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CEng 141 - LECTURE (Part 4)

The document describes the force method for analyzing statically indeterminate structures. It discusses three key requirements - equilibrium, compatibility, and force-displacement - that must be satisfied. It then describes two methods for analyzing indeterminate structures: the force/flexibility method and the displacement/stiffness method. The force method is further explained, including how to choose a redundant reaction and use superposition and compatibility equations to solve problems involving beams, frames, trusses, and composite structures. Several example problems are then provided to demonstrate applying the force method.

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86 views

CEng 141 - LECTURE (Part 4)

The document describes the force method for analyzing statically indeterminate structures. It discusses three key requirements - equilibrium, compatibility, and force-displacement - that must be satisfied. It then describes two methods for analyzing indeterminate structures: the force/flexibility method and the displacement/stiffness method. The force method is further explained, including how to choose a redundant reaction and use superposition and compatibility equations to solve problems involving beams, frames, trusses, and composite structures. Several example problems are then provided to demonstrate applying the force method.

Uploaded by

Cotangent TwoPi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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METHOD OF ANALYSIS

When analyzing any indeterminate structures, it is necessary


to satisfy EQUILIBRIUM, COMPATIBILITY, and FORCE-
DISPLACEMENT requirements for the structure.

EQUILIBRIUM is satisfied when the reactive


forces hold the structure at rest.

COMPATIBILITY is satisfied when the various


segments of the structure fit together without
intentional breaks or overlaps.

FORCE-DISPLACEMENT requirements depend


upon the way the material responds (e.g. linear
elastic response)
2 different ways to satisfy these requirements when
analyzing statically indeterminate structures

FORCE or FLEXIBILITY Method


-developed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864 and later
refined by Otto Mohr and Heinrich Muller-Breslau
-also called COMPATIBILITY METHOD (since
compatibility forms the basis for this method)
-also called METHOD OF CONSISTENT
DEFORMATION

DISPLACEMENT or STIFFNESS Method


FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS
beam is indeterminate to the 1st
degree, so 1 additional equation is
necessary to solve the reactions

choose one of the support reactions


as “redundant” and temporarily
removing its effect on the beam so
that the beam then becomes
statically determinate and stable.

The beam is referred “primary


structure”.

By superposition, the unknown


reaction at B, 𝐵𝑦 , causes the beam at
B to be displaced ∆′𝐵𝐵 upward

∆′𝐵𝐵 - deflection at B due to unknown


reaction at B
𝒇𝑩𝑩 - linear flexibility coefficient
- displacement at B caused by a unit load at B, acting in the
direction of 𝐵𝑦
“the choice of the redundant is arbitrary”

𝑀𝐴 may be chosen as redundant

𝜶𝑨𝑨 - angular flexibility coefficient

Compatibility Equation
beam is indeterminate to the 2nd
degree, so 2 additional equations
are necessary to solve the problem
Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal
Displacements
“The displacement of a point B on a structure due to a
unit load acting at point A is equal to the displacement
of point A when the unit load is acting at point B, that is

𝒇𝑨𝑩 = 𝒇𝑩𝑨
A beam shown in the figure has constant EI.
Determine the reactions at fixed support A and
roller B using force method.

Answer
back

𝑩𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵

𝑨𝒚 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵

𝑴𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

Next
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam shown in the figure. The support B settles
1.5 in. Take 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒔𝒊, 𝑰 = 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝒊𝒏𝟒.

Answer
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam shown in the figure. EI is constant.
Neglect the effects of axial load.

Answer
back

Next
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS:
FRAMES

The FORCE METHOD is very useful for solving


problems involving statically indeterminate
frames that have a single story and unusual
geometry, such as gabled frames

Problems involving multistory frames, or those


with higher degree of indeterminacy, are best
solved using the slope-deflection, moment
distribution, or the stiffness method.
The frame, or bent, shown in the photo is used to
support the bridge deck. Assuming EI is constant,
determine the support reactions.

Answer
back

𝑨𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑩𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝑩𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵

Next
Determine the moment at the fixed support A for
the frame shown in the figure. EI is constant.
Support B is a roller.

Answer
back

𝑴𝑨 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟓𝟕 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕

Next
Determine the reactions at the supports. EI is
constant. Choose 𝑪𝒚 as the redundant reaction.

Answer
back

④ 𝐀 𝐲 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬 (𝐮𝐩𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝)
𝑩𝒚 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 (𝒖𝒑𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅)
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬 (𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝)
𝑫𝒚 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟕𝟏 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬 (𝐮𝐩𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝)

Next
Determine the force in member AC of the
truss shown in the figure. AE is the same
for all the members.

Answer
back

𝑭𝑨𝑪 = 𝟑𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟕 𝒍𝒃 (𝑻)


Determine the force in each member of the
truss shown in the figure if the turnbuckle
on member AC is used to shorten the
member by 0.5 in. Each bar has a cross-
sectional area of 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝟐 , and 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒊.

Answer
back

𝑭𝑨𝑪 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 (𝑻)


𝑭𝑩𝑫 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 (𝑻)
𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟗 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 (𝑪)
𝑭𝑪𝑫 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟗 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 (𝑪)
𝑭𝑨𝑫 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 (𝑪)
𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 (𝑪)
Determine the force in each member of the
truss shown in the figure. Assume the
members are pin-connected at their ends. AE
is constant. Choose AD as the redundant
force member.

Answer
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES are composed of
some members subjected only to axial force,
while other members are subjected to bending.

If the structure is statically indeterminate, the


force method can conveniently be used for its
analysis.
The simply supported queen-post trussed beam shown in the
photo is to be designed to support a uniform load of 2kN/m.
The dimensions of the structure are shown in the figure.
Determine the force developed in member CE. Neglect the
thickness of the beam and assume the truss members are pin-
connected to the beam. Also, neglect the effect of axial
compression and shear in the beam. The cross-sectional area of
each strut is 400 𝒎𝒎𝟐 , and for the beam 𝑰 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒 . Take
𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑮𝑷𝒂.

Answer
The simply supported queen-post
trussed beam shown in the photo
is to be designed to support a
uniform load of 2kN/m. The
dimensions of the structure are
shown in the figure. Determine
the force developed in member
CE. Neglect the thickness of the
beam and assume the truss
members are pin-connected to
the beam. Also, neglect the effect
of axial compression and shear in
the beam. The cross-sectional
area of each strut is 400 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ,
and for the beam 𝑰 =
𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒 . Take 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑮𝑷𝒂.

Answer
PROBLEM 1.
The trussed beam supports the uniform distributed loading. If
all the truss members have a cross-sectional are of 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒊𝒏𝟐 ,
determine the force in member BC. Neglect both the depth
and axial compression in the beam. Take 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟗, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒔𝒊 for all
members. Also, for the beam, 𝑰𝑨𝑫 = 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝒊𝒏𝟒 . Assume A is a pin
and D is a rocker.

Answer
PROBLEM 2.
The structural assembly supports the loading shown. Draw the
moment diagrams for each of the beams. Take 𝑰 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒 for the beams and 𝑨 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 for the tie rod.
All members are made of steel for which 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑮𝑷𝒂.

Answer

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