^6V

Equations Linear, Quadratic, Cubic

and Higher Orders
STRUCTURE
81 EQUATIONS
82. IDENTITIES
81. INEQUALITIES
S4. GROUPING SYMBOLS
8'5. GENERAL SOLUTION
86. DEGREE OF AN EQUATION
87. SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
81. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
89. SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
810. RECIPROCAL EQUATIONS
811. NATURE OF THE ROOTS
812. SYMMETRICAL EXPRESSIONS
813. FORMATION OF AN EQUATION
8,14. SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
815. CUBIC AND BE-QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to understand
O equations, identities and inequalities
• to solve quadratic, cubic and bi-quadratic equations
• to solve simultaneous linear and quadratic equations
• nature of roots
• to form an equation
240 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

81. EQUATIONS
Equations signify relation between two algebraic expressions symbo-
used by the sign of equality (=). However, the equality is true only for
certain value or values of the variable or the variables symbolised generally
by x, y, z. For example the equation
3x+5-- 2X+7 is true only for x.r2 and not for x=3.
Since when the equation is 3 (2)+5=(2) (2)+7 or 11 = 11 and
when x= 3 the equation is
(3) (3) l-5=(2) (3)+-7
or 14 -' 13 which is not true.
Thus, the above equality is true for the value of x variable as 2.
But in an equation with two variables x -y 5, the equality holds
true for several sets of values such as (0, 5) (1, 4) (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 0)
etc., and not for any values assigned to them. It is only in the case of
identities that the relation of equality holds true whatever value is put on
the variable.
8 . IDENTITIES
When equalities hold true whatever be the value of the variables,
they are called identities. For example
(a+b)2=a?+20b+b2
The above identity is derived as follows
(,,+b)2=(a1-b) (c±b)
=(a+b)a+(a-l-b)b
=a2+ab+ab+b2
= a2 2ab-l- bI
Wc can prove that identities hold true whatever be the values of the
variables by substituting say () a=2 and b.=3, and (it) a=-2 and
b= -3- First by substituting the values of a=2 and b=3, we have
(2+3)2 =(2)2 +2(2)(3) +(3)2
(5)2=(2)2 +l2 1-(3)2
25=4+12+9
25=25
Now by substituting the values of a=--2 and b-3, we have
((-2)-i- (-3))2=(-2)'+2(-2)(-3)-I-(— 3)2
(5)2(_2)2+l24(_3)2
25 = 4 + 12-1-9
25=25


QUATLONS 241
Thus, identities hold true whatever value is put for variables.
The following identities can be expressed as simple binomial expan-
ions (cf. Chapter X)
(14 x)2= I +2x
Iv 13) 2 x2 -'r 6x+9
(v' x ±y
(x4-4)2=x24-x1
(x4.)2x?+2^
X X2

There are some other identities as follows

(i) (a._b)2=a7_2ab+b2
!y)2x_2/yfy
(ii) (a-fh)(a--h)=a_bt
( x+ Ia )(V x -v a)—_.v-a
(iii) (a -- b)(c+d) =-ac-fa( /+ be fbd
(ax f b)(c + d) =acx 2 + (ad+ b)x + b/
(a fb +c)'=a 2 +b -f-c2 +- 2ab+ 2bc +2Ca
(v) (a+b)3=a3+3a2b'{3ab2+b=&+b.4-3ab (a b)
(vi) (tIb)3a3_302h±3ab2_ba3_b.. 3ab a —1;)
(vjj) - b= (a -I .b)(a2___ab -fb2)
(viii) a3— b =(a__b)(a 2 +ab fbl)
However, it may be noticed that
(.b)zAa+h',
(a+b)2 -1-1 a a +b, (a—b)S^a....b

Derived Identities
These are the identities derived by transposing the values in the
basic identities and are very useful in tackling some problems in
mathematics. For example
(1) (a 4 b)=:a+2ab4.b2
a3.b*=(a+b)2,-_2ah and 2ab=(a fb) 1 -.- (at q b)
(ii) (a—b)2=a'--2ab+b
o2 + hI =(a_b) 2 +20b and 2ab-ra2 4 b—(a-.-b)
By adding (i and (ii),
(a + 1)' + (a —b)-= 2(a'-- b2)
242 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
By subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
(a+b)2 —(a - b)=4ab
By dividing both (1) and (ii) by 4 and then subtracting (ii) from (i),
[(a4b)2][(a_b)t]b

Other identities derived from the above are

(a + b)2 - 4ab (a_.b)2
(a+b)=(a_b)2+4ab
(lii) a2—b2-(ab) (a—b)
a3 - 1,2
- =a—b
a+b
(iv) (a 4 b)3 =a3 +/)3 +3ab(a+b) * a8 + b3 =(a+ b)3_ 3ab(a f-b)
(v) (a—b)3 .=0 3 _0 3 0 b (a—b) a3—b3=(a—b) 3ab (a—b)
a3 + b'(a + b)(a2_ abfb2) * 03!=a2_ab+b2
a-I-b
a3 —b 3 (a_b)(aI + ab+b2) _z abf b2
8 3. INEQUALITIES
In addition to the relation of equality we have a new relation called
order relation denoted by the symbol "<'. The statement "a-<b" is read
as "a is less than b'. It can be stated also as
than a" (Note "b>a" read as "b is greater
that large part of the sign is closest to the larger value.)
The statement a>b is true only when a—b is positive and a
only when a—b is negative. For example, when 8>5 then 8-53 <b is true
which
is positive and 5<8 then 5-8= —3, which is negative. Sonic expressions
of ine qualities are as follows
a>.b "a is greater than b"
ac(b "a is less than b"
aib "a is not greater than b"
ab "a is less than or equal to b"
a.b "a is not less than b"
a)b "a is greater than or equal to b"
Properties:
Order axioms: If a and b are any elements, then
(1) one and only one of the following is true
a=b, a< b , b<-a (Trichotomy Law)
(ii) If a.<b and b <c, then a <c. (Transitivity Law)
(iii) If a.<b then a + c.<b -f c. (Monotone Property of Addition)
(iv) If a .<b and a <c, then a.c<bc
(Monotone Property of Multiplication)
(v) Since "ab" and "b<a" are the same statements, all the
above axioms can be rephased iii terms of "a> b"
 243
EQUATIONS

As shown earlier sometimes equality signs are combined with in-

equality signs
ab means a<b or a=b
b means a is not less than b which means
a or b-<a
a h means b<a
We also say that a is positive when a0 and (2 is negative, when
a<0.
Operation axioms. (i) On addition or subtraction of any number
from both sides of an inequality, the inequality is preserved. For example,
if
2x-3<7
We may add 3 to both sides
2,x-3+ 3<7+3
2x<10
Any term in an inequality can be moved from one side to the other
provided that its sign is changed. For example, if
a—c< b , then a<b+c
This, in other words, is the transposing of a term from one side of
the inequality to the other.
(ii) if we multiply or divide both sides of an inequality by a positive
(non-zero) number, the inequality does not change. For example
3x>-5
multiply the inequality by 3, then
3(3x)>3(5) 9x>15
If, say, x==2 then the inequality holds true in both of the above
cases.
(iii) if we multiply or divide both sides by a negative number, the
direction of the inequality is reversed.
For example
5x>I0, where x=3
By multiplying both sides of the inequality by —5, we have
5(l0)
—25x <-50
This is because when x=3, the inequality —75 is less than —50.
(iv) An inequality can be converted into an equation
If a> b then a=b+p.
where p is positive real number (i.e. p>0)
If C> ci, then we write
c=d+q, where q>0
Also a.c==(b+p)(d+q)=bd+pd+ hq±pq


