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CHAPTER: 1
(BASIC CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)

DEFINITION

Computer Science and information Technology

Computer Science
Computer Science is the study of computers with respect to their design
(architecture) and their uses for computation, data processing, and system
control.
Computer science includes engineering activities such as design of computers and
of hardware and Software that makes up computer system.

Information Technology
IT (Information Technology) encompasses all of the technology that we use to
collect, process, protect and store information. It refers to hardware, software
(computer programs), and computer networks.

COMPUTER:
“Computer is a device that takes information as input, process it
according to the given step of instructions and provide the result for output”
(The whole cycle is called IOP)
If we look at it in a very broad sense, any digital computer carries out the
following five functions:
Step 1 - Takes data as input.
Step 2 - Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required.
Step 3 - Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
Step 4 - Generates the output.
Step 5 - Controls all the above four steps.
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Advantages of Computers
Following are certain advantages of computers.
High Speed
 Computer is a very fast device.
 It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.
 The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even
the pico second.
 It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to
man who will spend many months to perform the same task.
Accuracy
 In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
 The calculations are 100% error free.
 Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that the input is
correct.
Storage Capability
 Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.
 A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.
 It can store large amount of data.
 It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio, etc.
Diligence
 Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and
lack of concentration.
 It can work continuously without any error and boredom.
 It can perform repeated tasks with the same speed and accuracy .
Versatility
 A computer is a very versatile machine.
 A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
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 This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields.
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 At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the
very next moment it may be playing a card game.

Reliability
 A computer is a reliable machine.
 Modern electronic components have long lives.
 Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.
Automation
 Computer is an automatic machine.
 Automation is the ability to perform a given task automatically. Once the
computer receives a program i.e., the program is stored in the computer
memory, then the program and instruction can control the program
execution without human interaction.
Reduction in Paper Work and Cost
 The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to
reduction in paper work and results in speeding up the process.
 As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the
problem of maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced.
 Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high, it
substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction.
Disadvantages of Computers
 Following are certain disadvantages of computers.
No I.Q.
 A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task.
 Each instruction has to be given to the computer.
 A computer cannot take any decision on its own.
Dependency
 It functions as per the user’s instruction, thus it is fully dependent on
humans.
Environment
 The operating environment of the computer should be dust free and
suitable.
No Feeling
 Computers have no feelings or emotions.
 It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and
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Q. What are the parts of computer system?

A complete computer system consists of six parts.
1. HARDWARE:
The physical equipments that make up a computer is called hardware. In
other words. Hardware is any part of computer you can touch.
Example:
Keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc.

2. SOFTWARE:
Software is the set of instruction (also called program) that tells a computer
how to perform a task. In other words software tells the computer what to do.

3. DATA:
Data consists of raw facts and figure, which the computer store and read in
the form of number. The computer process the data according to instruction
contain in software, after data is processed through the computer, is called
information.
A useful model to describe a relationship between data and information is called data
processing cycle.
Input Data → Processing → Output information
4. PROCEDURES: / STEPS:
Procedure/step are the steps that you must follow to accomplish (perform)
a specific computer – related task.
5. MANUAL:
Manual contain rules to follow when using software, hardware and data are
available they are written by computer maker for particular.

USER OR PEOPLE:
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User or people are the computer operators. User or people operate the
hardware, create the software, put data into the system, and use the information
that comes out it.

All types of computers follow the same basic logical structure and perform the
following five basic operations for converting raw input data into information
useful to their users.
1. Take Input
The process of entering data and instructions into the computer system.
2. Store Data
Saving data and instructions so that they are available for processing as and when
required.
3. Processing Data
Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data in order to convert them
into useful information.
4. Output Information
The process of producing useful information or results for the user, such as a
printed report or visual display.
5.Control the workflow
Directs the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are
performed.

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Input Unit
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This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into the
computer. This unit creates a link between the user and the computer. The input
devices translate the information into a form understandable by the computer.

There are two kinds.

1. Keyboard device.
2. Un-keyboard device.
Q. What is keyboard? Describe its various types of keys?
This is the most common input device which uses an arrangement of buttons or
keys. In a keyboard each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written
symbol.

While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or characters, other keys or
Simultaneous key presses can produce actions or computer commands.

A computer keyboard distinguishes each physical key from every other and
reports the key-presses to the controlling software.

The keys are divided into five groups.

