Euler Hyperbola

„ Plotting the critical stress as a

function of slenderness ratio
gives the Euler hyperbola
„ The assumption that the material
Column Buckling _2 behaves elastically means the
equation is only valid if σcr is less
that the proportional limit σpl of
the material
Mechanics of Materials „ Point B is the limiting value
below which Euler’s formula
Lecturer: Dr Djwantoro Hardjito λ (limit Euler) does not apply:
„ boundary between short and
Civil Engineering Department long columns
Petra Christian University, Surabaya
Scan from [5]
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/PictDisplay/Euler.html

Euler Hyperbola and Stress-Strain Example:

Relationship
„ For steel, E= 200 GPa (2*105 MPa) with σpl =
σ
200 MPa
„ σcr = π2E/λ2
Liner elastic limit „ λ2 =π2*2*10
2 105/200≈10000
„ λ≈100

Scan from [5]

Euler Hyperbola Structural steel and aluminium

alloy curves are shown.
Valid only until the materials’ yield
„ For λ<100, stress point is reached.
will be > than σpl Æ Substituting σcr = σy gives the
Euler formula does smallest acceptable slenderness
ratio for the columns i.e. for grade
not apply Æ 250 MPa steel Euler’s formula
crushing can be
b used d tto d
determine
t i
„ For λ<100 Æ buckling load if L/r ≥ 89
100 slender Æ buckling
„ For design, we need
to apply a ‘safety
factor’ or SF
Scan from [1]

1
Ideal or Real? Variation from Ideal Behaviour

„ Ideal column: „ Real column: „ This all means that actual

‰ Perfectly straight before ‰ Manufacturing or column behaviour deviates
loading construction tolerances from the theoretical
‰ Homogeneous material and mean columns never „ Thousands of columns have
Uniform cross section perfectly straight been tested and all data
‰ Load applied through ‰ V i ti iin materials
Variation t i l andd shows a wide band of
column centroid dimensions – inherent with scatter indicating the
Ideal pin ended support (or concrete (especially)
‰ theoretical curve is an
other support) ‰ Load application point never upper bound
known with precision, may
have intentional or „ For design therefore we
accidental eccentricity always apply a generous
‰ End conditions rarely “ideal” safety factor

Scan from Timoshenko & Young ref [5]

Essenger equation or tangent modulus

„ The Euler equation is

valid for a column
having a slenderness
ratio as small as
(KL/r)pl since at this
point the stress
becomes σcr=σpl
„ If a column has a
slenderness ratio less
than (KL/r)pl it has a
higher corresponding
critical stress to cause
instability

Steel Designers Handbook ref. [2] Scan from [1]

Essenger curve – inelastic Summary:

buckling of intermediate columns
• a. For slender (long) column:
Euler formula applies
Failure : buckling
Limit : σpl
• b. For short (stocky) column
Euler formula does not apply
Failure : crushing Æ σ=P/A
Limit : σy (yield stress) or crushing
strength (for concrete)
•C. For medium (intermediate) column
Euler formula does not apply
Failure : combination of a and b Æ
empirical formula
From Timoshenko and Young ref [5 ] plus modifications

2
 Columns with concentric loads (no-eccentricity) Columns with concentric loads (no-eccentricity)
a. Short column
σcr = σy (steel) or crushing strength (concrete)
1 c. Medium (Intermediate) column
σ = σ allow = * σ cr Use empirical formula to determine σcr
SF
b. Long column λ is the smallest
between λx and λy 1
σ = σ allow = * σ cr
π EI min
2
π E
2
lk x
Pcr = or σ cr = 2 λ =
SF
(lk )2 λ
x
ix
Pcr σ cr λ lk
σ = σ allow = = y
P = Pallow = y
iy
SF SF

Practical applications Design concentric columns:

Pcr 1 1/SF=ω Pcompressiveω

σ = σ allow = Æ buckling factor σ compressive = ≤ σ compressive
A SF Æ depends on λ A
Pω or
σ compressive = cr
A σ compressive Pcompressive
σ Pcr ≤
= ω A
ω A
Pcr
σ buckling =
A

Columns with eccentric loads P For the condition shown in the

figure:
• By applying ‘maximum stress Po e
ΣP Mc Po + P Pe
approach’, column with eccentric X σ≤ + = +
loads are treated as ‘short column’ X
A I A S
with eccentric loads (see the section Where:
σ = calculated from the concentric
of M and N combination Æ kern of column formula
section) I = moment inertia wrt axis whereby
eccentric load causes moment
• To avoid buckling, maximum stress (x-x)
needs to be limited to the value S = I/c Æ section modulus wrt to x-x
A = cross sectional area
determined by using formulas for
columns with concentric loads.

3
Alternatively Æ Interaction method Secant Formula
• Short Columns
max stress ≤ allowable stress
P Mc „ Maximum stress in the
+ ≤ σ all
A I column will be due to
P Mc axial load and moment
A + I ≤ 1 .0
σ all σ all
• Intermediate
I t di t and d Long
L columns
l
P Mc
A + I ≤ 1.0
(σ all )c (σ all )b
Where:
• (σall)c = allowable compressive strength obtained
from concentric column formula
• (σall)b = allowable flexural strength for material Scan from Hibbeler [1]

Secant Formula - derivation Secant Formula - derivation

„ Maximum moment occurs at M = P (e + vmax ) sub. for vmax I

column mid height „ Since radius of gyration is: r2 =
P L A
M = Pe sec( )
EI 2 P Pe c P L
„ Max. stress is given by: σ max = + sec( )
σ max
P Mc
= +
A Ar 2 EI 2
„ Max. stress is compressive:
P ⎡ ec P ⎤
A I
SECANT FORMULA L
P Pe c P L
„
σ max = ⎢1 + 2 sec( )⎥
σ max = + sec( ) A ⎣⎢ r 2r EA ⎦⎥
A I EI 2
„ Generally solve by trial and
error using stress –
slenderness ratio curves or
using Table

Compound (built-up) Column Compound (built-up) Column

z To ensure column behaves as a z
y y
unit , not two individual Buckling wrt x-axis:
x columnsÆ needs spacer blocks x
lx
(In bahasa Indonesia ‘pelat λ x=
koppel’). ix
L Although spacer blocks are L Buckling wrt to y-axis:
used, partial (individual)
buckling still possible. ly
λy =
y iy
However, the possibility of individual
x y
h buckling to occur needs to be
x considered as well, i.e.:
h
b a b

b a b

4
 z z yo
y To avoid individual buckling, the distance of spacer
y x
blocks may be limited! For instance, in several codes:
x
h
Lkx Lky1 • l (distance of spacer blocks) ≤ 30 imin y
b a b • where: imin Æ from individual member

Possible individual x
‘Short’ column Æ l ≤ 10b h
Lky2
k 2
g
buckling (d= smallest dimension)
lky1
λ y1 = Ix
b
i yo ix= = 0.289h l l ≤b
A λ= = =
Now, there are 4 (four) λs that might lky 2 imin i y 0.289b
Iy
determine the value of σcr λy2 = iy = = 0.289b
i yo A λ ≤ 34.6b ≅ 30
To avoid buckling of individual member l ≤ 30 imin