ESTIMATION AND DESIGN OF 1-BHK RESIDENTIAL

HOME

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Under the supervision of
Mr. Lav Singh
(Assistant Professor)
By
Parth Agarwal (131674)
Shishir Shekhar (131705)
Vasudev Rathore (131603)
To

JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

WAKNAGHAT SOLAN – 173234
HIMACHAL PRADESH INDIA
May, 2017

1
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work reported in the B.Tech. thesis entitle
“ESTIMATION AND DESIGN OF 1-BHK RESIDENTIAL HOME”
submitted at Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat,
India, is an authentic record of my work carried out under the supervision of
Assistant Prof. Lav Singh. I have not submitted this work elsewhere for any
other degree or diploma.

Parth Agarwal Shishir Shekhar Vasudev

Rathore

Department of Civil Engineering

Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, India

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

HEADING PAGE
NO.
SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 3
LIST OF FIGURES 6
LIST OF TABLES 7
ABSTRACT 8

CHAPTER
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 Study Area
1.2 Selection of plot and study
1.3 Residential Buildings
1.4 Building Bye laws and regulation
1.5 Arrangement of rooms
1.6 Orientation of rooms
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 15
2.1 Structural analysis of framed structure
2.2 Stages in structural design
2.3 Structural planning
2.4 Position of columns
2.5 Position of beams
2.6 Spanning of slabs
2.7 Action of forces and load computation
2.8 Loads and material
2.9 Properties of concrete
CHAPTER 3 2D DESIGNING IN AUTO-CAD 24
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Design plans

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CHAPTER 4 3D MODELLING IN REVIT 32
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Rendered models
CHAPTER 5 DESIGN CALCULATIONS 35
5.1 Design of rectangular slab
5.2 Design of isolated footing
5.3 Design of section
5.4 Reinforcement design
5.5 Design for columns
CHAPTER 6 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ON SAP 2000 42
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Structural analysis data
CHAPTER 7 COST ESTIMATION USING MS-EXCEL 51
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Estimated data
CONCLUSION 55
REFRENCES 56

4
 JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
WAKNAGHAT
SOLAN, HIMACHAL PRADESH

Date:

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work reported in the B.Tech. thesis“EntitledEstimation and
Design of 1-BHK Residential Home” submitted by Parth Agarwal, ShishirShekhar and
VasudevRathore at Jaypee University Of Information Technology,Waknaghat,Solan is
a bonafide record of his original work carried out under my supervision. This work has not
been submitted partially or wholly to any other university or institution for award of this or
any other degree program.

Dr. Ashok Kumar Gupta Mr. Abhilash Shukla External Examiner

Professor & Head of Department Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department Civil Engineering Department
JUIT Waknaghat JUIT Waknaghat

5
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to express our deepest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to
our highly respected and esteemed guide Mr. Luv Singh for his valuable guidance,
encouragement and help for completing this work. His useful suggestions for this whole
work and co-operative behavior are sincerely acknowledged.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Ashok Kumar Gupta HOD (Civil
Engineering) for his kind hearted support and guidance for the duration of this project. We
are also grateful to our teachers and lecturers for their constant support and guidance.

We also wish to express our indebtedness to our parents as well as our family member
whose blessings and support always helped us to face the challenges ahead.
At the end we would like to express our sincere thanks to all our friends and others who
helped us directly or indirectly during this project work.

Parth Agarwal
ShishirShekhar
Vasu Rathore

6
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS

SYMBOL DESCRIPTION

A Total area of section.

Ab Equivalent area of helical reinforcement.

As Area of compressive steel.

Ae Equivalent area of section.

Ak Area of concrete core.

Am Area of steel or iron core.

Asc. Area of longitudinal reinforcement

Ast Area of steel (tensile)

Al Area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement

Asv Total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent up bars within

distance sv

AΦ Area of cross-section of one bar.

a Lever arm.

ac Area of concrete.

b Width.

br Width of rib

C Compressive force.

c Compressive stress in concrete.

c' Stress in concrete surrounding compressive steel.

cs Permissible tensile stress in concrete.

c1 Compressive stress at the junction of flange and web.

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D Depth.

d Effective depth.

dc Cover to compressive steel.

ds Depth of slab.

e Eccentricity

F Shear force

Fd Design load

Fr Radial shear three.

f Stress (in general).

Tu Torsional moment (limit state design)

t Tensile stress in steel.

tc’ Compressive stress in compressive steel.

Vu Shear force due to design load (limit state design)

Vus Strength of shear reinforcement (limit state design)

W Point load; Total load.

xu Depth of neutral axis (limit state design)

Z Distance.

ZB, ZL Bending moment coefficients.

α Inclination coefficient.

β Surcharge angle.

γ Unit weight of soil.

γ’ Submerged unit weight of soil.

γf Partial safety factor appropriate to the loading

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γm Partial safety factor appropriate to the material.