244 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Now p and q are positive. If in addition b and d are positive, then
every term on the right-hand side is also positive so that
a.c>.b.d
(v) If the two sides of an inequality, each having the same sign, be
Inverted (i.e., turned upside down) then the sign must be reversed.
a b c d
if —> -- then, - <- i---

and in particalar if a >.b then - <

(vi) If the signs of all the terms on both sides of the inequality are
changed, the inequality is reversed.
If a>b then —a-c(—b
(vii) Now if a 1 >b 1 , a 2 >b 2 , a 3 >b 3 ... a>b
then a1 + a +a+... -1-a,>b1.-b+b3_ . +b.
and a1.a2.a3 ... a>b1.b2.b.b
(viii) If a>b and n>O then a>b
1 1
and
an
(ix) Arithmetic mean (A) of two positive numbers say a and b is
Feater than or equal to their geometric means (G) (cf. Chapter XII). This
is proved as follows. We know that

A,r±Pad G=t/c
-
A--G= -------
2 /ab

- Va — / b)i)o
A>G
Example j . Solve the inequality x+3<7xN
Solution. x+3-3<7-3 (Substract 3 from both sides)
x<4
Example 2. Solve the inequality —6x>24.zxEN
24
Solution. (-6x)> -

—x>4
CD, x<-4(inequality reversed due to change of sign on both sides)
x=-5, —6 and soon

EQUATIONS 245

Example 3. Solve the inequality 2(x+1)-3(x—)>7xxEQ

Solution. 2(x+ 1)-3(x—)>7xxE Q
2x+2-3x+4>7x
—x+6>7x

x—x+6>7x+X (adding x on both sides)

6> 8x, i.e. 8x<6 or x<.
Example 4 Show that the following inequality is consistent.
(3x+ I 5)>x+ 5

Solution (3x + 15)>x-1
x +5>x4- 5
The equality is inconsistent.
84. GROUPING SYMBOLS
Before coining to the solution of equation, we consider this because
often in equations we come across grouping s)mbols like parentheses ( ),
braces { } and the brackets [ J. They signify that the numbers or
symbols contained therein are one unit and therefore should be treated as
such in solving equations.
The normal procedure is to remove the grouping symbols by work-
ing from the inside out. In other words, we must start from the inner-
most pair of the parentheses and remove them before we take up the
braces. The brackets are taken up in the end. For example
2X-3[X4_2y-3(x+2y)-2(2_y)}-- 11
= 2x-3{x+2{y---3x-6y-4±2y)± III
=2X .-3[x+ 2y-6x— 12y— 8+4y+ 11
=2x---3[ —5x— 6y-7]
=2x-4-15x l-18 y +21 = 17x+ 18y+21
Further it should be borne in mind that the parentheses preceded by
a4 sign may be removed without changing the signs of inner numbers but
if the parentheses is preceded by - sign, the parentheses can be removed
by changing - sign to - I and applying the distributive law as shown
below:
2x—(4y-8)=2.x-1(4y--8)5x---1(4y)—1 (-8)
= 2x-4y+ 8
85. GENERAL SOLUTIONS
The particular value or values of the variable or the variables which
satisfy the relationship given in the equation is called the solution of the
equation It is also known as the root of the equation. In a linear equation.
with one variable, there is only one root or one solution to the equality.
For example, in an equation 2x— 10=4, it is the x=7 which satisfies the
relationship and therefore is the solution to the equation.
246 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

To find a solution to a simple e uation we may use simplification

techniques and the axioms of equality to transform that into the form x=b,
indicating that b is the solution to the equation. In this process we should
justify each step by any of the axioms of equation. Our main objective
is to get each term involving an unknown variable to one side and all
unattached numbers to the other side. For example, in an equation
3x+5=—x+ 13,
to get all the x's on the left hand side, we may employ the addition axiom
and add x to both the sides i.e.,
3x+5==—x+13
+X = +X
3x+5+x=—x+ 13+
4x+5=13
Now to bring 5 to the right hand side, we employ the subtraction
axiom and subtract S from both the sides. The equation now becomes
4x+5=13
_5==_5
4x=8
Then divide both sides by 4, we get x=2.
If we substitute 2 for x in the original equation, the truth of the
statement can be proved.
3x4-5=--x+13, if x=2
then (3)(2)+5=(-2)+13
6+5=11
The above equation is a linear equation in one variable. Now, let
us consider two linear equations in two variables
x+y=3
3x+2y=7 . . .(2)
Such equations can be satisfied by large number of sets of related
values of x and y in individual equations some of which are
(0,3), (1,2), (-1,4)
(0 ,), (1,2), (-2, )
It can be shown that the common set (1,2) simultaneously satisfies
both the equations. This shows that two simultaneous equations are neces-
sary when where are two variables in order we, can find a unique solu-
tion which would satisfy both the equations. Likewise for linear equations
in three variables there should be three simultaneous equations to enable us
to get the solutions for all the three variables satisfying those equations.
86. DEGREE OF AN EQUATION
The degree of an equation is denoted by the highest index of the
variable in any equation. An equation with the highest index or powrc
EQUATIONS 247
as I (as in the equation x+5=7) is of the first degree. It is also called a
inea,r equation since its graph represents a straight line.
The higher degree equations are also called higher degree polynomials
or polynomial equations. An equation having its hi ghest index as 2 is
called the quadratic equation. For example
x2-f5x-l-6==0
is quadratic equation in one variable. But the equations
x2 + y2= 25 and x2-l-xy+yt=8
are quadratic equations in two variables.
Further, higher order equations are cubic with highest index of the
variable 3 and biquadratic with the highest index of the variable 4. For
example
x3-f.6x2-l-- 12x+7=0
is a cubic equation in one variable. There can be a cubic equation in
two or more variables also.
Similarly x4 +Sx+7x=16 is a biquadratic equation in one variable
which can also have two are more variables.
Use of Equations
The practical use of the equations is in evolving certain relations and
finding out the value of the unknown. Sometimes complicated verbal state-
ments when translated into equations or inequalities can be solved with
great ease. A few illustrations will make the point clear.
Example 5. (i) In the two consecutive numbers one-fourth of the
smaller one exceeds the one-fifth of the larger one by 3. Find the numbers.
Solution. Let the two consecutive numbers be x and x+l. Now
one-fourth of the smaller is - - and one-fifth of the larger is if the
first exceeds the second by 3, we can express this in the equation form as
X x--
—3.
4 5
5x-4x---460 [by multiplying both the sides by 20]
x=64
The two numbers are 64 and 65.
64 65
We can check, = 16 and = 13, the difference is of 3.
(i) 1 father is 28 years older than the son. In 5 years the father's
age will he 7 years more than twice that of the son Find their present ages.
Solution. We normally suppose what we have to find, let the
present age of son be x then the age of fatner will be x+28. Now, after
248 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

5 years their ages will be x 1- 5 and x -1-28 + 5 respectively. If the age of

the father then will be 7 years more than twice that of the son, we can
represent this in the equation form as
x+28+5=2 (x+5)+7
* Xi33=2x+l0-l-7
* x--2x=-33+10+7
x=+33—l0-7
xzrl6
The son's present age is 16 and the father's present age is 44.
(iii) A person receives a total return of Rs. 402 from an investment
of
ft. 8001 in two debenture issues of a company . The first one carrying an
interest of 6% pa, was bought for Rs. 110 each and the other one carrying an
interest rate of 5 01(, p.a. were bought at Rs. 105 each. Find the sum invested
In each type of debentures
So lution. Let the sum X be invested in the first category, therefore,
Rs. 8001 --x must have been invested in the second category. The return
on each for the year will be
xx-1- -6-- and (800l—x)x 5 5
The total return is
6x r
Tro4L (800I—x)x1._-J=402
* 3x 9001

—-=402-38l
* 63x-55x1155(21)
8x= 24255
* xr= 3,032 (approx.)
The sum invested in each type of debentures is Rs. 3,032 and
Rs. 4,969 respectively.
(iv) The speed of a boat in still water is 10 km per hour. If it can
travel 24 km down stream and 14 km in the ups/ream in equ71 time, indicate
he speed of the flow of stream.
Solution.
Let the speed of the flow of water be x, then the speed of
the boat in the downstream and upstream will be 10+x and 10 -- x rspcctj.
vely then the time taken in going 24 km downstream will be and

