AW DIT Gillesania formulas and principles Rant problems > supplementary problems. * multiple-choice problems * concrete terminology cSimplified Reinforced Concrete Design DIEGO INOCENCIO T. GILLESANIA Civil Engineer BSCE, EVSU (LIT) - Magna Cum Laude 4 Sth Place, PICE National Students’ Quiz, 1989 Awardee, Most Outstanding Student, 1989 8rd Place, CE Board November 1989 Review Director & Reviewer (all Subjects) Gillesania Engineering Review Center Author of Various Engineering Books‘Table of Contents I Chapter 01 - Introduction ed Details of Reinforcemen' Simplified Standard Hooks. Reinforced Concrete Design Bend Bie en Placing of Reinforcement. Spacing Limits of Reinforcemen' Bundled Bars Copyright © 2013 Concrete Protection of Reinforcement by Diego Inocencio Tapang Gillesania ; ae and Temperature Reinforcement : .oads, Dead Load.. i Live Load All rights reserved. No part of this book may be i Arrangement of Live Loa reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or 4 Required Strength (load factors. transferred, in any form or by any means, Strength Reduction Factors. without the prior permission of the author. a Strength and Serviceability Requirements Required Strengt! Design Strength... ISB et -48- Ni Shoes tere 1 Chapter 02 - Analysis and Design of Beams 715-103 Notations and Symbols. Assumptions in Strength Design in Flexur Rectangular Beam Reinforced for Tension Only. Published by: q Nominal Moment Capacit Diego Inocencio Tapang Gillesania Ultimate Moment Capacity (Design Strength) .. Coefficient of Resistanc: Balanced Design... : Underreinforced Design Printed by: Overreinforced Desig: Cebu DGPrint, Inc. Balanced c and Balanced Steel Ratio Maximum Steel Reinforcement Steps in the Design of Singly Reinforced 4 Rectangular Beam for Flexure.... Cover design by the author, Steps in Finding the Required Tension Steel Area A, of aBeam i with known Moment M, and other Beam Properties... . Steps in Finding $M, of a Beam with Known Tension Steel Area As and other Beam Properties... Minimum Thickness of Flexural Reinforcemenul Table of Contents Table of Contents Il Beam Deflection.. NSCP Coefficients for Continuous Beams and Slabs 2010 NSCP... Design Assumptions.. General Principles and Requirements Distance between Lateral Supports of Flexural Members Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Member: Steps in the Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam for Flexure.. Steps in Finding the Required Tension Steel Area A, ofa Beam with known Moment M, and other Beam Properties... Steps in Finding Mira Beam with own’ Tension Steel Area A. and other Beam Properties. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS... Design Problems Analysis of Rectangular Beams where Steel Yields (f, Analysis of Rectangular Beams. where Steel does not Yield (f, < fy)... Analysis and Design of Singly Reinforced Non-Rectangular Beams... Beam Deflection Problem: One Way Slab... Maximum Spacing of Reinforcement Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement Steps in the Design of One-Way Slabs (Flexure ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS Solved Problems Using 2010 NSC) SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS.. Chapter 03 - Analysis and Design of T-Beams and Doubly Reinforced Beams... +». 104 - 189 Analysis and Design of T-Beams with Flange in ae Balanced and Maximum Steel Area and Moment Design of T-Beams with Negative Moments... Minimum Steel Ratio... Code Requirements on T-Beam Flange: Steps in Finding the Tension Steel Area A, of Singly Reinforced T-Beams with given My and other Beam Properties... Steps in Finding $M, of Singly Reinforced T-Beams with Given A; and other Beam Properties. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM: Solved Using 2001 NSCP Solved Using 2010 NSCP Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beams Steps to Determine A; and A’ of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam, given M, and other Beam Properties. Steps in Finding Mn of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam with Given A., A’s,and other Beam Propertie: Deep Beams... ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS .. Design Problems. Investigation (analysis) Problems Solved Problems using 2010 NSCP. SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS... Chapter,04 - Shear and Torsion «......-:ss:reesseseneseee 190 - 267 ‘Types of Shear Failure... Basic Code Requirements Lightweight Concrete and Modification Factor A... Shear Strength Provided by Concrete, Ve for Nonprestressing Members... Simplified Calculation Detailed Calculation ‘Types of Shear Reinforcement Shear Strength Provided by Reinforcement Design Yield Strength of Stirrups....IV Table of Contents Table of Contents Vv Spacing Limits of Shear Reinforcement Minimum Shear Reinforcement... Critical Section for Beam Shea Steps in Vertical Stirrup Desig ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM: DESIGN FOR TORSION. Threshold Torsion. Calculation of Factored Torsional Moment Torsional Moment from Slabs. Critical Section for Torsion... Torisional Moment Strength Design for Torsion Additional Longitudinal Reinforcement Details of Torsional Reinforcement Minimum Torsion Reinforcemen Spacing of Torsion Reinforcement.. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS BRACKETS AND CORBEL: Shear Design of Corbel Shear-Friction Design Metho Nominal Shear Strength of Shear-Friction Reinforcement... Flexure Design of Corbel. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS Chapter 04 - Columns . Classification of Columns. P-delta Momen Type of Columns, Axial Load Capacity of Columns Tied Column Limits of Reinforcement.. Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars Spiral Column... Limits of Reinforcement.. Sizes and Spacing of Spirals Economical Column Design..... Composite Columns Structural Steel Encased Concrete Cort Spiral Reinforcement Around Structural Steel/Core. Tied Reinforcement Around Steel Core... Special Moment Frame Members Subjected to Bending.and Axial Load. Minimum Flexural Strength of Columns Longitudinal Reinforcement Transverse Reinforcement Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement Area of Transverse Reinforcemen Axial Load and Bending... Plastic Centroid.... Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded Columns. Eccentrically Loaded Column with Two Rows of Reinforcement. Balanced Loading Condition Column Interaction Diagrams ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS... SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS, Chapter 05 - Footings. ‘Types of Footings... Permissible Soil Pressures... Minimum Requirements for Foundation.. Loads and Reactions in Footing... Critical Sections in Footings Critical Sections For Moment Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement Shear in Footing: Shear in Footings on Pile .. Minimum Depth of Footin; Critical Sections for Development o! Reinforcement in Footings... Load Transfer from Columns to Footings DowelsVi Table of Contents. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS Design of Square Footing. Design of Rectangular Footin, SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS .. Multiple Choice Questions. Concrete Terminology ssrceesrsacsesens srseratareprnranenes D1 - T86 gates (sand, gravel, crushed rock) are held together in a ste of cement and water. concrete may be fine aggregates (usually sand) and coarse ravel or crushed stone). Fine aggregates are those that pass bout 6mm in size). Materials retained are coarse aggregates. imum sizes of coarse aggregate are specified in Section 403.4 of lows: 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, 1/3 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts. These limitations may the judgment of the Engineer, workability and methods of 3.5, water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from. foils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or other substances us to concrete or reinforcement. Mixing water for prestressed. (ote oF for concrete that will contain aluminum embedments, including that of ae water contributed in the form of free moisture on aggregates, shallconcrete proportions shall be based on concrete mixes using water source and (6) mortar test cubes made with non-potable mixing day and 28-day strengths equal to at least 90 percent specimens made with potable water, * : did yend in welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) for stirrups and ties MODULUS OF ELASTICITY A b than 4d) for deformed wire larger than D6 and 2db for all other wires. Unlike steel and other materials, concrete has no definite modulus ¢ with Inside diameter of less than 8db shall not he less than 4d from nearest concrete and strengths. i According to NSCP (Section 408.6), modulus of elasticity E. for for ; Aable 1. 1 - Minimum Diameters of Bend We between 1500 and 2500 kg/m3 may be taken as " BarSize Minin Diameter 6d» 8ds Eg.1-1 Ec=wel$ 0.043 Jf", (in MPa) where fis the 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa, on concrete in kg/m3. For normal weight concrete, Ec soited before concrete is placed, and shall be secured against in tolerances permitted. cified by the Engineer, reinforcement prestressing tendons, and. shall be placed within the following tolerances : DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT STANDARD HOOKS Standard hooks refers to one of the following: depth d, and minimum concrete cover a flexural members walls ion members shall be as follows: Tolerance on minimum 1, 180-degree bend plus 4d, extension but not less than 60 Tolerance on d bar, concrete cover 2, 90-degree hend plus 12d, extension at free end of kan, Ua omm 3. For stirrups and tie hooks: } 12mm “12mm a) 16 mm diameter bar and smaller, 90-degree bend pl free end of bar, or ance for the clear distance to formed soffits shall be minus 6 mm b) 20 and 25 mm diameter bar, 90-degree bend, De te ; for cover shall not exceed minus 1/3 the minimum concrete cover end of bar, or ane 1 ne design drawings or specifications. )) 25 mm diameter bar and smaller, 135-degree ben ° for longitudinal location of bends and ends of