WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
SJIF Impact Factor 5.210
Volume 4, Issue 08, 1066-1081 Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
PHARMACOGNISTIC EVALUATION OF LEAVES OF CARICA
PAPAYA LINN
J.K. Lalla* and Sunita Ogale
Sanskruti, 20/701-702, Thakur Complex, Kandivli (E), Mumbai-400 101, Maharashtra,
India.
Article Received on ABSTRACT
04 June 2015, Carica papaya, is a giant herbaceous plant in the Caricaceae (family)
Revised on 25 June 2015, that originated in Central America and is now grown in tropical areas
Accepted on 13 July 2015
world-wide for its large, sweet, melon-like fruits and was introduced to
India in 16th century. The name “papaya” also refers to the fruit of
*Correspondence for
other Carica species, including C. pubescens and C. stipulata, and
Author
Prof. Dr.J.K.Lalla
their various hybrids.The present study deals with the morphological
Sanskruti , 20/701-702, evaluation of leaves of Carica papaya in order to study physico-
Thakur Complex, chemical properties of the leaf. The study includes phytochemical
Kandivli (E), Mumbai-400
evaluation along with quantification of active chemical constituents to
101, Maharashtra, India.
confirm purity and authenticity of Carica papaya leaf. Microscopy of
the leaf showed presence of epidermis, collenchyma, and parenchyma tissues. The
phytochemical analysis indicate the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and tannins in
different extracts of C.papaya leaf. The results of this study could be useful in setting
diagnostic indices for identification, authentication and preparation of the monograph of the
plant.
KEYWORDS: Carica papaya, Caricaceae family, papaya, phytochemical screening,
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants (a.k.a.Phytomedicines) are parts of a plant or the whole plant that possess
healing properties.[1] For the development of health of mankind and animals, the medicinal
plants play an important role. Medicinal/Herbal plants have been identified and used
throughout human history.
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1066
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide variety of chemical compounds that are used to
perform important biological functions, and to defend against attack from predators such
as insects,fungi and herbivorous mammals. So far 12,000 such compounds have been
isolated.[2,3]
It is now established and fully believed that phytoconstituents obtained from the medicinal
plants serve as pilot molecules in the modern medicines.[4] and many people still depend on
the traditional medicine for their preliminary health care and treatment.[5]
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the population of some
Asian and African countries presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health
care.
Carica papaya is one of the most popular and economically important medicinal plant in the
world.[1] & is commonly known as papaya in English, Papita in Hindi and Erandakarkati in
Sanskrit.[6,7,8]
Scientific classification
Order: Brassicales
Family: Caricaceae
Genus: Carica
Species: C. papaya
Caricaceae a small family of flowering plants comprising about 35 species in six
genera. Carica papaya, the family's most popular representative.
Cultivation
Papaya plants come in three sexes: "male," "female," and "hermaphrodite." The male
produces only pollen. The female will produce small, inedible fruits unless pollinated. The
hermaphrodite can self-pollinate since its flowers contain both male stamens and female
ovaries. Almost all commercial papaya orchards [planting] contain only hermaphrodites.[9]
Carica papaya (Family Caricaceae) originated in Central America, southern Mexico and
northern South America,[10] and is now cultivated in most tropical countries.In India it was
introduced in 16th century and is now the leading producer of papayas, responsible for 42% of
the world’s crop. For cultivation, however, only female plants are used.
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1067
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Morphology
Most members of Caricaceae are trees or shrubs (three Jarilla species from Mexico and
Guatemala are herbs). All species produce latex that can be white or light yellow. Leaves
vary from entire to deeply lobed or palmate. The flowers in Caricaceae are monoclinous (=
unisexual). Fruits are berries with many seeds. The seeds are surrounded by a mucilaginous
aril; the testa[seed coat] can be ornamented.[11]
Botanic Description
Carica papaya is an evergreen, tree-like herb, 2-10 m tall, usually unbranched, containing
white latex in all parts. Stem cylindrical, 10-30 cm in diameter, hollow with prominent leaf
scars and spongy-fibrous tissue.Leaves spirally arranged, clustered near apex of trunk; petiole
up to 1 m long, hollow, greenish or purplish-green; lamina orbicular, 25-75 cm in diameter,
palmate, deeply 7-lobed, glabrous, prominently veined; lobes deeply and broadly toothed. [12]
Phytoconstituents
The phytochemical composition of the plant include tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac
glycosides, phytates, steroids, as well as papain and chymopapain found in the latex (milky
sap).[13]
Papayas are rich sources of antioxidant nutrients such as carotenes, vitamin C B vitamins,
vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin K and contain significant amounts of the minerals calcium,
potassium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese as well as dietary fiber.