1. Character keys.
The character keys are used to type in text (letters and numbers such as A,
B, C and 1, 2, 3) punctuation marks, and special characters $,# etc. The keys
are placed in QWERTY layout same as placed in Typewriter.
2. Function keys.
There are generally 12 functions keys F1-F12. These keys have special tasks
and the tasks may change from program to program. Just like direction
keys, these too do not print anything.
3. Special-purpose key.
There are several other non-printable keys for various different purposes.
These include caps lock, tab, ctrl, pause, delete, backspace, spacebar, and
shift; enter etc which are used for special purposes.
4. Numeric key.
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The 10 number keys 0-9 are there on each keyboard. Sometimes, there are
two sets of these keys.
5. Cursor-movement keys.
There are four direction keys: left, right, up and down which allow the
curser to move in these directions. Unlike alphabet and number keys, these
keys do not display anything.

UNKEYBOARD DEVICES:
Un-keyboard devices are as following:
1. Scanning device
 Barcode reader.
 Mark and character readers.
 Image scanners.
 Fax machine.
2. Voice input devices.
3. Pointing devices.
 Mouse
 Track ball
 Touch screen
 Light pen
 Joystick

1. SCANNING DEVICES:
Scanning devices use light-sensitive equipment to record data, information
of barcode, optical marks or magnificent symbols or even just plain text or
graphic. This data is converted into electric from that can be process by
compute.

2. VOICE INPUT DEVICES:

This input device is the latest invention which helps us input data by actual
talking to computer. This system required microphone which takes the analog
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signals from voice and sends them to an analog to digital convertor. This
converter converts analog signals into digital signals which is called patterns.

3. POINTING DEVICES:
A device with which you can convert the moment f menu drive program
that is programs that offer varying levels of menus or choices on display screen
called pointing device.

Q. What is central processing unit (CPU):

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

The main unit of any computing system is called Central Processing Unit. It
is also known as the brain of computer.

The CPU is contained one small chip called microprocessor. CPU control all input
and output connection inside and outside of the computer and take a look on a
programs that are currently present in computer to produce correct answer to
their user. There are two main components of CPU.
1. ALU (Arithmetic logic unit)
2. CU (Control unit)

ARITHEMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

It performs actual processing of data, which includes addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. This unit also performs certain logical tasks such as
comparison of two numbers to see that one is greater than other or equal.

CONTROL UNIT (CU):

This unit control the execution of programs input/output devices, storage
and retrieval of data from storage devices, routing of information between
memory and ALU and also control the direction of Arithmetic and logic units. So
we can say that it directs and coordinates all activities of a computer.
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MEMORY:
The main memory also called main storage, primary memory/storage,
internal memory /storage, or simply memory holds data and instructions for
processing. Main memory is used to store programs and data that the CPU is
presently processing. Most types of memory only store items when the computer
is turned on data are destroyed when the machine is turned off.

Q: What are system unit and its components?

The part of microprocessor that houses the CPU is called the system unit and is
housed within a system cabinet. You will find that many parts can be easily
removed for replacement. In addition, many microprocessors are expandable.
Thus, more main memory may be added as well as certain other devices.
The components of the system unit are:
 The Power supply
 The Mother board
 Microprocessor-include registers, bus, clock, and coprocessors.
 RAM
 ROM
 Other forms of main memory-cache, VRAM, flash
 Expansion cards
 Ports

Q: Define the components of system unit?

POWER SUPPLY:
Power supply is a box inside the system that provides electrical power to all
components in a system unit. It converts 220 volt main AC supply to the required
5 or12 volt DC supply which computer components use.
Since electricity generates a lot of heat, the power supply unit is equipped with a
fan that prevents the system and components from overheating.

MOTHERBOARD:
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A motherboard is also called a system board or logic board, is an electronic circuit
board that contains the CPU, memory, and other basic electronic components. A
motherboard also includes expansion slots.

MICRO PROCESSOR:
As computer has evolved, the size of the microprocessor has become smaller
while its speed and capacity has increased. Indeed the microprocessor, also called
the CPU, is a tiny chip, on which electronic circuitry has been etched. The chip is
mounted on a piece of plastic, called carrier, with metal leafs attached to it. The
microprocessor manages the computer processing and the transfer of data to and
from primary memory, commonly called RAM.