σcc Permissible stress in concrete (direct comp).

σcc’ Direct compressive stress in concrete.

σcbc Permissible compressive stress in concrete due to bending

σcu Ultimate compressive stress in concrete cubes.

σsc Permissible compressive stress in bars.

σsh Permissible stress in helical reinforcement.

σsp Permissible punching shear stress.

σst Permissible tensile stress in reinforcement.

σsy Yield point compressive stress in steel.

µ Coefficient of friction.

Φ Diameter of bar ; angle of internal friction

θ Angle

τbd Design bond stress,

τc Shear stress in concrete

τcmax Max. shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement.

τv Nominal shear stress.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Caption Page No.

1 Architectural Plan 26

2 Front view 27

3 Isometric View 28

4 Right Side view 29

5 Beams and Column Layout Plan and Footing 30

6 Plan of Electricity Wiring 31

7 Plan of Water Consumption 32

8 Front View on Revit 32

9 Top View 33

10 Right Side View 33

11 Dining Room Render 34

12 Deformed shape of design 42

13 Stress diagram of design 46

14 Virtual work by loads 50

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table no. Contents Page no.

1 Limitation of Built Up area 10

2 Minimum Floor Area and Height of Room 11

3 Span of slabs According to spacing 18

4 Modular Ration For Different Grade of Concrete 23

5 Building Specification (According to NBC2015) 25

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 ABSTRACT

Softwares used in designing-

o Planning in Auto CAD 2015
o Building Information Modelling using Revit 2017
o Structure Analysis using SAP 2000
o Cost estimation using MS-Excel

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Study area

• Our proposed site is located in hilly region, in this regions temperature is usually low
and building should be located in the southern slope of hill.
• The opening should be placed as to avoid undesirable cold in winter.
• Total plot size is 14.4m x 15.4m
• Total plinth area is 119 sq. meter.

1.2 Selection of plot and study

Site selection is the most crucial step for building a residential home. The proposed location
should not be in an isolated place where the rate of crimes are substantially less; and it
should be in a place with good community. However, it should not be too noisy
neighborhood either as it may cause inconvenience to members of the family. In addition,
the location should be in a place where mode of convenience is good and shopping facilities
are easily available. These factors also increase the chance of future growth of property rate.
One should check the future possibility of development of roads in the area.
The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows: -

• Access to park & playground.

• Agriculture polytonality of the land.

• Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity & sewage

disposal.

• Distance from places of work.

• Ease of drainage.

• Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.

• Transport facilities.

• Wind velocity and direction.

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Table 1: Limitation of built up area

Area of plot ---- Maximum permissible built up area

Up to 200sq.m (240sq.yd) ---- 60% of site area on floor only.

201 to 500sq.m (241to 600sq.yd) ---- 50% of the site area.

501 to 1000sq.m (601 to 1200sq.yd) ---- 40% of the site area

More than 1000sq.m ---- 33% of the site area.

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1.3 Residential Building
Requirements of every individual is different according to their social status, lifestyle and
income category. A rich man may require a luxurious apartment while a lower income
group guy may live in a 1 BHK house.

Table 2: MINIMUM FLOOR AREA & HEIGHT OF ROOMS

FLOOR AREA HIEGHT (m)

LIVING 10sqm (100sqft)

(breadth min 2.7 m or 9’) 3.3 (11’)

KITCHEN 6sqm (60sqft) 3.0 (10’)

BATH 2sqm (20sqft) 2.7 (9’)

LATTRINE 1.6sqm (16sqft) 2.7 (9’)

BATH & WATER CLOSET 3.6sqm (36sqft) 2.7 (9’)

SERVANT ROOM 10sqm (100sqft) 3.0 (10’)

GARAGE 2.5*4.8 m (8’*16’) 3.0 (10’)

MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH

FOR MAIN BUILDING ------- 0.6 (2’)

MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH FOR

SERVANT QUARTES ------- 0.3 (1’)

MIN. DEPTH OF FOUNDATION ------- 0.9 (3’)

THICKNESS OF WALL 20cms to 30cms ------

(9” to13.5”)
thick full width of
DAMP PROOF COURSE 2cms to 2.5cms plinth wall

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(3/4” to1”)

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1.4BUILDING BYE LAWS & REGULATIONS

• Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.

• Open spaces around residential building.

• Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.

• Provisions for lighting and ventilation.

• Provisions for safety from explosion.

• Provisions for means of access.

• Provisions for drainage and sanitation.

• Provisions for safety of works against hazards.

• Requirements for off-street parking spaces.

• Requirements for landscaping.

• Special requirements for low-income housing.

• Size of structural elements.

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1.5 ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS

 Living room – This is the area for general use where family spends much of their time. It
is usually near the entrance of the house. During winters, this area receives much of the
sunshine and in summer, the sunrays enter from southern part.