The leaf contains beta-carotene, calcium, alkaloid carpaine, fats, flavonols, niacin, papain,
tannins, and vitamin C (higher concentration in the leaf than in the fruit). [14] The leaf is not a
source of the protein-dissolving enzyme papain, but the latex (sap) in the leaf stem contain
papain. Papain remains in leaf preparations that have been dried over low heat, but it may be
destroyed in products that are dried at high temperature.
Medicinal uses
The fruits, leaves, seeds and latex are used medicinally.
Carica papaya contains many biologically active compounds. It contains digestive enzymes
chymopapain and papain. Papain, a major compound in the fruit and latex has been used in
brewing, wine making, tenderizing meat and the textile and tanning industries & is also used
to treat arthritis.[15]
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1068
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Carpaine, an alkaloid present in papaya, can be used as a heart depressant, amoebicide and
diuretic. The juice of the leaf is used for warts, corns, cancers, tumors, and thickened skin.
The leaves are also used as a poultice for nervous pains and elephantoid growths, or smoked
for asthma relief. The roots or their extracts are used for cancers of the uterus, syphilis, the
tropical infection, hemorrhoids, and to remove mineral concretions in the urine. the unripe
fruit used as a mild laxative or diuretic, and to stimulate lactation, labor, or abortion; the ripe
fruit for rheumatism and alkalinizing the urine; the seeds for intestinal worms or to stimulate
menstruation or abortion; and the latex for psoriasis, ringworm, indigestion, or applied
externally as an antiseptic or to heal burns or scalds, or applied to the cervix to contract the
uterus.[16,17]
C. papaya has a wide range of purported medicinal properties including antiseptic,
antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, diuretic, antihyperlipidemic,
antidiabetic, and contraceptive activity.
On the other hand, there are reports that describe the therapeutic effect of C. papaya leaf on
dengue and malaria.[18] and as anti-inflammatory.[19]
Several other species also produces edible fruits and papain. For example,Vasconcellea
pubescens, and Jacaratia spinosa show promising characteristics for further economic
exploitation and development of new crops.[11]
The only adverse reaction from the consumption of Carica papaya fruit, latex, or extracts is
infertility. The leaves and roots of Carica papaya contain cyanogenic glucosides which form
cyanide. The leaves also contain tannins. Both of these compounds, at high concentrations,
can cause adverse reactions.
Many other herbal medicines such as opium, aspirin,digitalis,and quinine are currently in
use.[20] In India, the herbal remedy is so popular that the Government of India has created a
separate department - AYUSH - under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials & Methods[21,22,23,24,25,26,27]
[a] Chemicals
All chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade and used without further
purification.
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1069
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
[b] Plant Collection
Carica Papaya leaves were plugged along with the stem at a temperature of 28 oc +/- 2oc in an
open sun in the mid of September from 6 months old plant from the farm house of
Mr.Chandrashekhar Ogale, at Murbad, authenticated by Dr.A.S.Upadhye, Biodiversity plant,
at AGHARKAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Pune.
[c] Morphological characterstics
Papaya leaves were examined to study morphological and organoleptic characters. Sample
for microscopy were prepared by embedding in solvent system consists of formalin,
glycerine, water (8:1:1) for a week. The sections were taken and then they were seen under
microscope (Motic of B1 series) at 10x, 40x, 100x after staining with Phloroglucinol & HCL.
The papaya is a large, tree-like plant, with a single stem growing from 5 to 10 m (16 to 33 ft)
tall, with spirally arranged leaves confined to the top of the trunk. The lower trunk is
conspicuously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large, 50–70 cm
(20–28 in) in diameter, deeply palmately lobed, with seven lobes. Unusually for such large
plants, the trees are dioecious. The tree is usually unbranched, unless lopped.