Some features of microprocessor are:

 Register
 Bus
 Clock
 Coprocessor

REGISTER:
Register is the temporary memory holding areas within the CPU for data and
instruction that are to be processed immediately.
BUS:
A bus is a kind of electronic path way that connects parts of CPU with each other
and the CPU with other important devices. There are different types of buses.
 Address Bus
 Control Bus
 Data Bus
CLOCK:
The clock controls how fast all operations within the CPU take place. If you bring a
microprocessor system, clock speed is an important measurement to know about.
It is expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).
COPROCESSOR:
Coprocessors are microprocessor that are subordinates to the CPU and helps it
handle data overload and speed up the computer’s operation.
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MAIN MEMORY:
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RAM is also called primary memory. RAM used to store program and data for
processing. RAM is volatile memory which means that any data stored in RAM is
lost when the computer is turned off. So we can say that it is an erasable or
reusable memory.

OTHER FORMS OF MEMORY:

CACHE MEMORY: It is more expensive and faster than RAM but slower and less
expensive than registers. It is used to increase the speed of processing by making
current programs and data available to CPU at a rapid rate. The general principle
is kept frequency accessed data in the faster cache while frequently used items
should be kept in RAM.

VIRTUAL MEMORY:
Virtual storage is a condition in which part of a program is stored on disk and is
brought into as needed. This feature, which requires special software, uses the
disk as an extension of RAM. It runs programs while putting many pieces on RAM
and rest of them on disks, which are retrieved as appropriate.

FALSH MEMORY:
Flash memory or Flash RAM, cards consist of circuitry on credit-card size cards
that can be inserted into slots connected to the motherboard. Unlike standard
RAM chips, flash memory is non-volatile. It can be used not only to simulate main
memory but also to supplement or replace hard disks for permanent storage.
ROM:
Read only memory is memory from which data may be retrieved but the contents
cannot be changed by the user. They store instruction in permanent or non-
volatile form. Non-volatile storage does not lose its contents when the power is
turned off. A computer can have some other types of ROM chips besides simple
ROM which are:
 PROM-Programmable Read Only memory
 EPROM-Erasable Programmable Read Only memory
 EEPROM-Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only memory
 EAPROM-Electrically Alterable Programmable Read Only memory

EXPANSION CARDS AND SLOTS:

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Expansion slots are sockets on the motherboard into which expansion cards can
be inserted. The slot connects the expansion card with the power supply and the
buses for moving data and instructions.

PORTS:
Ports are connecting sockets on the outside of the system unit. This allows us to
plug in other devices, such as monitor, keyboard, modem etc. Cables connected
to the ports transmit streams of bits, such as those in an 8-bit ASCII character, to
the outside devices.
Ports are of several types:
 Serial ports
 Parallel ports
 USB ports

TERMANIALS:
It is an input (and output) device that consist of keyboard, display screen
and communication connection to a main computer system. It can also be defined
as; the terminal is the device that is used by an end user to access the Main
Server Computer on networks. There are three types of terminals.
DUMP:
A display monitor that has no processing capabilities. Dump terminals are
use only for data entry and retrieval. It has no memory OR less memory and
cannot process data independently.

Example: Terminals used by airline reservation clerk.

SMART:
A smart terminal is a monitor that has its own processor for special
features, such as bold and blinking characters. Smart terminals has some memory
and hence can do limited processing as well as data entry and retrieved.

INTELLIGENT:
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A terminal (monitor and keyboard) that contains processing power.
Intelligent terminals include memory and a processor to perform special display
operations. An intelligent terminal is also called workstation. It has sufficient
primary storage and secondary storage and it can also process data
independently.

Q- Explain types of computer on the basis of functionality?

According to functionality computer can be divided in to three types:

1 1. Analog
2 2. Digital
3 3. Hybrid

ANALOG COMPUTERS:
An analog (spelled analogue in British English) computer is a form of computer
that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical fact such as electrical,
mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.
EXAMPLES:
 Thermometer
 Analog clock
 Speedometer
 Tire pressure gauge

DIGITAL COMPUTERS:
A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities
represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of ―0 and ―1.
EXAMPLES:
 IBM PC
 Apple Macintosh
 Calculators
 Digital watches etc

HYBRID COMPUTERS:
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A computer that processes both analog and digital data. Hybrid computer is a
digital computer that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and
processes them in digital form. A hybrid computer may use or produce analog
data or digital data. It accepts a continuously varying input, which is then
converted into a set of discrete values for digital processing.
Examples:
 Hybrid computer is the computer used in hospitals to measure the
heartbeat of the patient.
 Devices used in petrol pump.
 Hybrid Machines are generally used in scientific applications or in
controlling industrial processes.