reinforcement shall he + free end of bar. ae im except at discontinuous ends of members where tolerance shall be +12SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT : According to Section 407.7, the minimum clear spacing between parallel layer shall be dy but not less than 25 mm. Where parallel reinforceme: two or more layers, bars in the upper layers should be placed directly reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear longitudinal bars shall be not less than 1.5d nor 40 mm. In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, pri reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than three times th thickness, nor 450 mm. uehee BUNDLED BARS Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as to four in any one bundle. Bundled bars shall be enclosed withi bars larger than 32 mm shall not be bundled in beams, The indiy bundle terminated within the span of flexural members should termi points with at least 40dp stagger. Since spacing limitations and minimu cover of most members are based on a single bar diameter dp, bundl treated as a single bar of a diameter derived from the equivalent total : ; co 8 & & Figure 1.1 Bundled-bar arrangement Manufactured Under Plant Conditions). The following minimum. rovided for reinforcement: | to earth or weather : do @ 3-25mm _ Equivalent diameter, D #(a5)2x3= £2 D=43.3mm dy but not less than 15 & need not exceed 40ta 3 Lye Ties, stirrups, spirals jnkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with either ! Osha Shells, folded plate members : ; ‘Wl the following: 20 mm bar and larger 16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 4) Where shrinkage and temperature movements are significantly restrained, the: rements of 408.3.4 and 409.33 shall be considered. Prestressed Concrete The following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for nonprestressed reinforcement, ducts and end fittings. ) Deformed reinforcement conforming to 403.63 used for shrinkage and tem erature reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with the nd temperature reinforcement shall provide at least the following ent area to gross concrete area, but not less than 0.0014: Concrete castagainst and permanently exposed to earth | eas 0.0020 Concrete exposed to earth or weather: Wall panels, slabs, joists Other members (©) | Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact w/ groan l : "Slabs wh forcement with yield stress exceeding 420 MPa Slabs, walls, joist ‘ ; 0.0018 x 415 / fy Beams, columns: Primaty reinforcement 0.0018 Ties, stirrups, spirals Shells, folded plate members; 16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller Other Reinforcement Bundled Bars wut and most critical task of an engineer is the determination of the For bundled bars, the minimum concrete cover shall be equal te pplied to a structure during its life, and the worst possible diameter of the bundle, but need not be greater than 50 mm, exce| i loads that might occur simultaneously. Loads on a structure against and permanently exposed to earth, the minimum cover shall m. loads or live loads, SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT (2010 NS¢ i . ee ee , * ‘constant magnitude that remain in one position. This consists of the structure and other permanent attachments to the frame. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is required at right a reinforcement to minimize cracking and to tie the structure together acting as assumed in the design. The provisions of this sectic structural slabs only; they are not intended for soil-supported slab: hat may change in magnitude and position. Live loads that move Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses norm: re called moving loads, Other live loads are those caused by reinforcement shall be provided in structural slabs where the fl extends in one direction only.ARRANGEMENT OF LIVE LOAD Live loads may be applied only to the floor or roof under considerat ends of columns built integrally with the structure may be conside permitted by the code to assume the following arrangement of i (a) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live loa spans, and : spans, REQUIRED STRENGTH (FACTORED LOAD), U Required strength U to resist dead load (D) and live load (1.) shall Eq. 1-2 U=14D+1.7L Ifresistance to structural effects ofa specified wind load W are ine following combination of D, L, and W shall be investigated to det required strength U: Eq.1-3 the more severe condition, and Eq. 1-4 U=0.9D+1.3W butfor any combination of D, L, and W, required strength U shall n +2, If resistance to specified earthquake loads or forces E are ink following combinations of D, L and E shall be investigated to required strength U: Eq. 1-5 U=11D+13L +116 U=14D+1.7L+1.7H educes the effect of H, 0.9D shall be substituted for 1.4D and be used to determine the greatest required strength U. for any id H, required strength U shall not be less than . oadings due to weight and pressure of fluids with well defined lable maximum heights F is included in design, such loading shall iting concrete