Figure.1.2: DORSAL VIEW Figure.1.3: VENTRAL VIEW
Fig.1
T.S.of Carica Papaya leaf shows
[i] epidermis [ii] vascular bundle [iii] collenchyma [iv] palisade cells [v] stomata [vi] calsium
oxalate crystals. [see fig.2 to 8]
Fig. 2
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1070
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Epidermis
Palisade
Vascular bundle
Lowerr epidermis
Collen chyma
Calcium oxalate
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5 Fig. 6
Fig. 7
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1071
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Fig. 8
Powder Analysis: organoleptic properties
Color: Green, Odour: Pleasant, Taste: Bitter.
[d] Phytochemical evaluation of papaya leaves
Priliminary treatment of plant leaf
The leaves were washed thoroughly with distilled water, shed dried for 5-7 days at
temperature of 28oc +/- 2oc, with moisture content NMT 10.5 % & then powered
mechanically in a mixie removing the stalk & woody part. It was then shifted through 8 mesh
size and then kept in air tight container at room temperature away from moisture for further
study.
Extraction process
100gm of powdered drug was taken for extraction
A Soxhlet extraction
This method is adequate for both initial and bulk extraction. The 100 gm plant powder is
placed in a cellulose thimble in an extraction chamber, which is placed on top of a collecting
flask beneath a reflux condenser. A suitable solvent is added to the flask, and the set up is
heated under reflux. When a certain level of condensed solvent has accumulated in the
thimble, it is siphoned into the flask beneath.The main advantage of Soxhlet extraction is that
it is a continuous process.
The extraction will be done serially with series of solvents like Petroleum ether (60-80c),
Chloroform, Ethyl acetate ,Acetone ,Ethanol, Methanol and water All the extracts were dried
using Rota vacuum evaporator.
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1072
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
The residue was weighed & then weight was recorded which was as follows
Table No: 1
Sr. No Solvent % yield w/w of extract
1 Pet ether extract 3.55%
2 Diethyl ether 1.05%
3 Chloroform 2.28%
4 Ethyl acetate 12.6%
5 Methanolic 0.40%
6 Ethanolic extract 0.1%
7 Water 4.0%
[e] pH
Accurately weighed drug powder was treated with distilled water & then filtered. Filtrate pH
was checked with pH meter [Elico] having standardized glass electrodes.
Table No:2
Mean pH of 1%
Sr.No
solution of leaf sample
1 6.72
[f] Loss on drying
In a dried & weighed glass stoppered weighing bottle, 1 gm of powdered sample was
transferred & then bottle was covered & weighed along with contents. Bottle was then placed
in a hot air oven, the stopper was removed & left it also in the oven. The powdered drug was
then dried to constant weight at a temperature of 105OC. After drying was completed the
bottle was closed & removed from the oven & allowed to cool to room temperature in a
dessicator before weighing. The bottle was weighed along with the contents & the procedure
was continued until a constant weight occurs.
Table No:3
Sr.No Test Performed Leaf powder
1 Moisture Content (%) 9.57%
[g] Qualitative Chemical Evaluation
The extracts were used for the subsequent qualitative analysis of metabolites. Chemical tests
were carried out qualitatively on the extracts and on the powdered specimens using standard
procedures to identify phyto-chemical constituents.
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1073
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Test for alkaloids
Sample (0.5g) was dissolved in 5ml dilute HCl in a Steam bath and filtered. Three different
methods were used.Turbidity or precipitation with either of the following reagent was taken
as evidence for the presence of alkaloids.
(I) 1ml of the above filtrate was treated with few drops of Mayer's reagent giving rise to a
cream or pale yellow precipitate.
(II)Another 1ml of filtrate was treated with a few drops of Dragendoff's reagent giving rise to
an orange precipitate.
(III)Lastly, 1ml of filtrate was treated with Wagner’s reagent giving rise to a brown or
reddish brown precipitate.
Test for tannins
About 0.5g of the samples was boiled in 20 ml of boiled water in a test tube and then filtered.