HOW DATA AND PROGRAM ARE REPRESENT

IN THE COMPUTER

Data is represented in a computer by means of simple on/off switches, and

digitally these become 1 and 0. Millions of switches in combination create all the
data in a computer system.
BINARY:
Computer data handing is an electrical system; therefore the on/off
switches become electrical switches. The current is either turned on or off and the
various patterns and combinations of on/off or 1 and 0 are used to represent all
data. Because of the nature of this system, it is called a binary system. It is the
representation of data/codes for processing in computer system.
CODING

In its smallest form, data is packaged in bits. A bit can be only one value, either 0
or 1. Two bits together can represent up to four different values,
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 00 represents 0
 01 represents 1
 10 represents 2
 11 represents 3

This process of using binary digits to represent a symbol or character is called

coding or encoding. As the number of binary digits is increased, the number of
possible combinations increases exponentially. For example 8 bits can represent
256 values and 10 bits can be used to represent 1024 different values. In practice,
computer programmers bunch bits together into groups of eight called bytes.

1. Bit
2. Byte
3. Kilobyte- 1024 Byte
4. Megabyte – 1024 K Byte
5. Gigabyte- 1024 M Byte
6. Terabyte- 1024 G Byte

Output Unit
The output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information
from the computer. This unit is a link between the computer and the users.

Output devices translate the computer's output into a form understandable by

the users.

There are two types of Outputs:

 Softcopy Output Devices
 Hardcopy Output Devices

SOFTCOPY:
Softcopy means the output is in a form that cannot be physically touched,
Softcopy is the best for information that needs to be viewed only occasionally or a
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few moments. The principle softcopy output devices are monitors and sound or
voice output devices.

HARDCOPY:
Hardcopy means the output taken on paper or in a form that can be
physically touched. The principle hardcopy output devices are Printers, plotters,
and microfilm output devices.

SOFTCOPY OUTPUT HARDWARE:

Q. What is monitor?
MONITORS:
This is the most commonly used from of output device when a permanent
record is not required. A monitor is a television like device it display text and
graphics from a computer. The monitor is also referred as display screen.

TYPES OF MONITORS:
1. Cathode ray tube (LRT) monitor.
2. Flat panel monitor.

HARDCOPY OUTPUT HARDWARE:

Following are the Hardcopy Output Hardware:
 Printers
 Plotters
 Microflims (COM)

PRINTERS:
Printers can be divided into two main categories:
 Impact Printers
 Non-impact Printers

IMPACT PRINTER:
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These noisy printers print images by physically striking an inked ribbon
against papers with a hammer like mechanism.
Serial or Character Printers: Those printers which are capable to print only one
character at a time called “Character printers”. These printers can print 10 to 600
characters per second and have only one print head. Dot matrix printer and daisy
wheel printers are the examples of printers.
 DOT MATRIX PRINTER:
Printer with only head at a time one character prints and moves to next
character position. This character produced by an arrangement of tiny hammers
like pins, which strike the ribbon against paper. These dots are arranged in a
specified pattern to form characters. Dot matrix can also print drawings or
graphics. It can print at a speed of 30 to 600 CPS (characters per second)

 DAISY WHEEL PRINTER:

In daisy wheel printer an electric motor spins the wheel at a high rate and a
printer hammer strikes to produce image of a character on paper. These printers
cannot produce drawing or graphics but print out is much better than dot matrix
printer.

LINE PRINTER:
A line printer can print an entire line at a time which normally covers 80 or
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132 characters and for each character have a separate printing head normally it
can print about 250 lines per min. Drum and Chain printers are examples.

The example of line printer are as follow:

 DRUM PRINTER:
A drum printer consists of a solid cylinder drum that has embossed
characters in bands on its upper surface. On printing position many bands
contains all the possible characters. The drum rotates at a high speed and for
each location a print head is located behind the paper.

 CHAIN PRINTER:
In chain printer each character links with chain which moves and for every
position there is a printing hammer located behind paper. When the chain rotates
the properly timed print hammers strike paper along with inked ribbon against
the proper character on the chain as it passes.

NON-IMPACT PRINTER:
This kind of printer does not generate the kind of hammering noise that an
impact printer. Non-impact printer produces high quantity images. They use
thermal, chemical, electrostatic and inkjet technologies for printing as against the
hammer mechanism of impact printers. E.g. Laser printers, DeskJet printers The
non-impact printer are further divided into two types.
1. Character printer.
2. Line printer.
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CHARACTER PRINTER:
Thermal printer and inkjet printer are the example of non-impact character
printer.

