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FM Report CS 2

Frequency modulation (FM) encodes information by varying the carrier wave frequency based on the modulating signal frequency. FM is commonly used in radio broadcasting because it provides better signal-to-noise ratio and less interference than amplitude modulation. The FM signal equation represents the carrier wave frequency as varying linearly with the modulating signal frequency over time. Key uses of FM include radio transmission, radar, telemetry, and music synthesis.

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47 views

FM Report CS 2

Frequency modulation (FM) encodes information by varying the carrier wave frequency based on the modulating signal frequency. FM is commonly used in radio broadcasting because it provides better signal-to-noise ratio and less interference than amplitude modulation. The FM signal equation represents the carrier wave frequency as varying linearly with the modulating signal frequency over time. Key uses of FM include radio transmission, radar, telemetry, and music synthesis.

Uploaded by

Abid Rehman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

Frequency modulation is a technique or a process of encoding information on a particular signal


(analogue or digital) by varying the carrier wave frequency in accordance with the frequency of
the modulating signal. As we know, a modulating signal is nothing but information or message
that has to be transmitted after being converted into an electronic signal.

Much like in amplitude modulation, frequency modulation also has a similar approach where a
carrier signal is modulated by the input signal. However, in the case of FM, the amplitude of the
modulated signal is kept or it remains constant.

If we talk about the applications of frequency modulation, it is mostly used in radio broadcasting.
It offers a great advantage in radio transmission as it has a larger signal-to-noise ratio. Meaning,
it results in low radio frequency interference. This is the main reason that many radio stations use
FM to broadcast music over the radio.

Additionally, some of its uses are also found in radar, telemetry, seismic prospecting and in
EEG, different radio systems, music synthesis as well as in video-transmission instruments.

Frequency Modulation Equations

Frequency modulation equations mainly consist of a sinusoidal expression with the integral of
the baseband signal that can be either a sine or cosine function.

It can be represented mathematically as;

m(t) = Am cos (ωmt + Ɵ) ……………… 1

m(t) → modulating signal

Where,

Am → Amplitude of the modulating signal.

ωm → Angular frequency of the modulating signal.

Ɵ → is the phase of the modulating signal.


Such as amplitude modulation, when we try to modulate an input signal (information), we need a
carrier wave, we will experience

C(t) = Ac cos (ωct + Ɵ) ………….. 2

Angular modulation, which means ωc (or) Ɵ of the carrier wave starts varying linearly with
respect to the modulating signal like amplitude modulation.

Case I: Any Instant

Modulating signal at any instant of time.

C(t) = Ac cos (ωct + Ɵ)

For any particular instant (ωct + Ɵ) is not varying with respect to time the Ɵ becomes so it Ɵ0 =
constant, then

ωc = also constant

If we draw a tangent for the given signal at any instant of time, the slope of the tangent gives
ωc and the tangent when it cuts the Ɵ-axis gives Ɵ0 value.

Case II: For a Small Interval of Time

Now let us consider a small interval of time Δt = t2 – t1

Time interval, t1 < t < t2, we will look this into two particular instant of t1 and t2
Let us consider an instant at (t1), if we draw a tangent to given signal at (t1), the slope of curve
instantaneous frequency (wi) at that particular instant
Similarly, intercept of the tangent with Ɵ – axis gives the instantaneous phase (Ɵi).  Likewise,
we can get wi for any instant of the given curve. From this one thing is clear.
{{\omega }_{i}}=\frac{d\theta }{dt}ωi=dtdθ
Ɵ – is the phase at the instant
We write this as a function of time (t), instantaneous frequency is
\omega (t)=\frac{d\theta (t)}{dt}…………..3ω(t)=dtdθ(t)…………..3 \int\limits_{-\infty }^{t}
{\omega (t)dt=\theta \,……………….\,4}−∞∫tω(t)dt=θ……………….4

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