14 km upstream will belO—x . Now the time taken both way in the
form of an equation can be written as
24 14
l0+ x lO—x
 249
FQUATONS

24(10—X)=14(10+X)
240-24x=1404-14.V
—24x---14x=-240+ 140
—38x==— 100
38x= 100
x= 100133
The stream is flowing at a speed of 100/38 km per hour.
(v) Mr. Ray buys 100 units of the Unit Trust of India at Rs. 1030
per unit, He purchases another lot of 200 at Rs. 1040 per unit. At B.c.
10'50 per unit, he takes up another lot of 400 and a Jiirther lot of 300 at
Rs. 10'80 per 14,1(1. He vvatches as the price goes down and desires to take
up as many units at Rs. I0'25 per unit as would make the average cost of
his holding o Rs. 10'50 per unit, ,Jssriniing that Mr. Ray always buys units
in multiples of 100. find the number of units he purchases at the lowest price
of Rs, 1025 per unit.
Solution. Let x be the number of units purchased at Rs. 1 025.
Total number of units purchased at an average price per unit of
Rs. l0'50
=100I_200+400+300+X
=1000-}-x
Value of urujts==Rs. l0j0X(i000+x)10,500+10'50.v ...(l)
But the value of units held by him
-=Rs. bOx 10'30+Rs. 200)< 10'40+Rs. 400
x 10504-Rs. 300x l(Y80-I-Rs. x 10'25
=Rs. 10550+Rs. 10'25x
From given data, we have
10500-l-1050x= 10550-I- l0'25x 1(l)(2))
1050x-1025x-1055010500
O'25x=SO
x=-=200
Hence he purchases 200 units at Rs. 1025.
81. SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
A system of simultaneous equations is helpful for finding unique
values for the unknowns. The number of equations should be equal to
the number of unknowns. However, the equations can be of varying
degrees. First we take two linear equations in two unknowns which are
in the following form
a1x +b1y-4-c1=0
a 2 x + b 2 y + c2=0.
Now each equation individually has an unlimited number of
solutions (x, y) corresponding to the unlimited number of points 011 the
 250
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
locus (straight line) which the equation represents. Our problem is to find
all solutions common to the two equations or the co-ordinates of all points
common to the two lines. There can be three possible situations iii this.
(1) The equations will be
C onsistent and independent if there is only
one solution,
in Fig. 1. i.e., the two lines have only one common point as shown

Fig 1.

(ii)
The two lines are coincident. The equations are consistent but
dependent as shown in Fig. 2.

)(

Fig. 2 Fig. 3.

(i/i) The system has no solution when two lines are parallel and
distinct. The equations are inconsistent as shown in Fig. 3.
There can then be graphic solutions as well as algebraic solutions
of equations, the former of course are not precise but easy to use in some
 251
EQUATIONS

cases. A graphic solution to three linear equations has been shown in

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

Algebraic SolutiOnS
We are now illustrating the algebraic method of solving three linear
simultaneous equations. The other methods we shall discuss in the
chapter on Matrices.
Illustration. Solve the system of the following three con.sisxent and
independent equations in the three unknowns
2x.1-3y-4z/
3x-.--y—.2z-=4 ...(ii)
...(liI)
4x-7y-6Z=--7
Solution. Let us first eliminate y.
We rewrite (1) 2x-i-3Y-4Z= 1
3X(ii) : 9X-3y--6Z12

Add: lix —1013

Now, we rewrite (iii)
4x-7y-6Z— .7
-7x(ii): _21x+7Y+14Z28
+8z=--35 .. (v)
Add: —17x
Let us now eliminate z from (iv) and (v), i.e.
4x(iv) : 44x-40 Z= 52
5x(i ): — 85x+40Z-175
Add: --41x ==-123
x=3


252
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Now, substitute the value of x in (iv) to get the value of z, i.e.,

I I(3)—lOz=I3
33—lOz--l3

z=2
Now, substitute the values of x and z in (i), we have
2(3)+3y—(2)= I
6+3y-8=
3J'=8-6-l-1=3
yH
88. QUA DRATIC EQUATIONS
An equation which when reduced to the rational integral form
contains the square of the unknown quantity and no higher power is called
a quadratic equation or an equation of the second degree.
An equation which contains only the square of the unknown and not
the first power is called a pure quadratic equation, e.g.,
5x'=21
But an e quation whichcontains the square as well as the first power
of the Unknown is called an "ad factor" or complete quadratic equation,
e.g.,
3x 2 -- S x -f-2-O or r 2 -- hx4- c=Q
where x is the unknown and a, h, c represent the constants of the
equation. However, sometimes the fact is not obvious from the observa-
tion whether the equation is a quadratic as in the following case
3x22_/x
Squaring it, we get
3x --24+X_4 / or 2x-6=-4Vx
Squaring it again and taking it in proper form, we have
4x2 -_24x+36 I 6x
4x2--40x+360
X2_1Ox+90
It is now in a rational integral form. The general form of a
quadratic equation is
ax + bx + c 0
where a, b and c
are any real numbers and °_,-6 0. This is because
if a=O then the expression ax2
becomes a linear one. becomes equal to zero and the equation

The graphic presentation of a quadratic equation takes the form of

a parabolic (chapter XV) which is a smooth and more or less a cup-shaped
curve. This may open upwards or downwards depending upon whether
'a which is the coefficient of x 2
minus sign. in the above equation has a plus or a


eQuArIoNs 253
89. SOLUTIONS TO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
There can he both graphic and algebraic solutions to the quadrati c -

equations. The following three figures show three possible situations of it

quadratic equations.

Y-6x9
-s - -

Fig. 5. Fig, 6. c
In the first one there are tw o real solutions at the points where
curve intcects the x-axis. In the second
one there is only one real solution where
the curve touches the x-axis. In the
third case there are no real solutions.

For graphic solution of a quadratic y2x+4

equation in the form of ax2+bx+c=0,
we have to Obtain table values of x,
using a suitable sequence of values. It is
b
suggested that the value of - 2a-- may _
x---
-4
be taken as the central value and a
few greate and lower values may then
be chosen Let us take an illustration. Fig. 7.
Equation y=x--- 2X— 3
Table values

4 683fl:5
3
2
b —2
1 —2 —3
2,1 2
01 0 0 --3 ==-3
—1 1 +2 —3 .0
—2 4 +4 —3 =5
254 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

It may be noted that if a>O the parabola opens upwards. The value of
- = 1 is the folding point or the axis of symmetry of the parabola.
The points where the parabola crosses the xaxis are the values where y=O.
In the Fig. 8 where x = —1 and x =3 then y=O, therefore, these are the
two roots or the solutions of the equation.
Use of parabola is very common in economics. It represents the
behaviour of average cost and marginal cost functions. Also to represent
output and revenue it is used, however, in which case the parabola will open
downwards as illustrated in Fig. 9 for the equation y= 4x--X
Table of ialues:
if --O
x=O, Y- if x=l, y3
if x2, y=4 if x=3, y=3
if x=4, y-O

2-3
\
Y

------------
(.5 6
x

;---

1- -----
Fig. 8. Fig. 9.

provides the vertex or the turning

In the above-
point of the parabola. Also since a<O, the parabola opens downwards.
Further 0, 4 are the two roots of the equation.
However, there may be two or more equations combining linear and
quadratic forms of equations. Graphic solutions are possible there also. The
points of intersection of the various lines or curves as the case may be will
give a solution. The same we derive algebraically by solving simultaneous
equations. Among other things the smooth graphs of functions will give
approximate values of a function with several intermediate values of a
dependent variable where precise mathematical calculation may be difficult
and tedious.
ALGEBRAIC SOLUTIONS
First we tale general methods of solving a quadratic equation
and then some special methods for quadratics involving radicals etc.
(i) Method of factorisation,
(ii) Method of completing a perfect square


