Maths Extension 1 – Binomial Theorem & Binomial Probability

Binomial Theorem & Binomial Probability

! Pascal’s Triangle
! General Expansion
! Special Expansion
! Finding Terms
! Equidistant Coefficients
! Pascal’s Relation
! Pairing Off Method
! Sums of Coefficients
! Greatest Coefficient
! Extra stuff

! Success and Failure

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 Maths Extension 1 – Binomial Theorem & Binomial Probability

Pascal’s Triangle
1 1 20
1 1 2 21
1 2 1 4 22
1 3 3 1 8 23
1 4 6 4 1 16 24
1 5 10 10 5 1 32 25
1 6 15 20 15 6 1 64 26

2n-1 n = line/ row

n
Cr n! Where Tr+1 term is important to identify a particular term
= Tn = Tr+1
r!(n − r )!

General Expansion (a + x )
n

(a + x )n = n C 0 a n x 0 + n C1a n−1 x1 + … + n C r a n −r x r + … + n C n a 0 x n
___1st _____________________Term r + 1__________last

Special Expansion (1 + x )
n

(1 + x )n = nC0 x 0 + nC1 x1 + … + nCr x r + … + nCn x n

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 Maths Extension 1 – Binomial Theorem & Binomial Probability

Finding Terms
Example 1
Find Term 4
(1 + x )7 = 7C0 x0 + 7C1 x1 + 7C 2 x 2 + 7C3 x 3 + 7C 4 x 4 + 7C5 x 5 + 7 C6 x 6 + 7 C7 x 7
= x0 + 7x1 + 21x 2 + 35x 3 + 35x 4 + 21x 5 + 7x 6 + x7

7!
7
C4 =
4!(7 − 4)!
7!
=
4!.3!
5040
=
144
= 35

Example 2
3
 1 
Find the term independent of x in  3 x 2 − 
 2x 
n n−r r
( )
Tr+1 = Cr a x = 3Cr 3 x 2 (− 21x )r
3− r

= x .x r = x 0
6− 2 r

6 – 3r = 0
∴r = 2

Equidistant Coefficients
Equidistant coefficients are equal n
Cr = nCn − r

Proof
LHS = nCr n! RHS = nCn − r n!
= =
r!(n − r )! (n − r )!(n − (n − r ) )!
n! n!
= =
r!(n − r )! (n − r )!(n − n + r )!
n!
=
r!(n − r )!

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 Maths Extension 1 – Binomial Theorem & Binomial Probability

Pascal’s Relation
n
Cr −1 + nCr = n +1Cr
1
1 1
1 2 1 nth row
1 3 3 1 n + 1 row

Example
n
Cr −1 + nCr = n +1Cr
2 +1 =3

Proof 1
n +1
LHS = nCr + nCr −1 RHS = Cr

=
n!
+
n!
=
(n + 1)!
r!(n − r )! (r − 1)!(n − r + 1)! r!(n − r + 1)!
n!(n − r + 1) + r.n!
=
r!(n − r + 1)!
>>>
(n − r + 1)!
(n − r )!
1.2.3...(n − r )(n − r + 1)
>>>
1.2.3...(n − r )
>>> (n − r + 1)
n!(n − r + 1 + r )
=
r!(n − r + 1)!
n!(n + 1)
=
r!(n − r + 1)!
=
(n + 1)!
r!(n − r + 1)!
= RHS

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 Maths Extension 1 – Binomial Theorem & Binomial Probability

Proof 2
Expand (1 + x ) in two ways. Compare the coefficients of x r .
n +1

1st
(1 + x )n +1 = (1 + x )n .(1 + x )
(
= (1 + x ). nC0 x 0 + nC1 x1 + ...+ nCr −1 x r −1 + nCr x r + ...+ nCn x n )
r
Coefficients of x
[
= 1×n Cr + nCr −1 x r ]
[
= nCr + nCr −1 x r ]
2nd
(1 + x )n +1 = n +1C0 x 0 + n +1C1 x1 + ...+ n +1Cr x r + ...+ n +1Cn +1 x n +1
Coefficients of x r
= n +1Cr

∴n Cr + nCr −1 = n +1Cr

Pairing Off Method

4 3
 1  1
Find the coefficient of x in the expansion of  x +   x − 
 x  x
**Do Not Expand
[
= 4C x 4 (1 )0 + 4C x 3 (1 )1 + 4C x 2 (1 )2 + 4C x1 (1 )3 + 4C x 0 (1 )4
0 x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x
]
×

[ C x (− )
3
0 + 3C1 x 2 (− 1x ) + 3C2 x1 (− 1x ) + 3C3 x 0 (− 1x )
3 1 0
x
1 2 3
]
Coefficients of x are:
= 4C0 .3 C3 + 4C1.3 C2 + 4C2 .3 C1 + 4C3 .3 C0
= –1 + 12 – 18 + 4
= –3

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 Maths Extension 1 – Binomial Theorem & Binomial Probability

