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Adapted Study Guide Cellular Adaptation

Cellular adaptations include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia, anaplasia. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and function. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased stimulation. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number through cell division. Hypoxia injures cells by causing a reversion to anaerobic metabolism, a fall in pH, and lactic acid accumulation, eventually leading to cell injury or death if oxygen levels do not increase. Ischemia is an interruption of blood flow, while hypoxia is low tissue oxygen saturation. Reversible cell injury can be repaired, while programmed cell death or apoptosis involves digestion of cell

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437 views

Adapted Study Guide Cellular Adaptation

Cellular adaptations include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia, anaplasia. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and function. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased stimulation. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number through cell division. Hypoxia injures cells by causing a reversion to anaerobic metabolism, a fall in pH, and lactic acid accumulation, eventually leading to cell injury or death if oxygen levels do not increase. Ischemia is an interruption of blood flow, while hypoxia is low tissue oxygen saturation. Reversible cell injury can be repaired, while programmed cell death or apoptosis involves digestion of cell

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meg
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cellular Adaptation

Self-Study Questions from a Canvas Website that Matched what we were learning lol
Briefly answer the following study questions:

1. Differentiate between the types of cellular adaptations and give examples of each
TYPE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Atrophy • Cells decrease in size – decrease in function • Brain atrophy can be attributed to
• Decrease in size of an organ different causes – brain of elderly
• Can be a normal physiologic process person, brain of an Alzheimer’s
disease, vs brain of alcoholic
Hypertrophy • Increase in size of cells (NOT mitosis) • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Increase in size of an organ – increased • Muscle/body builder
hormonal stimulation + functional demand
• Increased metabolic demand, striated muscle,
triggered by stretch and growth factors
• Increase in protein – not FLUID
Hyperplasia • Increase in the number of cells • Endometrium – imbalance of
• Increased rate of division – cells must be estrogen and progesterone
capable of mitosis excessive uterine bleeding
• Response to injury loss of epithelial cells, loss
of liver cells, loss of kidney cells,
• Normal – compensatory regeneration
hormonal

Dysplasia • Abnormal size and shape of mature cells


• Chronic inflammation
• Precancerous condition
• Frequent monitoring
• Evaluate for the development of neoplasia

Metaplasia • Change from one cell type to another


o New cells are better able to tolerate
adverse conditions
o Can protect the organ – tracheal
changes from smoking
o Chronic Inflammation – lungs/trachea,
cervix, esophagus
• Can be reversible
Anaplasia • Abnormal, new, cellular growth
o Disorganized
o Uncoordinated
o Uncontrolled growth rate
• Benign or malignant – differentiation of the
cells

2. What are seven causes of cell injury/death and how does each actually cause the injury?

3. How does hypoxia injure cells?
 Components of tissue oxygenation
 Oxygen content
 Hemoglobin
 Cardiac output
o Cell reverts to anaerobic metabolism
 Fall in pH
 Lactic acid accumulates in cell
o Lactic acidosis leads to cell injury or cell death
 Comes to a point of no return
 Inadequate oxygen
o Gangrene can develop

4. Differentiate between ischemia and hypoxia.


 Hypoxia: when oxygen saturation of tissues falls below 90%
 Ischemia: interruption of blood flow to cells and tissues

5. Describe how reversible cell injury differs from programmed cell death.
 Cellular injuries can either be reversible or irreversible
o Cells will recover or they will die
 Causes include…
 Chemical agents
 Hypoxia (ischemia)
 Free radicals
 Infectious agents
 Physical/mechanical factors
 Immunologic reactions
 Genetic factors
 Nutritional imbalances
 Apoptosis = preprogrammed cell death  Cellular Death
o There is digestion of cell and contents by neighboring cells
o Very little, if any inflammation

6. Differentiate between the types of cell necrosis and give examples of each.
 Irreversible
o Leads to swelling
o Burst of cell
o Inflammation
 Ischemic Necrosis
o Infarction
o Prolonged ischemia
 Can lead to gangrene
o Dead tissue is breeding ground for bacteria

7. What is gangrene and what is the difference between the wet and dry forms?
 Dry = blackened, dry, wrinkled, line of demarcation
 Wet = liquefaction, foul smelling, rapid spread, can be systemic
 Gas = clostridium perfringens, gaseous bubbles

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