 Kitchen – this is usually made in the eastern side of the plot for morning sunshine, which
refreshes and purifies the air.

 Storeroom– Generally, the storeroomis provided at the backside of the home where it is
away from daily activities and proper ventilation is provided.

 Bedroom– this area should provide privacy to the members and should provide provision
for table, chairs, and cupboards. Attached toilets may be provided for ease of
convenience.

 Office room –Eastern aspects are preferred for office rooms to provide the morning
sunrays for freshness. In addition, it should be in a spot with less disturbance from the
surrounding areas.

 Bath & W.C. – Usually, bath and W.C. are combined in a single room and attached to
bedroom for increase of convenience and privacy. The bathroom is usually made white
with glazed tiles with complete showers, bathtubs etc.

 Verandah – A residential building must be provided with open verandahs at the front and
rear side of the home. This verandah provides protection to the home from sunrays, wind
and rain. It also provides with a place to sit and enjoy. This area varies between 10%-
20% of the total area.

 Stair case– The staircase should be placed in the front of the building if it is intended for
visitors and should be placed at the back of the home if family members would use it
more. Rises & treads should be uniform to smooth movement.

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1.6 ORIENTATION OF ROOMS
After having selected the site, the next step is proper orientation of building. Orientation means
proper placement of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain, topography and outlook and at the
same time providing a convenient access to both the street and back yard.

The factors that affect orientation most are as follows.

• Solar heat

• Wind direction

• Humidity

• Rain fall

• Intensity of wind site condition

• Lightings and ventilation

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CHAPTERCHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

“2.1 Structural analysis of framed structure

Reinforced concrete structure mainly contains of-
1) Slabs, which will be there to cover most of the areas
2) Beams are supporting the slabs and the wall
3) The columns are there for supporting the beams
4) The footing play a vital role as they distribute the concentrated loads acting on the column to
minimize the bearing capacity of the soil.”
“In any of the framed structure, the load is mainly conveyed from the slab to the beam, and then
conveyed from beam to column and then conveyed to the foundation and at the end to the soil,
which is below it.””

2.2 Stages in structural design

“There are different stages in designing of a structure. They are-
1) Planning of the structure
2) Direction and impact of forces and the calculations of the loads
3) Method of analysis
4) Designing of a member
5) Scheduling, detailing and preparation of drawings

2.3 Structural Planning

When once we are through our architectural plan of our residential building, then we come
across our structural planning. Structural planning involves some of the following points:-
1) Orientation of the columns and their positioning
2) Positioning of the beams
3) Traversing of the slabs
4) Geometrical design of stairs

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5) Selection of foundation”
“It is very necessary to know that the loads are transferred to the footing and that too in the
shortest path from the compact members”.

2.4 POSITION OF THE COLUMNS

1) “Columns should be positioned mainly at or near the corners where there is intersection of
beams and walls in a residential building. Since we know that the function of the column is
to provide support to the beams which is mainly put under the walls to bear the load.”
2) “Selection of the position of the columns in such a way as it will be reducing the bending
moment in beams. The two columns should not be placed too near and if it is so then provide one
column instead of two at a perfect position so that it reduces the bending moment.”
3) “Do not take larger length of the beams. When the centre to centre distance between the
intersection of walls is large or when there are no cross walls, the spacing between two columns
is governed by limitations of spans of supported beams because spacing of columns decides the
span of beam. As the span of the beam increases, the required depth of the beam, and hence its
self weight, and the total load on beam increases.”

“We know that the moment in the beam mainly varies with the square of the span length and is
directly proportional with the load. Hence if we increase the span it will considerably increase
the size of the beam.”
“And if we see in case of columns there is negligible change in the column if we increase the
total load as long as the column is short. From here we came to know that the cost of the beam
per unit length increases very much if we increase the span as compared to the beams. Therefore
the larger span of the beams should be avoided to minimize the cost.”
4) “There should be minimum center to center distance between the columns because larger
spacing of columns not only increases the load on the column at each floor posing problem of
stocky columns in lower storeys of a multi storeyed building.”
5) “Since column footing requires certain area beyond the column, difficulties are encountered
in providing footing for such columns. In such cases, the column may be shifted inside along a
cross wall to make room for accommodating the footing within the property line.”

2.5 POSITION OF BEAMS

1) “Beams should be placed under the walls or under a heavy concentrated load so that the load
should not act directly on the slabs. Since beams are placed under the slabs mainly to support
them, the maximum span length of slabs shall compute its spacing.”

2) “To carry a given load slab wants the maximum volume of concrete. Therefore, the thickness

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should be minimum in the slabs. The maximum practical thickness for residential/office/public
buildings is 200mm while the minimum is 100mm.”

3) “The maximum and minimum spans of slabs, which decide the spacing of beams, are
governed by loading and limiting thickness given above. However, in case of buildings, where
the live load is less than 5kN/m2, the maximum spacing corresponds to the value of maximum
span of slabs given in the table below”.

