TITLE OF THE PROJECT TO BE TYPED HERE AS

FOLLOW TIMES NEW ROMAN 16 POINTS AAAAA

AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAA

DESIGN PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

AAAAAAAA S (15127184)
IBBBBBB D (15127201)
CCCCCCC S (15127207)
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCP (15127208)

under the guidance of

Dr. S. SERALATHAN, M. Tech., Ph.D.

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of
Bachelor of Technology
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
SCIENCE
PADUR 603 103
MAY 2020

i
 TITLE OF THE PROJECT TO BE TYPED HERE AS
FOLLOW AAAA AAAAAA AAAAA AAAAA AAAAA
AAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA

DESIGN PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

AAAAAAAA S (15127184)
ICCCCC D (15127201)
BBBBBBB S (15127207)
DDDDDDDDDDDDDD P (15127208)

under the guidance of

Dr. S. SERALATHAN, M. Tech., Ph.D.

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
Bachelor of Technology
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
SCIENCE
PADUR 603 103
MAY 2020

ii
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Project Report titled

“XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX”
is the bonafide work of AAA. S (15127184), VVVV. D (15127201),
CCCC. S (15127207), DDDD. P (15127208)who carried out the project
work under my supervision during the academic year 2018-2019.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Dr. S. SERALATHAN, M.Tech.,
Dr. G. RAVIKUMAR SOLOMON Ph.D.
PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Department of Mechanical Department of Mechanical
Engineering. Engineering.
Hindustan Institute of Hindustan Institute of
Technology and Science, Technology and Science,
Padur. Padur.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Name:________________ Name:________________

Designation: ___________ Designation: ___________

Project Viva-Voce conducted on ____________

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to place on record my sincere thanks and gratitude to Dr.

ELIZABETH VERGHESE, Chancellor of Hindustan Institute of
Technology and Science for her endeavor in educating me in her esteemed
institute which has helped me work towards my goal.

I also express my sincere thanks to Dr. K. P ISAAC, Vice Chancellor,

Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Dr. ANAND JACOB
VERGHESE, Pro Chancellor, Hindustan Institute of Technology and
Science and Mr. ASHOK VERGHESE, Director, Hindustan Institute of
Technology and Science.

I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. G. RAVIKUMAR

SOLOMON, Head of the Department, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science for much of
his valuable support, encouragement in carrying out with the project.

I am very grateful to my project supervisor Dr. S. SERALATHAN, Associate

Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology
and Sciencefor his valuable guidance and kind co-operation to complete this
project successfully.

I would like to thank Dr. S. SERALAHTAN, Associate Professor, Dept of

Mechanical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science
for his coordination as a project coordinator in completing our project.

I would also like to thank my class mates for their wonderful and skill fully
guidance in assisting me with the necessary support to ensure that my project
is a success.

iv
 ABSTRACT

Write the abstract of your project in details using 200 words in a single
page.

Keywords: Cylindrical hole; Sister holes; film cooling; Injection angle;

Orientation angle; CFD

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURES viii-ix
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xi-xii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO GAS TURBINE 1
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO GAS TURBINE 3
BLADES
1.3 NEED FOR COOLING GAS TURBINES 4
1.4 TYPES OF COOLING 5
1.4.1 INTERNAL COOLING 5
1.4.1.1 CONVECTION COOLING 6
1.4.1.2 IMPINGEMENT COOLING 7
1.4.2 EXTERNAL COOLING 8
1.4.2.1 FILM COOLING 8
1.4.2.2 COOLING EFFUSION 9
1.4.2.3 LATTICEWORK (VORTEX) 9
COOLING
1.5 FILM COOLING 10
1.5.1 FILM COOLING WITH SINGLE HOLE 11
1.5.2 FILM COOLING WITH SISTER HOLE 13

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 15
2.1 SINGLE HOLE – EXPERIMENTAL 15
2.2 SINGLE HOLE – CFD 17
2.3 SISTER HOLE – CFD 18
2.4 RESEARCH GAP 21
2.5 OBJECTIVE 21

3 COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGY 22
3.1 MODEL 22
3.2 MESH 30

vi
 3.3 GOVERNING EQUATIONS 34
3.4 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 35
3.5 VALIDATION 37