EQUATIONS 255
(1) Method of factorisation. This method is used where the
quadratic expression C8fl easily be resolved into linear factors.
Example 6. Solve (a) 4x 2 25, (b) x2_(a+b)xFab0
Solution. (a) We have, by transposition
4x2—.25=O
(2x)"— 5'.=O
(2x-5)(2x+5)=0
either 2x+5=0, i.e., x= --
or 2x— 5 = 0, i.e., x=
Hence the roots are -- 4, 4.
(b)
x2—(a+b)x+ab-=O
x2—ax--bx+ab=0
xxa)—b(x.---a)=rO, i.e., (.x — a)(x b) 0.
Hence x= a, b
Example 7. Solve x--6x+8=0.
Solution. We have
X2— (4+2)x+8 = 0 =:,- x(x-4)_2(x_4)0
(x-4)(x--.2)=O
either X-40, i.e., x==4
or x-2=0, i.e., x=2
-lciice the roots are 4, 2.
b a b
Example 8. Solve -- x -- =-- ••--
Solution. By transposition, we get
X b ba
b b a x
x—n b(x—a)
b ax
(X—a)
b ax
either x—a=0, i.e., x=a
I b . bt
Or -- ---, i.e., x=
b ax a
Thus the roots are a
a
4x2 -7 óx—]
Example 9. Solve
—T-- 4x23 = 2
Solution. By transposition, we get
427 Gx -
I 9x-2 I
4x2 --3 — 2 -- 3 6


256 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

6(4x2_7)=4x2+3
24x2-4x=3-f-42
4X2=.9,i.e.x2=
Hence x=±
(ii) Method of Completing Square:
Example 10. Solve 3X 2 — 14, fS=:O.
Solution. Dividing both sides by 3, we get
X2_!. +--=o
Now we add oil both sides, the square of half the coefficient of .v to make
the L.H.S. a perfect square.
49
Adding -- to both sides, we get
14 49 49 8
3 • 9 9 3
7 1 25

7 5 12 2 2
x -- =- --, --=4, --
General method of Completing the Square. Let inc general
quadratic equation be ax 2 ± bx + c= 0.
By transposition, we have ax2+bx=—c
Dividing both sides by a, the coefficient of X 2 , we have
b c
x t H- - x = - -
a a
b2
Now half the coefficient of .v is2a
- and its square is
b2
Adding to both sides, we get
4a
b b' b' c
x2+ - 4j2 4a' a
b 2 b2-4ac

Extracting square root of both sides, we have

b _±Vbc
X-_..
2a
b ./b2_4c
2a
EQUATIONS
25
Tlic two roots of a.f- bx -- C =0 are
—h+ \/biTc —b--f Vb-4ac
- ------ and -
2a 2a
The following method of Completing the square is due to the great
Hindu Matheniaticia i Stidhar Acharyya.
Since av-l-bx +c r0, we have by transposition

have Multiplying both sides by 4a, (e., 4 times the COCifiCICOE of x, we

4a22 + 4abx== - 4ac

Adding 15 2 , i. e ., square of half the Coetlicient of x,

to both sides, we get
4. 2 ±4abx+b2 b. 4ac
(2(jx+b)2=b2_4nc
( 2,7x -i b)= ± Vh- (extracting the square root)
2ax:=_h±
—b-j- ib24ac
X= -----___
It may be verified that the solutions given by (') above satiI'y the
given quadratic equation, ic., it' we put the values of x found in (') in the
L.H.S. of the iveri quadratic equation, we will get zero whicti
, is the
R.H.S. The two roots given by () are generally denotedby the Greek
letters a and (3. Thus
—coeffi. of x± \/(coetfi. of .v)— 4 (coeffi, ofx2)(constant term)
' 2 (coefli. of x)
—h-i- ' h-4ac .—b-./ b24ac
or -------- and
A quadratic equation has thus exactly two roots.
Sum of the two roots
We take a fsuni of the two roots
—b/b 2_ 4ac f_bVic}
2a 2a
—2b b
2a (2

Product of the two roots

Similarly, a . = Product of the roots
f—. b L \ hl-4-ac
2a 2a
,{ (--b)4 /b-4a}


BUSINESS MATHUMATKS
258

[(__-b)2---( .\1_4))2I
[bl_0+4acl=
Thus we have shown that
b Coefficient of x
+ = Sum of th e roots= - -a - - -- Coefficient- of x
c Constant term (**)
(3= Product of th e roots= a -- Coefficient of

() and ( u ), in fact, express the Relations between Roots and Coefficients of

a quadratic equation.
Illustration 1. Solve the equasion 2xt_iOx{5_0.
Here a=2, b=-10,c=5
= (10'10)4
The roots are

10±2 15 - 5±/i5
- 4 - 2
2. Solve (b_c)x2+(c_a).v+(a.h)=0.
Here the roots are
x_(C_)1 /(c— a)'-_4(b--c)(ab)
2 (b—c) -
—(C--(!)±\/(a+C---2b)2 _(c_a)-j(a-+-C)--2b}
- 2(b—c) 2(b---c)
2(a— b)2(b—c) a—b
20-0 2(b—c) or
Equations Adaptable to Quadratic Form. Sometimes we come
across disguised quadratic equations or equations adaptable by suitable
substitutions to quadratic form. In the following examples we shall
consider a few simple cases of such types.
Example ii. Solve the equation

V X
I—X
+
I—X
X
2 -

Solution. Putting
j the given equation becomes

After multiplying both sides by 6 y and transposing, we have

6y'-13y+6=0
E QUATIONS
259
6y2-9y— 4Y + 6=0
3y (2y -- 3)— 2(2 y — 3)=-O
4. (3y---2)(2y-3)=O, i.e., Y=:,
Now

2 2 3 /x3
=
x 4 X 9
J—x 9
l —x 4
9.i4—. 4.v
4x=9-9x
4
X= ii 9
x=-i-5

Fence tile 'root " are 4 9

,
Example 12. SoI'e the equation
(a) 26v941-6

(b) _4x12\17+5J_0
Solution. (a) The given equation may be writtcii as
6x -j- 6) + 3-=4 \/X--6x+6
Putting x2— 6x +6v the equation reduces to
y
01 .3)2(4.j)2
Y2+6y±9=f6y
Y2-10y±90

y(y - 1) 9 0 —I )
0, i.e., (y— 9)(y .— ]) = o
Hence Y9oryI
Now
y =9 * x2-6x+6=9
y•-1
X2-6x+50
6E\'36412
X ___ 7 __
Hence the roots are 3+2/3, 5, 1.
(b) Put X---4xzzy
12. Y-H9--5l

Y2 -I-102y+ 2601 -144 (),-f-19)

[Square both sides)


260 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

y 2 -42y--- l35 .'=0, i.e., (y+3)(y-45)=0

y=-3 and y45
But x-4x=y
(6 x 2 -4x-J 3=0 (ii) x2-4x-.-45==O _____
x== '±E±=l, 3 X

II ence x= I ,3,-5,9.
Example 13. Solve
xi.-'/12a---x /ä+i
x—',/12a--x 'ä 1
Solution. By coniponendo and dividendo, i.e.. if -

a b cd
then -+ == —i--- we have
2x 2/a or - v
2 './12a--x
X/a.Y12a_x
Squaring both sides, we get
= a(l 2a—x)= 12(22— ax
x2-Fax--12a=O
xI+4ax_3ax_12a2=0
x(x+4a)_-3a(x+4a)_0, i.e., (x-3a)(x+4a)=0
x=3a or —4a
Fxaniple 14. Solve (a+x)3I3+(a_x)I3=4(a2_x2)I 13
Solution. Cubing both sides, we get
{(a _j_x) ! I.}3 +((a— x)' }+ 3 (a + x)tI3(a—x) '3{(a+ x)2P + (a—x)213}
=64{(a— x2)' /)
[Formula : (A+B)3=43+B3+3AB(A+B)1
(a+x)2+(a—x)2+ 3(a7_xI)2/a(4(al_x2)1 /3} -=64(a2---x2)
(a+x)?.f(a_..x)I+I2(al—x)=64(a2.._x)
2a' 4- 2x 2 -52a -- 52x2 =0, i.e., 54x2 = 5002
= = 25
54 27
Hence x=j ia