Table 3 : Span of slabs according to spacing provided

Support condition Cantilevers Simply supported Fixed/continuous
One-way Two-way One-way Two-way One-way Two-way One-way Two-way
Maximum 1.5m 2.0m 3.5m 4.5m 4.5m 6.0m
Recommended span
of slabs

4) “Avoid larger spacing in between beams to fulfill the deflection and cracking criteria. There
should be no larger span in the beams to control the deflection and cracking. That is why it is
well known that deflection varies directly with the cube of span and inversely with the cube of
depth i.e.,L3/D3. Consequently, increase in D is less than increase in span L that results in greater
deflectionfor larger span.”

5) “However, for large span, normally higher L/D ratio is taken to restrict the depth from
considerations of headroom, aesthetics and psychological effect. Therefore, in beams where it is
required span depth to be greater than one meter should not be used.”

2.6 SPANNING OF SLABS

“This is calculated by supporting arrangements. If the supports are on opposite edges or pointing
in the one direction, the slab behaves as a one way supported slab. If rectangular slab is
supported along its four edges, it behaves as a one way slab when Ly/Lx>2 and vice versa for
two way slab if Ly/Lx<2. However, this two-way slab not only depends on the Ly/Lx ratio but
also on the ratio of their reinforcement in the two directions. Therefore, it is the designer’s
decision whether he wants to design it as a two way or one-way slab.”

1) “A slab is said to be one-way slab if the ratio of Ly/Lx > 2 and in this case one-way action is
the main element. If there is one-way slab then the main steel will be provided in the direction of
the short span and the load is transferred in the two opposite supports. The steel, which is
provided along the longer span, is only a distribution steel and is not designed for transferring the
loads but is designed to resist temperature stresses, shrinkage, and somewhere to distribute the
load in the structure.”

2) “Whereas in case of two way slab the ratio of Ly/Lx<2 and is considered economical when
compared with the one way slab because the steel provided along the span behaves like main
steel and transfers the load to all the four supports. The two-way slab is very beneficial when
taken in consideration in case of two slab and for live load greater than 3KN/m2. If there are

22
short span and live loads, we need not to change the steel requirement for two-way slab as when
compared with the one-way slab.”
3) “Spanning of the slab also depends on the continuity of the slab.”

4) “Determine the type of the slab. When determining the choice of the slab used whether a
cantilever or simply supported or uniformly distributed loading it should be kept in mind that the
maximum banding moment in cantilever is (M = wL2/ 2) which is four times that of a simply
supported slab with its maximum bending moment of (M=wL2/8), while it is five to six times in
a continuous slab or a fixed slab with their bending moment to be (M=wL2/10 or wL2/12)
simultaneously for the same span length.”

5) “Similarly, when it comes to the case of deflection of the cantilever loaded by UDL is given
by:
δ = wL4/8EI = 48/5 *(5wL4 / 38EI)
Which is approximately ten times that of simply supported slab = (5wL4/ 384 EI).”

2.7 ACTION OF FORCES AND COMPUTION OF LOADS

2.7.1 BASIC STRUCTURAL ACTIONS
“There are different structural actions that an engineer should keep in mind and they are as
follows:-“
Axial force action:-
“It occurs when we take a case of 1-D members like columns, cables, arches and any member of
truss and is mainly caused by the tensile and compressive forces stresses only.”
Membrane action:-
“It occurs when we consider 2-D structures like shells and plates. It includes forces in the
longitudinal direction only.”
Bending action:-
“The forces, which are either parallel or traverse to the membrane axis and held in the plane of
bending includes tensile or compressive stresses. Mainly the bending should be about one or
both the axis and perpendicular to the member axis.”
Shear action:-
“In-plane parallel forces mainly including shear stresses cause this action.”
Twisting action:-
“The twisting action is caused by out plane parallel forces i.e. the forces that are not contained in
the in the plane of axis of the member but in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the member
producing torsional moment and hence inducing shear stresses in the member.”

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Combined action:-
“When one or more actions combine and act then it is known as combined action. The complex
stress condition is produced in the member.”

2.7.2 ANALYSIS OF A STRUCTURE

“The analysis of a structure can be done in different ways and they are-
1) Elastic analysis
2) Limit analysis
Elastic analysis is nothing but working stress method of design.”
“Limit analysis is further divided into ultimate load method of design and plastic theory applied
as steel structures, and is later modified as Limit State Method for reinforced concrete structures,
which contains designing for ultimate limit state at which the ultimate load theory implies and in
the service state elastic theory.”
“Member Design: - the member design consist of the designing of slab, beam, column, and
footing which we can do by limit state method”.