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULT 39-50
4.2 GRAPHS 51-54

5 CONCLUSION 55
REFERENCES 56-58

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1.1 COMPONENTS OF GAS TURBINE 1
1.2 INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE 3
1.3 TURBINE BLADE 4
1.4 DAMAGE TO A TURBINE BLADE DUE TO 5
OVERHEATING
1.5 INTERNALS COOLING 6
1.6 CONVECTION COOLING 7
1.7 IMPINGEMENT COOLING 7
1.8 EXTERNAL COOLING 8
1.9 FILM COOLING 9
1.10 COOLING BY EFFUSION 9

vii
1.11 LATTICEWORK COOLING 10
1.12 TYPICALLY COOLED AIRFOIL 11
1.13 BLADE WITH FILM COOLING WITH SINGLE 12
HOLE AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
1.14 SINGLE HOLE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPES AND 12
ANGLES
1.15 SINGLE HOLE WITH DIFFERENT HOLE 13
GEOMETRY
1.16 DOWNSTREAM AND UPSTREAM SCH AND CSH 14
HOLES
3.1 SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF CSSH WITH ITS 22
COMPOUND ANGLE (Β) FROM 0° TO 225°.
3.2 GEOMETRY MODEL OF 0° 23-24
3.3 90° GEOMETRY MODEL 24-25
3.4 135° GEOMETRY MODEL 26-27
3.5 180° GEOMETRY MODEL 27-28
3.6 225° GEOMETRY MODEL 28-29
3.7 VIEW OF ALL ORIENTATION ANGLES MESH 31-34
3.8 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 36
3.9 TURBULENCE MODEL M=0.5 37
3.10 TURBULENCE MODEL M=1.0 38
3.11 GRID INDEPENDENCY 38
4.1 TEMPERATURE COUNTERS FOR SCH M=0.5 39-40
4.2 TEMPERATURE COUNTERS FOR SCH M=1.0 40-41
4.3 TEMPERATURE COUNTERS FOR CSH M=0.5 41-42
4.4 TEMPERATURE COUNTERS FOR CSH M=1.0 42-43
4.5 TOP VIEW OF TEMPERATURE CONTOURS FOR 43-44
SCH & CSH
4.6 TEMPERATURE CONTOURS AND VELOCITY 44-45
VECTORS M=0.5
4.7 TEMPERATURE CONTOURS AND VELOCITY 45
VECTORS M=1.0
4.8 TEMPERATURE CONTOURS AND VELOCITY 46
VECTORS FOR 90°

viii
4.9 TEMPERATURE CONTOURS AND VELOCITY 47-49
VECTORS OF 135° AND 180°
4.10 TEMPERATURE CONTOURS AND VELOCITY 50
VECTORS FOR 225°
4.11 CENTRAL LINE EFFECTIVENESS CSH M=0.5 51
4.12 CENTRAL LINE EFFECTIVENESS CSH M=1.0 52
4.13 LATERALLY AVERAGED EFFECTIVENESS OF 53
SCH AND CSH
4.14 EFFECTIVENESS FOR SCH AND CSH 54

LIST OF FIGURES

TAB TITLE PAGE

3.1 COMPLETE DETAILS OF MESH ELEMENTS AND 31
NODES

ix
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Blowing ratio M
Cartesian coordinate x, y, z
Circular Exit Shaped Hole CESH
Circular Single and Sister Holes CSSH
Circular Sister Hole CSH
Compound angle α [in degrees]
Density Ratio DR
Diameter D (mm)
Length of film cooling hole X (mm)
Normalized distance from wall y+
Orientation angle β [in degrees]
Single circular Hole SCH
Temperature T (K)
Velocity V (m/s)
Velocity of coolant Vc (m/s)

M1:C1: M = 0.5; β = 35°,0°

M2:C1: M = 1.0; β = 35°, 0°

x
M1:C2: M = 0.5; β = 35°, 90°
M2:C2: M = 1.0; β = 35°, 90°
M1:C3: M = 0.5; β = 35°, 135°
M2:C3: M = 1.0; β = 35°, 135°
M1:C4: M = 0.5; β = 35°, 180°
M2:C4: M = 1.0; β = 35°, 180°
M1:C5: M = 0.5; β = 35°, 225°
M2:C5: M = 1.0; β = 35°, 225°
SUBSCRIPT:
Adiabaticwall aw
Coolant c
Freestream ∞

xi
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO GAS TURBINE:

A gas turbine is a kind of turbine which uses pressurized gas to spin it in orde
r to generate or supply an airplane or jet with kinetic energy. It is also called an
internal combustion engine, a type of continuous combustion. Fig1.1 shows the
main components of a gas turbine.

1. An upstream gas compressor that rotates.

2. On the same shaft, a downstream turbine.

3. In between 1 and 2 above, a combustion chamber or area called a

combustor.

1
 Fig 1.1 Components of gas turbine
1.2INTRODUCTION TO GAS TURBINE BLADES:
A turbine blade is the separate component that makes up a gas turbine or
steam turbine's turbine section. The blades extract the energy from the high
temperature, high-pressure combustible gas.

Turbine blades often employ exotic materials such as super-alloys and many
cooling methods, such as internal air channels, border layer cooling, and thermal
barriers. In this difficult environment, they survive. Blade fatigue is a major
source of damp turbine and gas turbine failure. Fatigue is caused by vibration and
resonance stress within the machinery range. Turbine blades are often exposed to
high temperatures, sometimes leading to blades melting. Therefore, steps are
required to ensure that blades are protected against these high pressures and
temperatures. Figure 1.3 shows the cut-off section of a gas turbine blade.

