proteins
Carrier proteins
2.2. Categories: Receptor Proteins

trigger cellular responses

when specific molecules in the
extracellular fluid bind to
them.
2.3. Categories: Recognition Proteins

Serve as identification tags

and cell-surface attachment
sites.
Example: Glycoproteins
2.3.1. Compositions: Glycoproteins

membrane proteins with attached

carbohydrates
enabling the immune system to
detect foreign cells, such as invading
bacteria, which carry different
glycoproteins.
3. Compositions: Cholesterol
acts as stabilizer that limits the movement of
phospholipids layers, which slide back and
forth in the membrane.
CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
The transfer of solutes and information across membranes
Classifications of Cell Membrane
Transport
1. Cross-membrane movement of small
molecules
a) Passive Transport
b) Active Transport
2. Cross-membrane movement of large
molecules
a) Endocytosis
b) Exocytosis
3. Signal transmission across membrane
a) Cell surface receptors Pharmacology
b) Movement to intracellular receptors
1) Cross-membrane Movement
of Small Molecules
A. Passive Transport
Transport that does not require energy
Movement of solute is along the concentration
gradient
creation depends on the following:
1. Chemical gradient
2. Transmembrane electrical gradient
 Passive Transport
Types:
a.Simple Diffusion
• without membrane protein
• movement of solutes down its
electrochemical gradient due to
random thermal movement or
simply because the solute is
permeable through the lipid
bilayer because it is small
enough
Passive Transport

Types:
b. Facilitated Diffusion
• movement of solutes down its
electrochemical gradient through
either transporters or ion
channels (membrane proteins)
Passive Transport

Types:
c. Osmosis
• Diffusion of water across
membranes
• Movement of water from the area
of higher WATER concentration to
region of lower WATER
concentration.
 1) Cross-membrane
Movement of Small Molecules

B. Active Transport
• The movement of solute is
against the concentration
gradient.
• Involves energy utilization
through ATP hydrolysis
 Active Transport

Types:
1. Primary Active Transport
solute accumulation
coupled directly to an
exergonic chemical reaction
such as breakdown of ATP
Active Transport
Types:
2. Secondary Active
transport
occurs when endergonic
(uphill) transport of one solute
is coupled to an exergonic
(downhill) flow of a different
solute that was originally
pumped uphill by a primary
active transport.
2) Cross-membrane movement of
large molecules

Vesicular Transport –
ATP-mediated; in micelle
form
a)Endocytosis
b)Exocytosis
2) Cross-membrane movement of
large molecules

a) Endocytosis
plasma membrane engulfs the fluid droplet
or particle and pinches off a membranous sac
TYPES:
1. Pinocytosis – tiny vesicle only
2. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
– LDL receptors
3. Phagocytosis – picking up large
particles, including microorganisms
2) Cross-membrane movement of
large molecules

b) Exocytosis
moves material out
of the cell
TYPES OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
BASED ON DIRECTION MOVEMENT
Based on Direction Movement

1. Uniport system
moves one type of
molecule
bidirectionally
Based on Direction Movement

2. Co-transport system
transfer of one solute depends upon
the stoichiometric simultaneous or
sequential transfer of another solute.
a) Symport - moves these solutes in the
same direction
b) Antiport - move two molecules in
opposite directions
Based on Direction Movement

ANTIPORT
SYMPORT