2.8 LOADS AND MATERIAL

“Properties of material and loads are the basic parameters that affect the design of a reinforced
concrete structure. The correct loading of a structure is a vital step and serviceable design of
structure.”
Types of loads
“There are many classifications of loads and are classified as horizontal loads, longitudinal loads
and vertical loads. The vertical load is further divided in dead load, live load, impact load. The
horizontal load is divided in wind load and earthquake loads and lastly the longitudinal load
consist of braking forces, which are considered in special case of design of bridges and design of
gantry girders etc.”
Dead load:-
“This load is permanent or stationary which the structure carries throughout their life span. Dead
load is mainly due to the self-weight of the structural members, weight of different materials,
permanent partition walls and fixed permanent equipment.”

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Live loads or Imposed loads:-
“Movable load or Live load are mainly without any acceleration or impact. Theyare mainly
assumed to be due to the intended use or occupancy of the building including weights of
furniture or movable partition etc.”
Impact loads:-
The vibrations, acceleration or impact mainly causes the impact loads. For example, a person
walking will only produce a live load but soldiers marching or frames supporting lifts and hoists
produce impact loads. Thus we can say that the impact load is equal to the imposed incremented
by some percentage that depends on the intensity of impact.
Wind load:-
The wind load is mainly the horizontal load that is caused by the movement of air relative to
the earth. The wind load is taken into consideration when the height of the building will
exceed the two times dimensions traverse to the exposed wind surface. If the building is
only having 2 to 3 storeys then the wind load is not critical because the moment of resistance
provided by the continuity of floor system to the column connection and the walls provided
between the column connection and the walls provided between the columns are sufficient
to take the effect of these forces.
Now the changes are been made in limit state method for the design load and is reduced to
1.2(DL+LL+WL) when the wind is taken in consideration and to a factor of 1.5(DL+LL) when
wind is not taken in consideration.
Earthquake load:-
These loads are horizontal loads, are caused due to earthquakes, and can be computed by the IS
1893. In massive reinforced concrete structures that are located in zone 2 and zone 3 which are
not, more than threestoreys high and importance factor should be less than one then the seismic
forces are not critical.

2.9 PROPERITIES OF CONCRETE

Compressive strength:-
Same as load the strength of the concrete is also a quantity, which changes considerably for the
same concrete mix. Therefore,compressive strength is a main factor in arriving at statistical
probabilistic principles.
Grade of concrete:-
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The Concrete is mainly known by its grade and which is classified as M15, M20, M25, M30 etc.
in which the M letter refers to the concrete mix and the number 15, 20, 25 defines that the
compressive strength of a 150mm size cube at a time lapse of 28 days which is expressed in
N/mm2. Therefore, the concrete is known by its compressive strength. We take M20 orM25 for a
reinforced concrete work but for extreme environment higher grade of concrete can be taken.
Characteristic strength:-
It is defined as that value of the strength below which not more than 5% of the test results
are suspected to fall,(i.e., there is 95% probability of achieving this value, or only 5%
probability of not achieving the same).

Characteristic strength of concrete in flexural member:-

It may be noted that the strength of concrete cube does not truly represent the strength of
concrete in flexural member because factors namely, the shape effect, the prism effect,
state of stress in a member and casting and curing conditions for concrete in the member.
Taking this into consideration the characteristic strength of concrete in a flexural member
is taken as 0.67times2.6 the strength of concrete cube.

Design strength (ƒd) and partial safety factor (f) for material strength:-

The strength to be taken for the purpose of design is known as design strength and is given
by

Design strength (ƒd) = characteristic strength (ƒck)

Partial safety factor(f)

The value of f depends upon the type of material and upon the type of limit state.
According to I.S. code,
f = 1.5 for concrete and f = 1.15 for steel.

Design strength of concrete in member = 0.67ƒck / 1.5 = 0.446 ƒck ≈ 0.45 ƒck

Tensile strength (ƒcr):-

The estimate of flexural tensile strength or the modulus of rupture or the cracking strength
of concrete from cube compressive strength is obtained from the relation:

ƒcr = 0.7√ ƒck N/mm2

We can obtain the tensile strength of the concrete in direct tension experimentally by the
split cylinder strength and it varies in the range of 1/8 to 1/12 of the 150mm cube

26
compressive strength.

Creep:-

It is defined as the plastic deformation under any sustained load.

The ultimate creep strain is calculated from the creep coefficient è given by:

è = creep strain / elastic strain = åcc/ åi

Creep strain åcc depends on the time of the sustained loading. According to the code, we
take the ultimate creep coefficient to be 1.6 at a time of 28 days of loading.

Shrinkage:-

The process of change in volume during the drying and hardening of concrete is termed as
shrinkage.

Shrinkage depends mainly on the time for which it is exposed .There is development of
cracks if the strain is prevented as it produces tensile stresses in the concrete. The
shrinkage is calculated by shrinkage strain, åcc = 0.0003 for design purposes.

Short-term modulus of elasticity (Ec)

The short-term modulus of elasticity is obtained by testing a 150mm concrete specimen at

a time lapse of 28 days under specified rate of loading because inelastic deformations
under this loading are practically zero.