Figure 1.3 Turbine blade

2
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Over many decades, film cooling was widely studied. Many studies on the
use of cooling holes such as the one-hole with different configurations and
compound angles were conducted with several configurations. There are then also
concepts like the sister-hole concept that helps to counter the CRVPs by adding
additional holes to the primary basic hole.

2.1 SINGLE HOLE – EXPERIMENTAL:

A.K.Sinha et al. [1] conducted an experimental study on film cooling

effectiveness downstream of a single row holes with variable density ratio. This is
an experimental study of film cooling with varying density ratio from 1.2 to 2.0.
The experimental investigation is conducted in a closed loop wind tunnel facility.
The test plate consists of row of 7 film cooling holes in downstream region with
length to diameter ratio of 1.75, with each hole having diameter of 12.7 mm with
spaced 30 mm apart. Both centerline effectiveness and laterally averaged
effectiveness are validated with varying density ratios. Higher density ratio
resulted in higher centerline effectiveness. Laterally averaged effectiveness is
reduced with decrease in density ratio.

2.2 SINGLE HOLE – CFD:

3
 Suman Mishra [6] conducted numerical study on film cooling
effectiveness of single hole cooling at leading edge. In this evaluation is done to
the model with k-ε and k-ω SST turbulence models for evaluation and blowing
ratios ranging from 0.25 to 1.0. The numerical models over-predict until jet exit
and under-predict the film cooling effectiveness. K-ω SST model predicts the
results more accurately compared to the other model.

2.3 RESEARCH GAP:

Based on the literature review conducted, various configurations are used

for single holes to improve film cooling effectiveness, as various studies
conducted by [1] to [13]. Other studies also used the new concept of adding
additional holes around the primary hole for adhesion of coolant to the blade
surface, which are called sister holes. Sekar and Cooliee [12] conducted study on
novel shaped holes which is variant of sister holes.

2.5 OBJECTIVE:

The objective of
……………………………………………………………………………………
………………………… Write your project objective here.

4
 CHAPTER 3

COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGY

3.1 MODEL:
Software for Solid Works version 17 is used to create various geometry
models, and Ansys 18.1 is used for mesh generation. The following figures
shown below from 3.1-3.6.

3.2 MESH:
In a simulation, the volume mesh is a mathematical description of the
space of the problem (or geometry) solved. The mesh entity is in turn the vertices,
Faces, Cartesian or curvilinear cellular grids can be (body fit).

Table 3.1 Complete details of mesh elements and nodes

S.no Orientation angle No. of nodes No. of
elements
1 0° 312653 947654
2 90° 254641 952046
3 135° 226458 850467
4 180° 213201 890204
5 225° 225723 848382

5
(a) β=0°

(b) β=90°

6
3.3 GOVERNING EQUATIONS:
The average Reynolds forms of continuity, momentum and energy
equations 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 are given below under static conditions:

3.1

3.2

Where ui'uj' is Reynolds stress tensor.

7
 3.3

Where uj’ T’ is turbulent heat flux vector.

3.4 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:

The limits are inlet H, outlet H, symmetry, H, inlet C, C and adiabatic
clothing. Inlet H, this is for the freestream flow at a temperature of 300k and 20
m/s. Outlet H, this condition for the inlet H and inlet C mixture is specified and
the temperature variation is achieved. Adiabatic walls, Area in which inlet H and
inlet C are mixed and temperature changes take place at the end of the process.

3.5 VALIDATION:
Here the graph fig 3.9, 3.10 and 3.11 represents the study of turbulence
model and grid independency when different model used and no of elements are
increases up to 10% there is not more deviation in capturing the effectiveness.
This shows the temperature or central line effectiveness variation in increase in
elements and in turbulence models.

8
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 4.1 and 4.2 shows the adiabatic cooling effectiveness for high and
low blowing ratios in circular shaped troughs (M= 1.0 and 0.5). The figures show
a horse-shoe vortex on the edge of the compound angle film hole (β)0°,90°, 135°,
180°, and 225°. The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness at M=1.0 has increased
when compared with M=0.5. The angle 0° is the spanwise in direction along with
the main stream. And the remaining angles are in adverse flow direction to the
main stream flow i.e. opposite.

β=0°
β=0°

Fig 4.1 Temperature contours and velocity vectors M=0.5 [19]

9
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

For the film cooling effectiveness in the adverse flow direction in a

freestream direction, the sister hole together with the main hole is analyzed with
the comparison of the lateral flow direction.
Write your conclusion here.

10
 REFERENCES

[1].Sinha, A., Bogard, D., Crawford, N., 1991, “Film Cooling Effectiveness
Downstream of a Single Row of Holes with Variable Density Ratio”, ASME J.
Turbomachinery, vol. 113, pp. 442-449.
[2]. R. J. Goldstein and P. Jin, 2001, “Film Cooling downstreamof a Row of
Discrete Holes with Compound Angle”, ASME J. Turbomachinery, vol. 123, pp.
222-229.

11