]Example 15. Find the value of



EQUATIONS 261
Solution. Let

Since the terms go on to infinity, the given quantity will not change
if we omit the radical before /6, and those after the first one are taken to
be equal to x. Hence we have
X=
V6+x
Squaring both sides, we get
x= 6+x
x'—x—(r() , using the formula for finding roots, we have
. --2
2 2
But the given quantity is positive.
Hence
Example 16, Solve the equations
(a)

(b) (IO_
33x+32O
Solution. (a) Putting the given equation reduces to
2 +y = 6
y
ff
25y1+25y-6=0
—25k 25+35 6 I
.
50 505'5
- 6 . 36 1 .
Either V x ---, i.e., or x=-- , i.e., x=-

(b) Putting x5 ry, the given equation reduces to

y2— 33y±32=0
y2—(32+l)y+32r=0
y (y-32)—(y-32)=0
(y-32)(y--l)=0
Either y -32=0 y==32, i.e., x5 =32, whence x=2
or y-1=O y= 1, i.e., x5 =- whence x1
Example 17. Solve (2x-f-3) (2x+5) (x-1) (x-2)=30.
Solution. Multiplying together the first and third factors and the
second and fourth factors of L.H.S., we have
{(2x+3) (x—J)}{(2x+5) (X—.-2)}=30
* (2x-l-x-3) (2x'+x--I0)=30

262 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Putting 2x2 +x y , we have

(y-3)(y-10)=30 Y1-13Y=0
y(y-13)=-0, i.e., Y=0,13
(i) TakingY- O, 2 2 + X O ' X(2X+1)0

(ii) TakingY =13 , 2x'+x=13 2x'+x-13=O

'1 105
4
Irrational equations reducible to quadratics:
Exatuple 18. Solve 12x4 J+V3x+4=7.
Solution. By transposition of one radical, we get
/jT1 =7—/34
Squaring, we get
2X+ 1 =49+(3x+4)— 14\/3X+4
x-f52=14\/3x+4
Squaring, we get x2 + 1 04x+ 2704 = 1 96(3x-j-4)
x2-484x+19200
x-4x-480x+1920=0
x(x-4)-480(x--4)=()
(X-4)(x-480)=O
Either x==4 or X=480
The root 4 is found to satisfy the given equation, the other root 480
does not satisfy it.
x4 is a root of the given equation, but X480 is not a root.
The value x=480, which does not satisfy the original equation and
as such is not a root of the equation is called an extraneous root.
Example 19. Solve ,,/x z F4x2J+ Vx—x-6= 16x'-5x-39
Solution. Factorising expressions under radicals, we get
V(x-3)(x+7)+V(x-- 3)(x+2) = V(x-3)(6x± 13)
i/[\/T
Either /x-3=0, i.e., x=r3
or Vx+7+Vx+2=V6x+13
Squaring both sides, we have
(x+7)+(x+2)+2./(x..7)(x+2)6x+ 13
EQUATIONS 263

2V(x-0)(x+2)=4X+4
i/(x-T2)==(2x42)
Squaring again, we get

3x2—x-10''0
1-+'/1-f-l2O 5
=2 or
6
Example 20. Solve
Solution. Let [x'--4ax-f.5 =-y
and
Then the given equation becomes
Y z2(a—b)

Squaring and subtracting (I) and (2), we get

y 2 — z2= ( x +4a x+ S)—(x 1 +4bx +5)
(),+z)(y--z)=4(a—b)x ...(4)

Dividing (4) by (3), we get

y—z-2x

Adding (3) and (5), we get

2y=2(a—b)-l-2x, i.e,, y=u—b+x
Substituting this value in (I), we get
\12 +4av+ 5=a—h+x=(a_ b)+x
Squaring both sides, we have
. v2 +4ax--5=(u b)*-4--2(a_b)x+x2
4ax_2(a_b)x=(a_b)2_5
cop 2(a+b)x=(a_b)2_5
X (a—b)2--5
=
2(a-fb)
Subtracting (3) and (5), we get
2z=2(a—b)-2x, i.e,, z=(a—b)_x
Substituting this value in (2), we get
Vx z + 4bx+5=(a—b)—x

Squaring both sides, we have

x2 +4bX+5 =(a—b)'-2(a— b)x+
264 B1.SINESS MATHEMATICS

I. 4bx+2(a—h)x=(a—b)2_5
2(a+b)x=(a—b)25
(a— b)2-5
X_ --

Example 21. Solve V'3x2 7x-3O± \/2x-7x-5=x-5.

Solution. Let i/3x2_7x=y

and V'2x2_7x_5 =z
Then the given equation becomes
yf-z==x-5 (3)
Also squaring and subtracting (2) from (1). we get

(y+z)Y—z)—(x+5)(x----5)
Dividing this equation by (3), we get
y—z=x+5 .(4)
Adding (3) and (4) we have
2y=2x y=x
substituting this value of y in (1), we have
W3 x-7x -3O =X ' 3X2_7x_3O=x2
2x?7x3O=O

x7+d9±2406 ' ---

4 2
Subtracting (3) and (4), we get
2z=-10 . z=-5
Substituting this value of z in (2), we have
T2x'7x--5= --5
2x-7x-5=25
2x-7x-3O=O
7+r49+4f S
X = = 6,

810. RECIPROCAL EQUATIONS

Earnp1e 22. Solve l0x 4 + 63x + 52x2 —63x +10=0.


QUA'ILONS 255

Solution. Rearranging the terms, we have

10(.x:'+ 1)+63(3—x)+52x1=0
Dividing both sides by x 2 , we have

10 ( x4)+63 (x_) 52--0

x—' )2+2
10 1-1-63-!_)+520

rXT x

10 (x-_L+63 (x—J--)+72=o

Putting y for x— we have

10y2±63y+72=0
10y2+15y+48y+72=0
5y(2y+3)+24(2y+3)=0
(5y+24)(2y+3)==0
24 3
or

24
0) when y— 24
--- then x---
5x2+24x-5=0
—24+/576+ 100 —24*26
10 = ' 5

(ii) when y= - -- then_ _L- _2.

2x'+3x-2=0

x=_ 3+ ± 63±5 _2 ---

4 4 '2
EXERCISE (I)
Solve the following equations
I x-7 4x--2 . 3 5 8
1.
5

(iii) 4-_L=+ 2(x-1)+3 (iv) a_+ 21—x 31—x



266
BUSINESS MATUMATLCS

(v) x—bc x—ca x—ab

2. (1) 25x2=16, (,)

2(45+2x2 ) 3(x3-9)
± 3
—f3
(iv) 3x 2 — 14x+ 11=0,
(v) x-(p+q)xpqo
•
(vx) x 3 10 •.x. a a
(vu) - b
(viii) x2 -2,,/3x + I 0, (ix)

3. (i) :L— 3 x-2 i-3

+2+x+
x-2 x-3 x+2 •v+3
(ii) q+
(j P x—p X—(/

4. (:) • V1—x 3
_

(ii)

x— b2
(in)

2 1 2
5. (f) x +X 3 -2=O, (ii) x'3±127x13,
3
X +4-5_ 2, ( iv) 6xT_f.3x4Ilx

(x 3x)28(x23)2QQ (ii) (2x_-7)(x2_9)(+5)=9I.