1. THERMAL PRINTER:
A thermal printer creates images by using colored waxes and heat in
the pins of the print head to burn dots onto special paper. Thermal printers can
printers can provide the highest quality desktop color printing available. However,
they are expensive and require expensive paper.

2. INK-JET PRINTER:
Ink jet printer is a non impact printer. It prints characters by
spraying ink from tiny nozzles onto the paper. A special type of ink which has a
high iron content is used. This ink is charged electrically when it comes out of the
nozzle. This ink is absorbed by the paper and dries instantly.

LINE PRINTER:
Laser printer is the example of line non-impact printer.

LASER PRINTER:
These printers are used where a very superior quality output is desired. The
image is created on a photo sensitive drum; with a laser beam. The laser is turned
on and off when it moves back and forward across the drum. It leaves a negative

charge on the drum to which a positively charged black toner powder sticks.
When the paper rolls by the drum, the ink is transferred to the paper. Laser
printers have a buffer memory to store entire pages and hence their speed is
very fast.
The biggest advantage of these printers is that no mechanical movement is
involved, therefore they are noiseless in operation. However there are
comparatively expensive

PLOTTERS:
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It is like a printer in that it produces image on paper, but it does so in a
different way. Plotters are designed to produced large drawing or images, such as
construction plans for building or blue prints for mechanical objects.
There are three 3 types of plotters.
1. Pen plotters
2. Electrostatic plotter
3. Thermal plotter

1. PEN PLOTTERS:
Pen plotters use different colored pens to draw on paper.

2. ELECTROSTATIC PLOTTER:
Electrostatic plotters create images by forming electrostatic charge
on special paper, then running the paper through a developer.

3. THERMAL PLOTTER:
Thermal plotters use electrically heated pens and heat sensitive
paper to create images.

Q. Why microfilm/microfiche is use?

The computer output on the paper by printer/plotter takes a lot of space.
So there should be a method to recover space, therefore due to this reason
microfilm/microfiche is use.

COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFILM/MICROFICHE

(COM) SYSTEM
This technology is used to record the computer output as microscopic
filmed images. Information is recorded on a roll of microfilm. A microfilm recorder
displays the information onto a screen. An inbuilt camera then takes pictures of
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are normally used in application where there are large volumes of data. Computer
output microfilm/microfiche (com) is computer output produced as very small
images on rolls or sheets of film when the output is on rolls (usually 35mm) it is
microfilm when the output is on sheet (4 x 6 inch) (byte) it is microfiche.

ADVANTAGES:
1. Speed: (COM system can easily handle output at a rate in excess of 30,000
lines per minute. This is about 50 percent (%) Fast than most) angle laser
printers)
2. Size: (The output is condensed in size (compared to hardcopy output) by a
factor ranging from 20 to 100)
3. Cost: (The cost per page of printed martial is less than that of regular
hardcopy output. Method)

DISADVANTAGE:
The major disadvantages of COM system is that because of the reduced
visual size of the output special equipment that is a microfilm/microfiche reader is
needed to read the output.
COM systems are highly sophisticated they are relatively expensive and are
mainly used where there are high volumes of data.

Example:
The example of microfilm/microfiche are boo images store in a form of
microfilm/microfiche in modern libraries.

Q. Why the storage hardware is use?

STORAGE HARDWARE:
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Due to the temporary nature of main memory in C.P.U. some external
storage hardware is use to refer the information/Data how generated by CPU
during application.
Main memory of the C.P.U. is called primary storage and the external
storage that is use to return the information/Data during application software
running is called secondary storage called auxiliary storage. The important
features of storage device are the speed with which data can be read or written.
The speed of storage device is also called existing.

EXIST TIME OF STORAGE:

It is the sum of the two quantities that is time taken to look the particular
storage devices and the time taken to fill or empty it.

ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY SOTRAGE:

The main advantage to use secondary storage is taken.
1. ECONOMY:
It is very less expensive to store data on magnetic or disk but optical
storage media are sued which is very expensive.
2. RELIABILITY:
The data stored in secondary storage is saved as secondary storage is
physically a resalable data which cannot destroy.