A few drops of 0.1% ferric chloride was added and observed for brownish green or a blue-
black colouration.
Test for flavonoids
Three methods were used to determine the presence of flavonoids in the sample
(I) 5 ml of dilute ammonia solution was added to a portion of the aqueous filtrate of plant
extract followed by addition of concentrated H2S04. A yellow colouration observed in
extract indicated the presence of of flavonoids. The yellow colouration disappeared on
standing.
(II) Few drops of 1% aluminium solution was added to a portion of filtrate. A yellow
colouration was observed indicating the presence of flavonoids.
(III) A plant sample was heated with 10ml of ethyl acetate over a steam bath for 3 min. The
mixture was filtered and 4ml of the filtrate was shaken with 1ml of dilute ammonia solution.
A yellow colouration was observed indicating a positive test for flavonoids.
Test for steroids
Two milliliters of acetic anhydride was added to 0.5g sample extract with 2ml H2S04. The
colour changed from violet to blue or green in the samples indicating the presence of steroids.
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1074
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
(I) Phytoconstituents detection
Table No:4
Sr. P. E. Diethyl Ethyl
Test Chloroform Acetone Methanol Ethanol Water
No 60-80 ether acetate
1 Alkaloid - - + + + + + +
2 Tannins - - - + - + + +
3 Steroid + + + - - - - NP
4 flavonoids - - - + - + - +
5 Coumarins - - - - - - - -
6 Carbohydrates NP NP NP NP NP NP NP +
+ = Present; - = absent; NP = Not performed
[h] Fluorescence Analysis
Powdered drug were treated with different chemicals & fluorescence characterstics were
studied at short, long UV & Visible light (Colour).
Table No:5
Test
Sr.No Colour observed
Performed
254nm 366nm Visible
1 Powder Brown light Green Green
Powder +
4 Dark blue violet light green
5% KOH
Powder + 1N
5 NaOH in Violet Indigo Pale Yellow
Water
Powder
6 Dark blue violet light Orange
+50% HCL
Powder +
7 Violet Brown Green
50% H2SO4
Powder + Yellowish
8 Violet Violet
Conc.HNO3 orange
Powder + 1N Dark
9 Violet Yellowish
HCL Purple
Powder +
0 1N NaOH in Violet Blue Dark Green
Methanol
[i] Behaviour with different solvents (Colour)
Suitable amount of powder was taken and treated with different solvent .Colour produced is
noted with naked eye.
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1075
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Table No:6
Colour
Sr.No Test Performed
observed
Powder + Distilled
1 Green
Water
Yellowish
2 Powder + 5% FeCl3
Black
3 Powder + Acetic acid Yellow
Greenish
4 Powder + 5% KOH
Yellow
5 Powder + 5% NaOH Green
6 Powder + Conc.HCL Green
Powder +
7 Yellow
Conc.H2SO4
Powder +
8 Yellow
Conc.HNO3
Powder + Ammonia
9 Green
Solution
Powder + N/10
10 Green
Iodine Soln.
[j] Physical evaluation
(I) Ash Content
1gm of powdered drug was weighed accurately in a silica dish & incinerated at a temperature
not exceeding 500OC until free from carbon,cooled & weighed. The percentage of ash with
reference to powdered drug was calculated.
% of ash = Weight of residue × 100
Weight of sample
(I-a) Water soluble ash
Total ash was boiled with 25ml distilled water for 5 mins.& the insoluble matter was
collected on an ash-less filter paper [Whatman filter paper no.40],washed with hot water &
then incinerated for 15 mins. at a temperature not exceeding 500OC. The weight of the
insoluble matter was subtracted from the weight of the ash, the difference in the weight
represents water soluble ash. The percentage of water soluble ash with reference to the
powdered drug was then calculated.
(I-b) Acid insoluble ash
Again total ash was boiled with 25ml 2M HCL for 5 mins. .& the insoluble matter was
collected on an ash-less filter paper [Whatman filter paper no.40], washed with hot water &
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1076
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
then incinerated for 15 mins. at a temperature not exceeding 500OC,cooled & weighed. The
percentage of acid insoluble ash with reference to the powdered drug was then calculated.