According to the code,short-term modulus of elasticity of concrete is given by:

Ec = 5000 √ƒckN/mm2

Long-term modulus of elasticity (Ece):-

The creep and shrinkage mainly effect the long-term elasticity as it reduces it with time.
Therefore, the long-term modulus of elasticity of concrete takes into account the effect of creep
and shrinkage and is given by-
Ece = Ec / (1+ è)

Where,
Ece = long term modulus of elasticity
Ec = short term modulus of elasticity

27
 è = creep coefficient.

There should be reduction in Ece with time to increase the deflection and cracking with time.
That is why it plays a very important role in serviceability and in the calculation of deflection
and cracking.

It is said that in IS modular ratio is defined as Es/Ec

Where Es= modulus of elasticity of steel = 2 × 10 5 N/mm2.

Ec = 5000 √ƒck N/mm2.

Table 4 : Modular Ratio for different grades of concrete

Modular ratio for different grades of concrete

Grade of concrete modular ratio ‘m’

Short term long term

M20 8.9 13.3

M25 8.0 11.0

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CHAPTER 3: 2-D DESIGNING IN AUTO-CAD
3.1 Introduction
AutoCAD is mainly a computer aided drafting software which is used mainly by the drafters
engineers surveyors to create the design of buildings, bridges etc. it has many benefits like
shorter time span in preparation of drawings, reduces manpower, very much efficient in drafting
etc.
It has many advantages over manual methods as if it is faster as it take very less time. Repetition
of work is not there as one can start from where one had left, as it is stored in the computer
memory. The previous drawings can be combined to make the newer drawings. It increases the
accuracy of the work.

Once the drawing is drawn on a screen, it can be easily drawn on paper with a plotter and this
will result in neat, clean and accurate drawings with sharp and consistent lettering. It is very
economical and affordable to drafting design officers.

29
Table 5: Building specifications (acc. to NBC 2015)

3.2 Design Plans

Figure 1: Architectural Plan

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31
Figure 2: Front view

32
Figure 3: Isometric View

33
Figure 4 : Right side view

34
Figure 5: Beams & Columns layout plan

35
Figure 6: Electrical drawing

36
Figure 7: Water pipeline

37
CHAPTER 4: 3D MODELLING IN REVIT

4.1 Introduction

It is a modeling software used by the designers ,structural engineers, architects and

contractors. When we use revit it design a building and structure in 3D and gives explanation of
the model with 2D drafting elements. Revit is mainly a tool to plan and track various stages in
building construction till its demolition.
The revit work allows users to operate whole buildings or assemblies or individual 3D shapes.
An experience user can make any realistic and accurate design by the use of autodeskrevit. It
can create parametric models with its dimensions and properties.it can modify a given
component such as changing its height, width and number in case of an array.

4.2 Rendered models

Figure 8: Front view

38
39
Figure 9: Top view

Figure 10: Right side view

40
Figure 11: Dining room render

41
CHAPTER 5: DESIGN CALCULATIONS

5.1 Design of Rectangular Slab:

Design of a rectangular slab of size 13.8mX13.2m

superimposed load for the slab is 3KN/𝑚2
using M20 and Fe415

Solution: Design constant for:

𝑘𝑐 =0.284, 𝑗𝑢 =0.404 and 𝑟𝑐 =0.414
Length of panel (L)=13.8m
Width of panel (B)=13.2m

Along length 𝑙1 = L=13.8m and 𝑙2 = B=13.2m

Width of Column Strip=0.25B=0.25X13.2=3.3m
with upper limit of 0.25L=0.25X13.8=3.45m
Width of middle strip=13.8-6.9=6.9m

Along length 𝑙1 = L=13.2m and 𝑙2 B=13.8m

Width of Column Strip=0.25B=0.25X13.8=3.45m
with an upper limit of 0.25L=0.25X13.2=3.3m
width of middle strip=13.2-6.6=6.6m

We provided drops also the drops should be rectangular in plan having a length in each direction
not less than one third the panel length in that direction.
This is direction in length
along length L:-
Min length of drop=𝑙1 /3=13.2/3=4.4m
(however keep it equal to the total width of column strip 𝑙2 =6.6m)

Along with B:-

Min length of drop=𝑙1 /3=13.8/3=4.6m
(however keep it equal to the total width of column strip 𝑙2 =6.6m)

42
Let the column have a column load of side of square column one fifth of average span.
𝐿+𝐵 13.8+13.2
l= = = 13.5m
2 2

13.5
Hence D = =2.7m
2

Loading:-

The thickness of flat slab is generally controlled by consideration of

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
span of effected depth ratio: ≤2.6
𝑑

Assuming balanced section percentage reinforced for M20 concrete= 0.72% and modification
factor for mild steel = 1.6
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
= 26X1.6
𝑑
13.2
d=26𝑋1.6=0.317m

Assuming a nominal lover of 15mmand using 12mm diameter bars total thickness
=317+15+12+6
=350mm

The thickness of drops is normally 25% more than thickness of slab

We assumed thickness of 400mm for the calculation of dead load .