7. (1)

(ii) 3x2-18+y3x2._4x64
8. (i) "+VTI-2

(ii) V3x+10+y'9x7rr9
9. (1) \/iT + Vx4 12 1/2x+41
(ii)

10. (1) \/x2_3x+36_ V ' — 3x+9 3



EQUATIONS 267

(ii) \/.-lax* 1Ua2 _ \/ x2 (.ax.f2-x...2a

(iii)

11. (1) (x-.--::- ) _(j(.v+--) i2--O

--- ) 2_io ( _--) + 24=o

(ii) (

(iii) ( x_
1 )2
+9=-(x+ 1 ±)
12. (i) x t +8x 2 -f-1 =Sx(x 2 + 1)
(ii) --2x3 --- 13x2+2x-1-1=O
(iii) 4'__ 16x 3 +23x- 16x-1-4==0
V1±x+v'1
13
- /[2 - - 3

ANSWERS

I (i) 8, (ii) 3, (iii) 1, (iv) , (v) ab± bc - C1.

2. (i) xj , (ii) , (iii) ± 3, (iv) 1, (v) p, q,

(vO 9, 1, (vii) /1, (viii) \ /3 ± \/2, (ix) •3 2, 1.

p2-1-q2
3. (i) 0, : /6, (ii) p-eq 0, p+q.

-256
4. (1) 3, -3, (ii) (iii) (J2±b2+C2

S. (i) -8, I, (ii) 3 13 , 413, (iii) ± 1, , (iv) __ ___

6. (i) 1, 2, -2, 5, (ii) 1±V ,

(1) 0, -3rn (ii) -

2-Ev'10 2±/23
7.
, - 3

8. (i) 0, -16, (ii) 2. 9. (i) 4, (Ii) 4, 5, (iii) 3,

-IOa 2L\/14
10. (i) 0, 3, (ii) 2a, 6a, -.--- , (it)
2
 268
JIUSINSS MATHEMATICS
11. (1) 1, 1, ---2± /3, (Ii) 3±i, 2 ±1, 2,
12.(i) ) —5±2
(iii) 2, ,

13.

811, NATURE OF THE ROOTS

Since the roots of the quadratic equation
by O xbx+c=O
-. are given

- --bj- /9T
2a
the nature of the roots shall depend on the numerical value of
VbI_c. The expression b2
-4ac which dis criminates the nature of the
roots is called dlscrl,n jnant of the equation
a v2 hx+cO and is denoted
for brevity by the syrnh1 /\, which is a greek letter pronounced as delta.
Assuming that a, b,
results are real and rational, we obtain the following

(1) (a) If >O and is a perfect square, then \

both the roots are rational and unequal. / A j s rational, i.e.,
(b) If A>Q, but not a Perfect square, then
both the roots are irrational and unequal. V77 is irrational, i.e.,
(ii) If ,:=O, then
t=O and both the roots are real and equal,
each being equal to
_. They will be rational or irrational according

as - is rational or irrational.

(iii) If /' <0, then

plex and unequal. ic imaginary and both the roots are com-

The reader should note the following points:

(1)
If one root of a quadratic equation with rational coefficients is
irrational, the other will also be irrational, called the irrational conjugates,
e.g., if
one root of a quadratic equation with a rational coefficient is
2+V3, the other one will le 2—,/3.
(ii) If
one root of a quadratic equation with a real coefficient is
imaginary, the other will also be imaginary, called the imaginary conju-
gates, e.g., if
one root of a quadratic equation is 2+3i, the other will be
2-31, i.e, imaginary roots occur in pairs.
Example 23. Discuss the nature of the roots of the following
equations.
(a) x 2 +2x+30, (b) (x_2) (x—b)h1.


EQUA1'!ONS 269
Solution. (a) 1-Ecre a= 1, h=2, c-3
r0_4ac4_12_8<0
The roots are imaginary and unequal.
(b) The equation may be written as
Cix -i-- ctb

- (a-I - b)x -- (ab =0

/"\_r{_ (a-4-b)1__4. I. ((zb__/i2)

==(a-l-b)2-4ah} l4112
=(a— h)+411>0 (Sum of squares is alwa y s -4- ye)
The roots are real and unequal.
Farnple 24. For what values of tit will the equation
.
-- 2(nr -}. 3)x +(2ni 3) .=O
have equal roots,
Solution. Since the dscrinutiant for equal roots is LcO),
we have
0 -4(in + 3) 2 - 4(in + I )(2'n± 3)

Ex-tin1,l. 25.the
If roots of the eqriation (rn-_. n) A- ( n -- l )x-l- I-- m
are eqtwl, Show that 1, in, n are in A. 1'. [IC. W./f, JtI?!t' 19901
Solution. The roots of the equation
(rn-_n)x2_.(nf)Xf.(l_,,l)0
will be equal if
(n--- /)2 —4(tn iz)(f -- ,n) Ø
* a2 2n1-j-- 12 = 4(tn 1 --rn- ni-f may
* a2— 21li-f- 4i1 - 4m 2 —4n1 + 4'nn
2n/4- 124pn(.y /)..- 41
(n+l)'_4,n(nl/)+4,n2O
(11+1-21n)'r--,0
71+1=2'n
* 1+n

m, a are in A.P.
812. SYMMETRICAL EXPRESSIONS
An expression in oc and is said to be
sym metrical if it remains un-
changed by the interchange of arid (. Thus -f-f becomes 1 - by the
interchange of and ft Therefore, x-l- is
Symmetric in cx and ft Other
examples of symmetrical expressions can he given as
cr$-f-i, +
X
-I-
Ce


270
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
It may be noted that the expressions like a x-3 +(32, 1 2 _c.B+:3
2 are not
symmetrical, as their values are altered if a and p are interchanged. Such
expressions are called asymmetric or skew expressions.
Example 26. If and ( ore 1/ic roots of the equation ax2+hxJ-c0
find the value of(i) c— (ii) e. )2
l 2, ( iii)

(111(1 (v) -1-

Solution. Since , 3 are the roots of the quadratic equation

ax 2 + b.\ I c (1, we have

-a and a[—
(I

h
Any s mmetrie expression in ,can be expressed in terms of cc + g and
(3 and ence can he MIILIM 'e' d
equation. in terms of the constants a, 1), c of the

° =\/)4p=::
----) -- =
(ii)
2 c b2 __ 'c
2+32,+()223 = (- -
i) —2
a
(üi)

c4 b3 / C / 1) bc'(3ac b2)
L 3A )J

( iv (
I a 23

(+:3)2 1(+'-:3i
==
/) 2
b*c ' / Ci b(b'_4ac)
- a2 a2 a )/a2 a2c2

I I (3ahc—b)
(v) jH
813. FORMATION OF AN EQUATION
So far we were given a quadratic equation and were required to
find the roots of the equation. We now study the converse problem, i e.,
to find the equation whose solution set is {,
Let ax2 + bx + c 0 he the required equation.
The equation can he written as
-'2-1- 1) x----O


EQUATIONS 271

We know a+f3=---a and

The equation (()

4 ) becomes X 2 — ( x 4 . 3)x+ =0
This is the required equation wht'e roots aic-,ind 3, we may state
the same result as follows
if a and 3, the roots of wi equation are O v en, then the equation can he
written us
.X--X (sum of the roots) F product of the roots = 0.
Example 27. Form the equation whose roots are (i) 6, 7, (ii) 5-1-
5— \/3.
Solution. (i) The quadratic equation whose roots are 6, 7 is
(6+7)-F6.7=0
2_
- 13x•4-42--O
(ii) The quadratic equation whose roots are 5 - v 3. 5— i is
x2 —x (5-f- v' 3 + 5-- /3)+(5±V3)(5-- 3)r- U
x'-{-IOx+22=0
Example 2. (a) If and 3 be the roots of p.4 jl,,ii
the equation whose roots are and I.C. WA., December 1990)

(b) If a and 3 be the roots of .v 2 —p.v - q 0, Jilt,! the equation whose

roots are OC2, ç32

Solution. Since a, are the roots of 2 + p x-f- q= 0, therefore,

we have

and

Sum of the roots =r,±—

2
_IL
--
(x+(3)22
0 22 -

-p'-2q

I I I I
Product of the roots= — - >< 2,1,2

The equation whose roots are -_ -and Iis

p2 q2
x+,- =0

or q1x—(p1-_2q)x+ I =0.
(h) Since at and fl are the roots of x2 —px_- q =0, therefore,
a+iP


272 BUSINESS MATHflMATC

and .. .(2)
The equadratic equation whose roots are a, 31 is
X2_X(+2)+x2(30
40-

x2_x(p!_2q)q2=O Ifrom (1) and (2)]

Example 29. If Gc and p are the roots of 2x 2_ 4x+10 , frorn the
equation whose roots are and 3'-f-.