3. CONVENIENCE:
It is very convenient to store a very huge Data/information in a very
confining space.

TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICE:

There are two main type of technology are used to store data.
1. Magnetic storage.
2. Optical storage.
MAGNETIC STORAGE:
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 Floppy disk
 Hard disk
 Magnetic storage
 Solid state storage
OPTICAL STORAGE:
 SD – disk/ SD-card
 USB/Flash drive/Flash storage.

Q. What is software?
SOFTWARE:
1. System software.
2. Utility software
3. Application software

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
System software is the software that is directly related to computer.
Operating and performs task with controlling and utilizing computer hardware.
They improve the function capability as access the use to solve their problem
easily system.
EXAMPLE:
 Operating system.
 Translators.
 Editors etc.

2. UTILITY SOFTWARE:
A utility software is one which provide contain task that help in
proper maintenance of the computer, the job of utility program is to
keep the computer system running smoothly.
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EXAMPLE:
1. Anti virus
2. Backup utility

3. APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
Application software is a program or a set of programs which are written
to carry out a specific application.eg. Payroll, financial accounting etc. Nowadays
special application software or packages for specialized areas like drawing,
engineering, manufacturing, banking, and publishing are available. The set of
programs which together make an application package are called application
programs.

FOR EXAMPLE:
Making a document or manage the employee data base.
There are two types of software.
1. General purpose software
2. Operating system/translator/Editors etc.

Q. What is operating system (OS)?

OPERATING SYSTEM:
The operating system is the collection of system software use to manage
the overall operation of the computer it is the set of programs that control and
supervise the hardware of the computer and also provide services to application
software, programs and uses. Ti manages all hardware and software, input and
output processing activities as within the computer the information to and from
the process set and provide for handling different task and so on.
EXAMPLE:
 XP windows
 UNIX

FEATURES OF OPERATING SYSTEM:

1. Efficiency in terms of processor and resource utilization.
2. Reliability in terms of being error-free and handling all possibilities in the
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execution.
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3.
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM:
 Processor Management that is assignment of processors to different
task being performed by the computer system.
 Memory allocation and management.
 Coordination of input and output devices
 File management, the storage and transfer of files on internal and
external memory.
 Automatic transition from job to job as directed by control statements.
 Establishment of data security and integrity.
 Facilitates easy communication between the computer system and the
computer operator.

Q: What are operating system environment?

SINGLE TASKING OPERATING SYSTEM:

A single tasking OS is that executes only one program at one time. Most of the
earlier operating systems were single tasking. Some examples are apple DOS.
MULTITASKING OPERATING SYSTEM:
A multitasking is an OS is that executes several programs at a time. These are
available on all types of computer i.e microcomputers to mainframes. Examples
are Windows XP, OS/2 etc.
MULTI-USER OPERATING SYSTEM:
The processing power of larger computers can be utilized more efficiently if a
number of users are able to work with it on the same time. The OS allocates
limited CPU time to each user, separates job execution requests and so on.
Examples are UNIX and Windows 2000.

Q. What is language translator?

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Language translators are programs those converts programming languages into 1s
and 0s or machine language. They either compile or interpret it. THESE methods
give the translators their common names that are: compiler and interpreter.

COMPILER:
A compiler is a language translator which translates the whole program at once
into machine language before it is executed. After the source program has been
converted this new file is known as object file of object program.

INTERPRETER:
An interpreter is a program that a program in step by step manner. It translates
one instruction and control executes the resulting machine language, while the
next instruction is being translated. If the program is run several times a day it has
to interpret many times.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:
A programming language is a means of communication for the user to
communicate with the computer system. The programming language is a set of
instructions which tells the computer what to do. This is a language which is
understood by both man and machine. There are a number of programming
languages. However all these languages are designed to perform at least certain
basic instructions and operations; these instructions and operations are:
- Input/output operations,
- Arithmetic operations - mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
- Logical operations - Comparison for equality, inequality etc.
- Movement of instructions and data to and from the CPU.

To use the programming language, the programmer has to strictly follow the rules
of the language including all commas, punctuation marks etc. otherwise the
program will not be understood by the computer. Thus, although the
programming languages are much smaller and simpler than the natural
languages, they have to be used with the greatest accuracy.
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TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:

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There are several types of programming language.