400𝑋1𝑋25000
Weight of Slab /𝑚3 = = 10000N= 10KN/𝑚3
100

Superimposed load = 3kN/m^2

Snow load:
S=µ𝑆0
β=300
15≤β≤30

β−15 30−15
µ2 =0.8+0.4 = 0.8+0.4 = 1.2
15 15

S=µ𝑆0
=1

43
Ground snow load 𝑝𝑔 = 20𝑝𝑠𝑓

1 psf= 0.96kPa= 0.96kN/𝑚2

Total W=13.96 kN/𝑚2

Moment along shorter span:

For the shorter span length 𝑙1 = L=13.2m and 𝑙2 B=13.8m

the column head is circular of Diameter 2.7m
2 𝜋
Size of equivalent square support =√ 4 2.72 = 2.39m

𝐿𝑛𝑙 = 𝑙1 -2.39 = 10.8m

𝑤𝑙 = total design load on 𝑙2 X𝐿𝑛𝑙

= (13.8X 13.2) 13960
= 2082542.88 N

𝑤𝑙+𝐿𝑛𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙 = = 2814.011 kN.m
8

Moment along Longer span:

For the longer span length 𝑙1 = B =13.8m and 𝑙2 = L=13.2m

The column head is circular of diameter 2.7m.

2 𝜋
Size of equivalent square support =√ 2.72 = 2.39 m.
4

𝐿𝑛𝐵 = 𝑙2 - 2.39 =11.4 /m.

𝑤𝐵 = total design load on 𝑙2 X𝐿𝑛𝑙

= (13.2X 11.4) 13960
= 2104543.52 N

𝑤𝐵 +𝐿𝑛𝐵
𝑀𝑜𝐵 = = 2998.752 kN.m
8

44
Thickness of Slab and Drop

Width of column strip on longer span L= 6.6m

𝑀 680746.68
𝑑 = √𝑅 2𝐿 = √0.914𝑋6600 =335mm
.𝑏 𝑐

Provide total thickness = 400 mm we will provide 12 mm diameter bars and nominal cover of 20
mm.
Available d= 400-12-20 =378 mm
for Shorter Span = 368mm

5.2 Design of Isolated Rectangular Footing of Uniform Thickness

For R.C. Column

Base size = 300mm X 500mm

Load = 650kN
Assuming q0 = 120kN/𝑚2
Design Contrast M20 Fe415

𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
= .479
𝑑

𝑅𝑢 = 2.761

Size of the Footing

w=650kN
W= 1.1w = 715kN

A= 715/120 = 5.95 𝑚2
𝐵
=2:3
𝐿

So, B= 1.93m and L= 2.9m

Footing size we take will 3m X 2m

45
5.3 Design of Section:

Based on Bending Moment:

About section X-X

𝑃0𝐵
M= (𝐿 − 𝑎)2 = 144X106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
8

𝑀1𝑢 = 216𝑋106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

About Section Y-Y

𝑃0𝐿
M= (𝐵 − 𝑏)2 = 96X106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
8

𝑀2𝑢 = 144𝑋106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

𝑀1𝑢
𝑑=√ = 198𝑚𝑚 = 200𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑢 𝐵

D=260mm

Based on one way shear

𝐿 𝑎
𝑉 = 𝑃0 𝐵 − − 𝑑
2 2

=2X105 (1.2 − 0.001𝑑)

𝑉𝑢 = 1.5𝑉 =3X105 (1.2 − 0.001𝑑)

𝑉𝑢 150
𝜏𝑣 = = (1.2 − 0.001𝑑)
𝐵𝑑 𝑑

P= 0.3%
𝜏𝑣 = 0.384 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
D ≥ 300mm

Permissible Shear Stress= 1X0.384 =0.38

46
Equating it with 𝑉𝑢
d= 337mm = 340mm

5.4 Reinforcement Design:

0.5 𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀1𝑢

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = [1 − √1 − 𝑓 2 ] B𝑑1
𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑘 𝐵𝑑1

=1752m𝑚2

No. Of Bars having 12 mm diameter= 1752/113= 16

Effective depth 𝑑2 = 348mm

𝐴𝑠𝑡 of short bars

𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = 1175𝑚𝑚2
117.5
No of 12mm Diameter = 113 = 1.04

(𝐿−𝐵)
Min 3 bars in each end band width = =0.5m
2

5.5 Design for Column:

Unsupported length = 3m (restrained from one side, unrestrained from other)