Sums of Coefficients
n

∑
r =0
n
Cr = 2 n

OR
n
C0 + C1 + nC2 + ...+ nCn = 2 n
n

Greatest Coefficient
(a + b )n
Tr +1 Cr a n − r b r
n
=
Tr n
Cr +1a n − r +1b r −1
b
= .
n!
.
(r − 1)!(n − r + 1)!
a r!(n − r )! n!
b n − r +1
= . ≥1
a r
Example 1
Find the greatest coefficient in (5 + 2 x ) when x = 3
12

2 x (12 − r + 1)
= .
5 r
6 (13 − r )
= .
5 r
78 − 6r r is an integer
= ≥1
5r

78 − 6r ≥ 5r
78 ≥ 11r
78
r ≤
11
r =7

Tr +1 = T8 = 12C7 a12 − 7b 7
= 6.93 x 1011
Example 2
Find the greatest coefficient in (7 + 3 x ) when x = 2
12

6 (13 − r )
= . ≥1
7 r
78 − 6r ≥ 7 r
78 ≥ 13r
r =7

= 12C6 7 666
= 5.07 x 1012

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 Maths Extension 1 – Binomial Theorem & Binomial Probability

Extra Examples
Example 1
Find the middle term of (a − 2b )
8
There are 9 terms. Middle term is T5.
C4 (a ) (− 2b )
4 4 4 4
8
= 70a 16b
= 1120a 4b 4

Example 2
Fine the middle term of (
1
x
+ x2 )
11
There are 12 terms. Middle term is T6, T7.
C5 (1x ) x 2
11 6
( ) 5
= 462x 4 C6 (1x ) x 2
11 5
( )6
= 462x 7

Example 3
(1 + x )8 (1 + x )8 = (1 + x )16
[
Prove 16C3 = 2 8C0 .8 C3 + 8C1.8 C2 ]
[
RHS = 8C0 x 0 + 8C1 x1 + ...+ 8C8 x8 × ]
[C x + Cx
8
0
0 8
1
1
+ ...+ C x ] 8
8
8

3
Coefficients of x = C0 . C3 + 8C1.8 C2 + 8C2 .8 C1 + 8C3 .8 C0
8 8

[
= 2 8C0 .8 C3 + 8C1.8 C2 ]
LHS = 16
C3 x 3
= 16
C3

( )
Prove 16C8 = 8C0 + ... + 8C8
2
( ) 2

= 8C0 .8 C8 + 8C1.8 C7 + … + 8C0 .8 C8

= 8C0 + ( ) (C ) 2 8
1
2
+…+ (C )
8
8
2

= Proven

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 Maths Extension 1 – Binomial Theorem & Binomial Probability

Success and Failure

(q + p )n = nCr q n − r p r
Let p be the one you want “Success”
Let q be the one you don’t want “Failure”
There are only 2 options – Binomial

Example 1
A die is tossed 3 times. “6” outcome
S SSS ( )( )
1 3 5 0
6 6
p 3q 0
S
F SSF ( )( )
1 2 5 1
6 6
p 2 q1
S
S SFS ( )( )
1 2 5 1
6 6
p 2 q1
F
? F SFF ( )( )
1 1 5 2
6 6
p1q 2

S FSS ( )( )
1 2 5 1
6 6
p 2 q1
S
F FSF ( )( )
1 1 5 2
6 6
p1q 2
F
S FFS ( )( )
1 1 5 2
6 6
p1q 2
F
F FFF ( )( )
1 0 5 3
6 6
p0q3

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 Maths Extension 1 – Binomial Theorem & Binomial Probability

Example 2
An archer has a record of hitting the target 3 out of 4 occasions. He tries 5 times. Find the
probability a) Exactly 3 hits
b) Exactly 4 hits
c) Bull’s eye only in 2nd round
d) 1 bull’s eye
A C3q p
5 2 3 B 5C4 q1 p 4 + 5C5q 0 p 5
= 10 × (14 ) × (34 ) = 5 × (14 ) × (34 ) + 1 × (34 )
2 3 1 4 5

135 405 243

= = +
512 1024 1024
81
=
128
C 1 3 1 1 1 D 5
C1q 4 p1
× × × ×
4 4 4 4 4 = 5 × (14 ) × (34 )
4
2
1 3 15
=    =
4 4 1024
3
=
1024

Example 3
For a certain species of bird, there is a 3 in 5 chance that a fledgling will survive the 1st
month. From a breed of 10 chicks, find the probability that:
a) P (0 survive)
b) P (more than 1 survive)
c) P (3 survive)
A C (3 ) (2 ) = 1× (2 )
10 0 10 10
0 5 5 5
1024
=
9765625
B 1 − [P0 + P1 ] [
= 1 − 10C0 (35 ) (25 ) +10C1 (35 ) (25 )
0 10 1 9
]
16384
= 1−
9762625
9748881
=
9765625
C = 120 × (52 ) × (53 )
10
C3q 7 p 3 7 3

414720
=
9762625
= 0.0425

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