Multimodal Text
Multimodal Text
Multimodal literacy
Many texts are multimodal, where meaning is communicated through combinations of two or more
modes. Modes include written language, spoken language, and patterns of meaning that are visual,
audio, gestural, tactile and spatial.
Multimodal texts
Multimodal texts include picture books, text books, graphic novels, comics, and posters, where meaning
is conveyed to the reader through varying combinations of visual (still image) written language, and
spatial modes.
Digital multimodal texts, such as film, animation, slide shows, e-posters, digital stories, and web pages,
convey meaning through combinations of written and spoken language, visual (still and moving image),
audio, gestural and spatial modes.
Live multimodal texts, for example, dance, performance, and oral storytelling, convey meaning through
combinations of modes such as gestural, spatial, spoken language, and audio.
Each mode uses unique semiotic resources to create meaning (Kress, 2010). In a visual text, for
example, representation of people, objects, and places can be conveyed using choices of visual semiotic
resources such as line, shape, size, line and symbols, while written language would convey this meaning
through sentences using noun groups and adjectives (Callow, 2013) which are written or typed on paper
or a screen. (For further information, see Anstey and Bull, 2009; Callow, 2013; Cloonan, 2011, Kalantzis,
Cope, Chan, and Dalley-Trim, 2016.)
Most of the texts that we use are multimodal, including picture books, text books, graphic novels, films, e-
posters, web pages, and oral storytelling as they require different modes to be used to make meaning.
Each individual mode uses unique semiotic resources to create meaning (Kress, 2010) and teaching of
these needs to be explicit.
Back to top
Last Update: 29 August 2018