Axial Load = 600 kN
Using M20 and Fe415

Effective Length = .65X 3000 = 1950mm

𝐷
Assuming 1% steel b=
2

𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤0.5D
𝑃𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐
1.5X600X10^3= 0.4X 20(𝐴𝑔 − 0.01𝐴𝑔 ) + 0.67 X 415 X 0.01𝐴𝑔
𝐴𝑔 = 112144.2
𝐷2
bd = 2

47
d = 473.59mm
D = 500mm
b = 250mm

𝐴𝑔 = 250 𝑋 473.59 = 1121.44 𝑚𝑚2

Area of each bar =1121.44/8 =140.18 𝑚𝑚2

Bar Diameter = 13.35mm

So 6 Bars of 12 mm diameter
Aø= 173.04 𝑚𝑚2

6 𝑋113.04 𝑋 100
Percentage Steel = = 0.98% > 0.8%
250 𝑋275
𝐿𝑒 1950
= = 7.8
𝑏 250

𝐿𝑒
= 7.8
𝑏
𝐿𝑒
= 9.4
𝑏

Hence Column is short in both direction

In one direction
𝐿 𝐷
emin = + 30 = 26mm
500

e =.06D = 30mm >emin

So column is preferable to be rectangular with a = 300 mm and b= 500mm in the presence of 6

number of bars of diameter 12 mm.

48
CHAPTER 6: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ON SAP 2000

6.1 Introduction

In designing of the bridges, residential buildings SAP2000 can do the moving load analysis that
none of the other software can do. This program can do torque and other reaction even in case of
curved and inclined system. SAP2000 is very simple as it can easily apply loads and assign
supports and restraints in the skewed direction. It is very efficient in case of braced or sloped
beams.
SAP2000 analysis makes it easy to interpret the direction or forces without much time
consuming. The user to define the selected list of sections can compute steel member sizes. It
minimizes the error as analyze one section at a time. The forces and moments can be summed
using SAP2000’s force sum option in order to obtain useful results of shear force and bending
moment.

6.2 Structural analysis on SAP 2000

Figure 12: (a): Deformed shape

49
Figure 12 b: Deformed shape (Contours)

50
Figure 12 c: Deformed shape of Front Beams

Figure 12 d : Deformed shape of Column at Front Kitchen

51
Figure 12 e: Deformed shape of Column and beam at Dining Room

Figure 12 f: Deformed shape of Column and Beam

52
Figure 12 g: Deformed shape of Beam and Column

Figure 12 h: Deformed shape of Beam and Column

53
Figure 13 a: Stress Diagram

Figure 13 b: Stress Diagram

54
Figure 13 c: Stress Diagram

Figure 13 d: Stress Diagram

55
Figure 13 e: Stress Diagram

56
Figure 13 f: Stress Diagram

Figure 13 g: Stress Diagram

57
Figure 14: Relatibe Virtual Work done by Loads

58
CHAPTER 7: COST ESTIMATION USING MS-EXCEL

7.1 Introduction

It is a software designed for contractors to estimate construction cost for a particular project. An
estimator will do cost estimation to bid on the project which is a main part of getting a tender and
will result in getting the contract for that particular construction. Some architects, engineers and
construction managers also do the cost estimation to calculate the profit or losses for the project.
There are many other benefits also which includes speed, accuracy, going through the reports
and overall process standardization. This estimation programs are becoming more and more
popular in these coming years because of its advanced features and trade specific calculations.
Figure 15 (a-f): Cost Estimation in Excel

59
60
61
62
 Conclusion
In the plot area of 222 sq. m. we constructed 1 BHK building having plot area of 119sq.m.
Building planning is done in Autocad, 3D design is created in Revit. The calculation is done
manually which is analyzed in Sap 2000. All the results are satisfactory. The total cost of
construction is estimated to be Rs.1712693.

63
 REFRENCES
Divyakmath, K.Vandana Reddy, Analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures-A G+4
building model, miniproject report, GokarajRangarajuInstitue of Engineering and Technology,
Hyderbad, India, 2012

Soil and Foundation hand book, State Materials Office Gainesville, Florida, 2004

IS 875 (Part 1), Part 1: Dead Loads--Unit Weights of Building Materials (Second revision), Code
of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2000

IS: 875 (Part 2), Part 2: imposed loads (Second revision), Code of Practice for Design Loads
(Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings andStructures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi,
1987.

IS 13920, Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces, Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1987.

IS: 456 (FourthRevision ), Plain And Reinforced Concrete - Indian Standard code of practice,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2000.

IS800-1984, Code of practice for general construction in steel.

“Reinforced concrete design” by unnikrishnapillai&menon.

“R.C.C.Design” by B C Punmia, A K jain,& A K Jain.

“Strength of materials& Theory of structures” by B C Punmia.

“Theory of structure” by S Ramamutham.

“sp- 16” Design aids for reinforced concrete.

Project Report on a design of residential building by masa, GRIT

cpwd.gov.in/Publication/DSR14.pdf

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