Table No:7
Sr.No Test Performed Sample
1 Total Ash (%) 12.7%
2 Acid insoluble ash (%) 1.75%
3 Water soluble ash (%) 8.85%
[k] Microbial Analysis
(I) DETECTION OF Salmonella spp
St. bismuth sulphite agar plate was prepared. 0.5gms of powdered drug was dispense in 5ml
St. Saline & 0.1 ml of the sample was spread on the plate using a glass spreader.Plates were
incubated at 37 0C for 48 hrs & then examined for colony appearance.
Note: Bismuth sulphite agar (BSA) is a selective media for Salmonella spp.
(II) DETECTION OF Escherichia Coli
St. EC Broth was prepared. 0.5gms of powdered drug was dispense in 5ml St. Saline & 0.1
ml of the sample was add to 5ml of EC Broth.
The tubes were incubated at 37 0C for 48 hrs & after the incubation period the tubes were
examined for change in colour of the Media.
Note: Escherichia Coli Broth (EC Broth) is a selective media for Escherichia coli. The
media changes colour to blue in presence of the organism.
(III) DETECTION OF Pseudomonas spp
St. Cetrimide Agar plate was prepared. 0.5gms of powdered drug was dispense in 5ml St.
Saline & 0.1 ml of the sample was spread on the plate using a glass spreader. The plates
were incubated at 37 0C for 48 hrs & then examined for colony appearance.
Note: Cetrimide Agar is a selective media for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
(IV) DETECTION OF Staphyloccocus aureus
St Salt Mannitol agar plate was prepared 0.5gms of powdered drug was dispense in 5ml St.
Saline & from that 0.1 ml of the sample was spread on the plate using a glass spreader.The
plates were incubated at 37 0C for 48 hrs & then examined for colony appearance.
Note: Salt Mannitol agar is a selective media for Staphyloccocus aureus
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1077
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Table No: 8
Sr. No. Parameter Observed value
1. Escherichia coli Absent
Pseudomonas
2. Absent
aeruginosa
3. Salmonella Spp. Absent
4. Staphyloccocus aureus Absent
Fig : 9 DETECTION OF Salmonella Fig 10: DETECTION OF Escherichia Coli
[no growth] [no growth]
Fig11: DETECTION OF Pseudomonas Fig12: DETECTION OF Staphyloccocus
aureus
[no growth] [no growth]
[l] Mineral composition
1gm of dried powered drug was weighed in an evaporating dish, to which 10 ml of Conc.
HCL and 10ml of Conc.HNO3 were added. The evaporation dish was placed on the burner
and heated till dryness. Then dish was cooled & 10 ml of conc. Perchloric acid was added to
it and heated till dense white fumes appeared. 5ml of Conc. HCL and 20 ml Distilled water
were added to it and again it was placed on a hot plate for 30 mins.
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1078
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Then it was cooled and contents were removed in a 50 ml volumetric flask and the final
volume was made to 50ml using distilled water. The solution was filtered using a whatmann
filter paper No.1 .and sample was aspirate in an Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer.
Following minerals were qualitatively detected & then quantitatively done.
Table No: 9
Lead Arsenic
Mercury (Hg) Cadmium
Sr.No. Samples (Pb) (As)
ppb (Cd) mg/L
mg/L mg/L
1. A # 0.102 0.59 #
# - Below level of detection (LOD)
CONCLUSION
This paper brings about the use of simple, precise and economical techniques like soxhlet
extraction techniques which helps in turn in the detection, separation and identification of the
phytochemical classes of compounds present in herbal plant materials. It also helps in
identifying and selecting a proper sophisticated method for the analysis of these secondary
metabolites, qualitatively as well as quantitatively by simple chromatographic techniques.
It has been observed that most active principles present in the leaves are flavonoid, alkaloids,
steroids, and tannins. These phyto-constituents may be responsible for various
pharmacological actions of this plant part although their specific roles remain to be
investigated.
The present work can serve as a valuable source of information & provide appropriate
standards to establish the quality of this material in future study or application.
