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STATISTIC

1) Using the formula for estimating a proportion: n = (Z-score)2 * p(1-p) / margin of error2 Where: Z-score for 90% confidence is 1.645 p is estimated at 0.5 (since we don't know the actual proportion) Margin of error is 3% = 0.03 Plugging into the formula: n = (1.645)2 * 0.5(1-0.5) / (0.03)2 = 1083 2) Using the same formula: Z-score for 95% confidence is 1.96 p is estimated at 0.5 Margin of error is 0

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796 views

STATISTIC

1) Using the formula for estimating a proportion: n = (Z-score)2 * p(1-p) / margin of error2 Where: Z-score for 90% confidence is 1.645 p is estimated at 0.5 (since we don't know the actual proportion) Margin of error is 3% = 0.03 Plugging into the formula: n = (1.645)2 * 0.5(1-0.5) / (0.03)2 = 1083 2) Using the same formula: Z-score for 95% confidence is 1.96 p is estimated at 0.5 Margin of error is 0

Uploaded by

Xivaughn Sebastian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Determine if the source would be a primary or a secondary source.

1. Government Records - PRIMARY


2. Dictionary - SECONDARY
3. Artifact - PRIMARY
4. A TV show explaining what happened in the Philippines - SECONDARY
5. Autobiography about Rodrigo Duterte - PRIMARY
6. Enrile Diary describing what he thought about the World War II. - PRIMARY
7. Audio and Video Recordings - PRIMARY
8. Speeches - PRIMARY
9. Newspaper -
10. Review Articles -SECONDARY

1. A physician wanted to compare two types of pain relief. One is medication and the other is using
pressure points. To test whether medication relieves pain faster, they have 10 migraine sufferers compare
both types of pain relief and record their observations on a standardized scale. A coin f lip was used to
determine which type of headache relief each individual would try first. Results indicated that there was
no difference in the two types of pain relief. Complete parts (a) through (f) below.

(a)What type of experimental design is this?

Matched - pair

(b)What is the response variable in this study?

The recorded observations on a standardized scale.

(c)What is the factor that is set to predetermined levels? What is the treatment?

The factor is the type of pain relief.

There are two treatments:

1. Medication
2. Pressure point

(d)Identify the experimental units.

The migraine sufferers

(e)Why did the physician use a coin flip to determine which headache relief each individual would try
first?

To eliminate bias as to which pain relief was used first


(f) Draw a diagram to illustrate the design.

Randomly Administer the


assigned a first treatment Compare the
treatment to then the difference in
be used first second the two types
by the 10 treatment of pain relief
migraine
sufferers

2. Elizon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., announced the results of its first human trial of NPI 32101, a topical form
of its skin ointment. A total of 225 patients diagnosed with skin irritations were randomly divided into
three groups as part of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to test the effectiveness of the new
topical cream. The first group received a 0.5% cream, the second group received a 1.0% cream, and the
third group received a placebo. Groups were treated twice daily for a 6-week period.

(a)What type of experimental design is this?

This is a completely randomized design.

(b)What is the control group for this study?

The third group who received a placebo.

(c)What is the factor that is set to predetermined levels? What is the treatment?

The factor is the topical cream.

There are three treatments:

1. First group received a 0.5% cream


2. Second group received a 1.0% cream
3. Third group received a placebo

(d)What does it mean for this study to be double-blind?

That means that neither the subjects nor the person applying the treatment were aware of which
treatment was being given.

(e)Identify the experimental units.

The experimental units were the 225 people with skin irritation.
(f)Draw a diagram to illustrate the design.

TREATMENT 1
GROUP 1
Received 0.5%
75 students
cream
Random
assignment of
patients to GROUP 2 TREATMENT 2
double-blind Compare skin
75 students Received 1.0% irritations
and placebo
controlled
study
TREATMENT 3
GROUP 3
Received a
75 students
placebo

3. Researchers Regine Dilla and associates wanted to determine whether consumption of cola is
associated with lower bone mineral density. They looked at 1125 men and 1413 women in the
Framingham Osteoporosis Study, which is a cohort that began in 1971. The first examination in this study
began between 1971 and 1975, with participants returning for an examination every 4 years. Based on
results of questionnaires, the researchers were able to determine cola consumption on a weekly basis.
Analysis of the results indicated that women who consumed at least one cola per day (on average) had a
bone mineral density that was significantly lower at the femoral neck than those who consumed less than
one cola per day. The researchers did not find this relation in men.

(a)Why is this a cohort study?

This is a cohurt study because the subjects were observed over a period of time without
interference from the examiners.

(b)What is the response variable in this study? What is the explanatory variable?

The response variable is the bone mineral density.

The explanatory variable is the amount of cola ingested per day.

(c)Is the response variable qualitative or quantitative?

Quantitative.
ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENTS:

Determine the sample size of the following problems.

1. A dermatologist wishes to estimate the proportion of young adults who apply sunscreen regularly
before going out in the sun in the summer. Find the minimum sample size required to estimate
the proportion with precision of 3%, and 90% confidence.
2. The administration at a college wishes to estimate, the proportion of all its entering freshmen
who graduate within four years, with 95% confidence. Estimate the minimum size sample
required. Assume that the population standard deviation is σ = 1.3 and precision level is 0.05.
3. A government agency wishes to estimate the proportion of drivers aged 16–24 who have been
involved in a traffic accident in the last year. It wishes to make the estimate to within 1% error
and at 90% confidence. Find the minimum sample size required, using the information that several
years ago the proportion was 0.12.
4. An internet service provider wishes to estimate, to within one percentage e rror, the current
proportion of all email that is spam, with 85% confidence. Last year the proportion that was spam
was 71%. Estimate the minimum size sample required if the total email that is spam is 10,000.
5. A doctor wants to estimate the mean HDL cholesterol of all 20- to 29-year-old females. How many
subjects are needed to estimate the mean HDL cholesterol within 2 points with 99% confidence
assuming s = 11.2 based on earlier studies? Suppose the doctor would be content with 90%
confidence. How does the decrease in confidence affect the sample size required?

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