1. Machine language.
2. Assembly language.
3. High level language.
4. Very high level language.
5. Natural language.

1. MACHINE LANGUAGE:
This is the only language which is understood by the computer. This
is the language nearest to the machine. In this language the programs are
written in binary code i.e. the instructions are made only by a combination of
binary digits 0 and 1. Machine language may vary from machine to machine
depending upon the computer architecture. Machine languages execute the
fastest since they are immediately understood by the computer. No translation of
the programs is required. Also they make efficient use of primary memory. But it
is very difficult to program in this binary or machine language. It is also very
tedious and time consuming, since all the instructions have to represent as a
series of Os and 1 s. Therefore there is always a possibility of errors.

2. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:
The Os and 1 s of the machine language were substituted by letters and
symbols in assembly languages. The assembly languages use mnemonics
(memory aid) in place of operation codes. The language uses symbols instead of
numbers to write programs. A program written using such symbols in the
assembly language is called the source program. The program written in
assembly language has to be converted into machine language for use by the
computer. This is achieved with the help of the assembler. The assembler is a
system program which is supplied by the manufacturer. It converts the assembly
program into a machine readable program and the resulting program is called the
object program. Thus the input to the assembler is the source program and the
output of the assembler is the object program. The assembler translates each

assembly language instruction into a corresponding machine code. It is relatively

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easy to write programs in assembly language as compared to machine language.

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They can be also modified relatively easily. However, like the machine language,
assembly languages are also hardware dependant. When the machine changes,
the program has to be changed. Since the machine language and assembly
language both are dependent on the hardware, they are referred to as low level
programming languages. Both these languages require a deep understanding of
the internal structure of the computer.

3. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES:

Higher level languages make use of English like words and statements and
mathematical symbols for instructions. Higher level languages make programming
easier, since they are relatively easy to learn. Less time is required to write
programs in high level languages. The programmer is not required to know the
detailed working of the computer system in order to program in a high level
language. They are machine independent. Higher level languages are also known
as problem oriented languages.
However a high level language is not directly understood by the computer. It is
required to be translated into machine language. Therefore they generally
execute more slowly and require more memory than the same program written in
assembly language.
The programs which are used to translate programs written in high level language
into machine language are known as translators.
The types of translators are:
I) Compiler
II) Interpreter

Fourth Generation Languages (4 GL) :

These are non procedural languages. They are normally used in conjunction of a
data base and its data dictionary.

Programming languages are sometimes classified with generations - from the

lowest to the highest.
The First Generation - Machine Language
The Second Generation - Assembly Language
The Third Generation – High Level Language
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Unlike procedural languages which require that a programmer writes all the steps
to complete the program and generate output, which are related to a more
structural approach towards programming. It is the first standardized language.

 BASIC:
BASIC stands for Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. The language
was developed by Prof. John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz in USA. It is relatively
easy to learn. Programs written in BASIC language are interpreted. It resembles
FORTRAN in many ways, but can also be effectively used in business applications.
Thus it can be used for both business and scientific applications. BASIC is one of
one most popular language for use in microcomputer systems.
 COBOL :
Common Business Oriented Language was designed especially for business
applications. A COBOL program is constructed from sentences, paragraphs,
sections and divisions. A COBOL program must have four divisions: the
identification division, the environment division, data division, and the procedure
division. Thus COBOL is a self documenting language. It is one of the most widely
used commercial languages.
 RPG :
Report Generator is a general purpose, business oriented language designed to
generate output reports. The language was developed by IBM and was launched
for use on the IBM 1401 computer. It is best suited for applications where large
data files have to be read and extensive reports are to be output. It has limited
mathematical capability and is not suited for scientific applications.
 PASCAL :
PASCAL has been named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal; It allows
the programmer to structure the programming language. The features of PASCAL
allow it to be used for both scientific and business applications. It is a very
powerful language. It is implemented on several computers including
microcomputers and minicomputers and is also widely used to teach
programming to students and beginners.
 C:
C was designed and developed at Bell Laboratories USA. It is a block structured
language which allows the use of various concepts of structured programming. C
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also has the advantage of being able to manipulate internal processor registers of
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the computer. Thus it has some powers of the assembly language. C is also very
portable. C is the most popular language used for systems programming like
designing compilers and operating systems.
 LISP:
LISP stands for list processing. This language is mostly used in non numeric
applications which require logical rather than numerical operations. Therefore it
is widely used in games, pattern recognition and artificial intelligence.

EXTRA QUESTION:
Q. Why cache memory is faster than RAM?
Q. Define and explain register?
Q. Define the use of PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
Q. Different between impact and non-impact printer.
Q. Write five points on very high level language and natural language?

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