REFERENCES
1. Morgan,PF, “Phytochemistry of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine”,2nd Ed.Clarendon
press, Oxford., 1987; 2: 17-45.
2. Tapsell LC, Hemphill I, Cobiac L et al. "Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the
present, the future". Med. J. Aust., 2006; 185(4): S4–24.
3. Lai PK, Roy J. "Antimicrobial and chemopreventive properties of herbs and
spices". Curr. Med. Chem., 2004; 11(11): 1451–60.
4. Ncube NS, Afolayan AJ, Okoh A. Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of
natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends. Afr J., 2008; 7:
1797-1806.
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1079
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
5. Bannerman PGC, Mirsky R, Jessen KR, Timpl R, Duance VC. Light microscopic
immunolocalization of laminin, type IV collagen, nidogen, heparan sulphate proteoglycan
and fibronectin in the enteric nervous system of rat and guinea pig. J Neurocytol., 1986;
15: 432-443.
6. Anonymous, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part 1; Vol IV, Government of India,
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy,
Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH), New Delhi.
7. R.D. Chaudhari, Herbal Drug Industry. Eastern publishers New Delhi., 1996; 45-78.
8. WC Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy., WB Saunders, London,(1997); 14th Edn.
9. C. L. Chia and Richard M. Manshardt, (2001). "Why Some Papaya Plants Fail to
Fruit" (PDF). Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences. Retrieved April 2015.]
10. Morton JF (1987). "Papaya". NewCROP, the New Crop Resource Online Program,
Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University; from p. 336–346. In: Fruits
of warm climates, JF Morton, Miami, FL. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
11. http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/caricaceae] e-monograph of the caricaceae
12. Cobley L.S & Steele W.M.(1976), An Introduction to the Botany of Tropical Crops.
Longman Group Limited.
13. Brocklehurst, K. and E. Salih. Fresh non-fruit latex of Carica papaya contains papain,
multiple forms of chymopapain A and papaya proteinase OMEGA. Biochemical Journal.,
1985; 228(2): 525-527.
14. Vol. 3. New Delhi: Publication and Information Directorate, CSIR; (1992), Anonymous,
The Wealth of India, Raw Materials., 1927; 3; 276–9.
15. Mhaskar KS, Blatter E, Caius JF, editors. Vol. 5. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications;(2000),
Kirtikar and Basu's Illustrated Indian Medicinal Plants; pp. 1526–9.
16. Gill LS, editor. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants in Nigeria. Benin City: Uniben
Press;(1992), Carica papaya L; pp. 57–8.
17. Papaya. Review of Natural Products. Facts & Comparisons [database online]. St. Louis,
MO: Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc; December 2010.
18. N. Ahmad, H. Fazal, M. Ayaz, B.H. Abbasi, I. Mohammad, L. Fazal Dengue fever
treatment with Carica papaya leaves extracts Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 1 (2011), pp.
330–333
19. B.V. Owoyele, O.M. Adebukola, A.A. Funmilayo, A.O. Soladoye Anti-inflammatory
activities of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves Inflammopharmacol., 2008; 16:
168–173.
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1080
Lalla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
20. Swain, Tony, ed. (1968). Plants in the Development of Modern Medicine. Harvard
University Press. ISBN 0-674-67330-1
21. Anonymous, Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials, World Health
Organization,Geneva. 1998.
22. C.K. Kokate, A.P. Purohit, S.B. Gokhale. Pharmacognosy, Nirali Prakashan, Pune, 2008,
42 Edn, pp. A.1-A.2
23. AOAC,(1980).Official methods of analysis.13th Ed.Washington D.C.
24. Edeoga HO,Okwu DE,Mbaebie BO. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian
medicinal plants.Afr.J.Biotech., 2005; 4(7): 685-688.
25. SofoworaEA, Issacs-SodeyeNA, OgunkoyaLO. Antisickling properties of Fagara.
Lloydia., 1975; 38: 169-171.
26. Trease GE,Evans WC(1996).Pharmacognosy,14edition,WB Saunders Company Ltd. UK.
pp. 1098-1115.
27. HarborneJB(1973).Phytochemical methods,London.Chapman and Hall,Ltd.pp.49-188.
www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 1081