or temperature change may be significant in design, shall be at least equal to U=1.75(1.4D + 1.4T + 1.7L) @ or temperature change shall be based on a realistic fects occurring in service.STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS, } (PHI) : The design strength provided by a concrete member, its connei members, and its cross sections, in term of flexure, axial load, she: be taken as the nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduc! the following values: ; 2 of concrete section, mm2, Fora hollow section, A, is the area of the a ‘only and.does not include the area of the void(s) (b) Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure... ee ‘ea of shear reinforcement spacing s, mm? : iiameter of circular section, mm is, or related internal moments and forces. ‘om extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension Flexure without axial load., (c) Axial compression and axial compression with flexure: (1) Spiral reinforcement (2) Tie reinforcement & other reinforced members ld strength fy of transyerse reinforcement, MPa due to-weight and pressures of fluids with well-defined densities and maximum heights, or related internal rhoments and forces Post-tensioned anchorage zones... i as : Rness‘or height of member, mm eight and pressure of soil, water in soil, or other materials, or Shear and torsion Bearing on concrete 163) nent at section, N-mm axial force normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vu ye taken as positive for compression and negative for tension, N lated internal moments and forces ct of temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, -compensating concrete .r strength, N rr strength provided by shear reinforcement, N ir force at section, N related internal moments and forceson H, loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil, : or 0 erials, shall be set equal to zero in Eq. (9-6) and (9-7) if the 9.1 — General : 5 ction due to H counteracts that due to W or E. Where lateral 9.1.1 Structures and structural members shall be aeaeee V 4 ear provides resistance to structural actions from other forces, it strengths at all sections at least equal to the required streng he F i included in H but shall be included in the design resistance. factored loads and forces in such combinations as are stipulated ; i ig concrete, or temperature change shall be based on a realistic saa fects occurring in service. load factor combinations from this chapter in conjunction with | is ina flood zone, or is subjected to forces from atmospheric ice factors of Appendix C shall not be permitted. eae A loads and the appropriate load combinations of SEI/ASCE 7 t | 912, Required strength) jij, i : joned anchorage zone design, a load factor of 1.2 shall be 9.2.1 Required strength U shall be at least equal to the effects \ dcorthe \um prestressing steel jacking force. Eq, (0-1) through (9-7). The effect of one or more loads not a i fe ‘ shall be investigated. sngth provided by a member, its connections to other members, terms of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion, shall be taken. th calculated in accordance with requirements and assumptions 93.4,and 9.3.5. U=14(D+F) U=12(D+F +7) +1.6(L +H) + 0.5(L, or R) © U=1.2D + 1.6(Lror R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) U=1.2D +1.6W+ 1.0L +0.5(L:or R) U=12D + L0B+1.0L U=09D + L6W+1.6H 2 ie =09D+10E+16H ession-controlled sections, as defined in 1! ts with Spiral reinforcement conforming to 10.9.3 » 0.70 except as follows: oo ich the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal 21 the limits for compression-controlled and tension-controlled (a) The load factor on the live load L in Eq. (9-3) to (9-5) shall b i , be reduced to 0.5 except for garages, areas occupied a: : assembly, and.all areas where Lis greater than 4.8 N/m?. (b) Where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality be permitted to use 1.3W in place of 1.6W in Eq. (9-4) and (9-6). (c) Where £, the load effects of earthquake, is based on servi forces, 1,4 shall be used in place of 1.0E in Eq, (9-5) and (= 0,70 + 0.2(e- 0=0.70 + 0.2; ~ SYMBOLS USED alent stress block, mm reinforcement per unitheight in one side face, mm?/m ‘ession face of member, mm ‘extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, mm Compression | controlled Transition, Eclimit .( ene es rom extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression Ec uimit = fy / 200,000 ‘ P ‘ a Figure 1.2 Strength reduction factor (E = 200, 200,000 MPa sive stress of concrete, MPa in reinforcement at service loads, MPa Alternatively, when Appendix B is used, for members in which fy d MPa, with symmetric reinforcement, and with (d - d’ }/h not less th permitted to be increased linearly to 0.90 as Pn decreases from 0.10) other reinforced members, @ shall be permitted to be increased ling decreases from 0.10 f< A, or @P:, whichever is smaller, to zero. 9.3.2.3 — Shear and torsion. 9.3.2.4 — Bearing on concrete (except for post-tensioned anch« and strut-and-tie models) ee] below yield point = f,/Bs volat yield point = ne