Solution. Here +=-( -- )=

,
The required equation is
x—x (sum of the roots)+product of the roots=O
Sum of the roots of the required equation
_(a 2 +(3) +(32+c)= ((ce +13 )' - 2 43 ) +(+r3)

=(2)-2.

Product of the roots=(4-f3) ((2+)

= '+ 8 -f (3-f-a
(a+(3)+c4i
(
) ' +(2) 3 — 3.
2 2 4
The required equation is
23

4x2-20x+230
Example 30. If oc and p are the roots of the equation ax1+bx+cO,
form the equation whose roots are
1 1
(i) , , (ti)
afb '

Solution. Since a and P are the roots of the equation 0X2-l-bx+c0,

b c
and cz$=—

The required equation is

(sum of the roots)+product of the roots=O
X2 —X .
I a-f-3' ___________
(1) Sum of the roots= --+ —=-
(3


EQUATIONS 273
b' c
b-2ac
= c/a ac

Product of the roots=----

13
From (), the required equation is
b'---2ac1
- . acx2—x(bt--2ac)+ac=0
ac
1 1 ___
(Ii) Sum of the roots
- bai 13+ab(cc+13)+b2

b )+2b b
a '.-- + ab (_---)+b'

I
Product of the roots=-___ I
( aa + b) ( a 13+ b ) a fl+ ab(cc+ 13)4-b2

-fob _)+b2
From (i), the requited equation is
,b\ 1
X1—X( -
\OO/ ac
acx2.bx+1=O,
Example 31. If cc and Pare the roots of x2pxqO, from the
equation whose roots are (cc13 + -J- 13) and (cc13 - cc —13).
Solution. Here cc+13=p, cc3q
The sum of the roots of the required equation
= (cc13 +cc + 13) + (cc13 —a— 13 ) = 2cc13 =2q

The product of roots= (cc13 +a +13Xcc $ -a— 13)

132 q 2
- (13)' - ( + _pt

Now the required equation is x 2 (sum) x+productO

Example 32. Find the condition that one root of axt+bXlcO

shall be n times the other. [J.C,W,A., December 19891
11cc.
Solution. Let one root of the equation be cc then, the other will be

Sum of the roots=cc(I+n)=----

... ( )
274
BUSINESS

Product of the roots==a'n=

(2)
-(2)
Eliminating between (1) and (2), the required condition is
c
a (1+n)s a
* b'n—ac(I+n)i
Exam pie 33. Find the condition that the roots
of the equation
ax' +bx+c0 may differ by 5.
S olution. Let a and a-f-5 be the two roots.

Sum of the roots==2a+5==_!

and the product of the roots=a'+Sa=.!_

a
The C ondition can be obtained by eliminating a in (1) and (2). We
shall obtain the value of a from (1) and will substitute it in (2),
b-I-So
From (1), we have cc= -

Substituting in (2), we get

/ b+5a )"+5
2a " 2a / a
b2 +25am +1b_ 10ab5004ac
* b'-25a2 ac is the required condition.
Ezaniple 34. If the roots of the equation ax' +bx +c = 0 may be In
the rallo m n, prove that
mnb'aC(m+n)i
Solution.
Since the roots of the equation are in the ratio m n, they
can be taken as ma and flu.
We then, have the sum of the roots
m a+ na= - -
b

and the product of the roots is

The required condition can be obtained by eliminating a between

(1) and (2).


QUAT1ONS
275
b
From (1),
a (m+n)
C
and from (2),
ainn
b2 c
a2(m+n)2amn
rnnb2_—ac(rn-j--n)2
which is the required result.
EXERCISE (11)
I. If a, 13 are the roots of 2x 3 +3x+7=0, find the values of
(i) _2 +P 2 ,(ii) ce-f 13, (iii) c+3 4 , ( iv) . 13- 1 +13 .
(v) (a1_3)+(13I__)1, (vi) (x" — P.
2. The roots of x'_px-- q= O are a and 13, prove that
1 1 Ps 1 3 4 2
P
-+ i— i-- i_,
%2 q' -
3. Form the quadratic equation whose roots are
(i) 4-ivt 4—IVT; (ii) p+'q,psT.q,
(hf) \+V' q P "q
jVq 'V -/
4. If . 13 are the roots of x 2 -2x+3=0, form the quadratic
equation whose roots are
(i) a+3, P43, (ii) 2-3j3, 3-2f3, (iii) - , -p-., and

(iv) TJ
+l' 13f-1
5. (a) If c, 13 be the roots of ax2 + bx +c0, prove that the equation
whose roots are aa+b13, b + a 13 is
(ax-1b')(x+b)+ c(a_b)Z=O
(b) If a and 13 are the roots of the equation ax 3 —bx+c=O, form
the equation whose roots are
(1) -1 1 . I I . 1—ct 1-13
— , ( i, ) --.__, 13+ — , ( ii:) j-- j---.

6. If p, q be the roots of the equation 3x 2 +6x--20, show that

n —a1
the equation whose roots are -- and - is 3X2-18.X+2=O.
q p
7. (a) If r be the ratio of the roots of the equation
a'+bx+c==O,
(r 4. b'
show that
r ac
(b) If the roots of the equation ax' -fbx+c=O be in the ratio p : q,
prove that ac(p+q)I_b2pq.

276 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
& Find k,if
(1) the roots of 2x1 +3x+k=O are equal,
(U) one of the roots of the equation x'-4x—k=0 is 2(l+/3).
(ill) one of the roots of the equation x 2 -6x+k =0 is 3 + IV' 2,
(lv) one root of the equation x t_ 6x+k==O is double the other.
9. if the sum of the roots of a quadratic equation is 3 and the sum
of their cubes is 7, find the equation.
ANSWERS
(1).!2, (H) (Ill) (lv)
1.
T 1 6 14
(v) , (vi) _/—:::.
3. (1) x 2 -8x-j--18=0, (Ii) x2-2px+p2—q=0,
(lii) (p—q)x'-2(p+q)x+(p_q)=0.
4. (III) 3x 2 +2x +3=0, (iv) 3x'-2x+ 1 =0.
5. (b) (I) bcx'— ax(b -- c) + a s 0, (Ii) Ucx 2 - bx(a + c) + (c + a) 2 0,
(ill) (a+b+c)x2-2xa—c)+a_b+c0
8. (1) k=, (ii) k=8, (III) k= 11. (iv) k=8.
9. [Hint. Here (t)
+'7(+ )'-3a(n+)=27-9
9c43=20, 1e.,

Hence the equation is x'—x(3)+- -0.

814. SOLUTION OF SIM ULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
As indicated earlier there can
be both graphic as well as algebraic
methods of solving simultaneous
equations. Graphic method at time
is very handy in solving such
equations , and, therefore, employed
quite offen in Linear and Non-
linear Programming. The graphic
method is also employed in case of
inqualities. We illustrate below its
use when the simultaneous equations
consist of both linearand non-linear
equations.
The point of intersection gives
a common solution to the two
x' -4 -' -
equations, one of which is linear
(Y=3x+3) and the other one cubic
(y=x'). The value of x=21 gives
an approximate solution which is
good enough for business decision-
making.

SQUATLONS 277
We, now discuss the algebraic methods of solving such equations.
The use of matrices for the same shall be dealt in relevant chapter.
Various methods are indicated depending on the combination of linear
with linear or non-linear equations.
(A) When both equations are linear:
There are generally three methods to solve such equations. These
are
(i) Method of substitution.
(ii) Method of elimination.
(iii) Method of cross multiplication.
We will explain below these methods by taking the two equations in
standard form as
a1x+b1y+c1=O
a1x+ b2y -f c2 --O .- (2)
(I) Method of substitution. From (1), by transposition
a1x= —(b1y+c1)

X=— b1y+c1
a1
Substituting this value of X in (2), we get

a2 ( b1y+c1 )+bO
a1
* —ab1y—a2c1+a1b1y-f a1c1=O
(a1b2 —a1b1 )y= —(a1c_a1c1)
a1c2 - a,c1
3a1b,—a1b.
From (3), we get
b a1c2a1c1
l X bb - ' b 1c,—bc1
X- =ab—a2b1
a1
Illustration. Solve 5x-!-2y=8 • . .(1)
9x-5y=23
Solution. From (I), we have 2y=8-5x
8- 5x .(3)
2
Substituting this value of y in (2), we get
5x
9x-5


27 HVSINB$3 MATHEMATICS
18x-40+25x*46
43x='86, I.e., x==2
8-5x2
.. From (3), we have y=
2
Hence x=2, y —1 is the required solution.
(Ii) Method of elimination. Under this method, the two equations
are transformed to equivalent equations such that coefficients of any of
the variables in both the transformed equations become numerically equal.
Thereafter by addition or subtraction of these equations, that variable can
be eliminated, so that the resulting equation becomes a simple equation.
The solution for the variable of the simple equation can be determined by
methods already discussed. The method of elimination can be repeated
for the other variable or the solution for the other variable can be
determined by method of substitution.
The two general equations already considered are:
aix+b 1y4-c1 =0 ...(l)
a,x+b1yc2o
Let equations (1) and (2) be transformed to equivalent equations
having equal coefficient of x. The L.C.M. of the coefficients of x in the
two equations, viz., a1a2 will be the coefficient of x in the equivalent
equations. Accordingly, (1) is to be multiplied by a 2 and (2) by a1 Thus
the transformed equations are:
aia2x+a2b1y+a2ç.0
aja2x+ajb,y+a1c2==o
Subtracting (4) from (3), we have
(a1b1 —a1b2 )y+ (a1c1— a1c,) =0
a1c1--a1c2 a1c1— ac1
or
ao1 _ a1b1
By substituting the value of y in (I) or (2), we shall get
b1c, - b1c1
X

It may be noted that the method of elimination is preferable when

none of the variables can be expressed in simple form in terms of the
Other from the equations.
Let us illustrate this method with equations having numerical co-
efficients. Let the equations be
5x+2y=8 .. (1)
9x-5y=23 .. (2)

EQUATIONS
279
L.C.M. of the coefficients of x, viz., 5 and 9 is 45.
,. Multiplying (1) by 9 and (2) by 5, we get
45x+lSy=72
45x-25y=115
Subtracting (3) from (4), we get
43y=-43
From (1), we have 5x-2x1=8
x=2
(iii) Method of Cross Multiplication
The two general equations already considered are

a,x+b,y+c10
have Multiplying the first equation by a s and second equation by a1 , we

a1ax+a2b1y+a,cO
a1 a2x + a1 b2y + a1c1=O
By subtraction, we have (a2bi—ajb2)y+(a1c1_ac2)O

C1a,—c2a1 a1 bi—a,b
Similarly multiplying the first equation by b, and the second equation
by b1 , we have by subtraction
x I
—b 2c1 a1b1—a2b1 ... 2)

From (1) and (2), we get

x y I
b1 c2 —b,c 1 j—c.a1 a5J-a2b
This is called Rule of cross multiplication.
Illustration. Solve 5x + 2y=8, 9x-5y=23
Solution. The equations must be arranged in the standard form
as
5x+2y-80
9T- 5Y -23=0
By the method of cross multiplication, we have
x y _____
2(-23)--(-5)(J(— 8)(9)- (5)(-23) = T( 75)79( 2 )
280 BUSXNSS MATHflMATICS

1
—46--40-72+115_18
X y
*

x=2 and y=::__j

(B) When one equation is linear and the other one is quadra-
tic. The general method of solution consists in (1) expressing one unknown,
say x in terms of another, say y, from the linear equation, (II) substituting
the value of y in the quadratic equation and obtaining values of y and
then (Ill) finding corresponding values of x.
zample 35. Solve xay=29
x—y_-3
Solution. From (2), x=3+y
Substituting this value in (1), we have
(3+y)2-fy'=29
* y2+3y-10=:0

y_..3V9+4O_5or2
2
From (3), we have x=-2 or 5
The roots are x=-2, y=-5 or X=5 y=2
Example 36. (a) Solve

x+y==1O
Solution. On simplification (I) reduces to
x -l-y S
• V2
10 5
[from (2)J
\/xy 2
Vy=4 and xy=lá
From (2), we have x=10—y
Substituting this value of x in (3), we get
(1 O—y)y = 16

EQUATIONS 281

y21Oy+l6==O
(y-8)(y-2)=O
y=8or2
From (4), we get x=2 or 8
Hence the roots are x==2, y=8 or x=8, y=2

Example 36. (b) Solve X2

+I=13,
Y2 4-+ - 5.

Solution. Put U- v= _!_, then the equations reduces to

X y
u2-fV2=13
u+v=5
From (2), we have u=5 .—v ...(3)
Substituting this value of U in (1), we have
(5_..v)2+p2 13
v1---5v-I-6=0
(v-2)(v-3)=O, i.e., v=2 or 3
From (3), we have u=3 or 2
u=3, v=2 or u=2, v=3
Hence the roots are x=+, y ' orX=Ly=.
(C) When both equations are quadratic:
If the equations are homogeneous and of the second degree, i.e., if
the sum of the indices of x and y in each term is 2, they may be solved by
putting y= mx as follows:
Example 37. Solve x2+xy=12
xy— 2y 2 = 1
Solution. Putting y=mx in the equations, we have
x2(I-1-m)=12
x2(m-2m2)=1

Dividing (1) by (2), we have = 12

m-2m1
24m2—llm+1=0
1 1
(8m-1)(3m-0=0, i.e., m=--or -


282 BUSINESS MAT}U3MAT!cS

(1) When we have --x'=12 (from (1)]

or X=±4%/!..

and y=mx=±--. 4 AJ =±4AJ4

(it)M we have [from (1)]
or X=±3
and y=mx==±. 3=±1
Thus the four pairs of roots are
X=3 l x=-3
A/T VT
Y=i 2
Y= —iAV
y=1 Jy=-1j
Example 38. Solve x2+xy-f-y219, 3xy+2y3=36.
Solution. Putting y = tnX in the equations we have
x 2 (1 +m+'n t)== 19
x(3m+2m2)=36 (2)
19
Dividing (1) by (2) we get 1+m+m 2

57m+38m2=36+36m+36m2
2m+2Irn-36=0
(m+12)(2rn-3)=O, &e. 1 'n==-12 or
(1) Taking m==-12, from (1), we get
X2 x133 r= 19 zb,

y =-12x±=+ =+--V1
(Ii) Taking m=4, from (1); we get
19
-4
x2X -=19 * x=2

EQUATIONS 283

Thus the roots are

I x
x=-2
12 I__I
y=- I Vi Y-3 j Y = - 3
7 Vi
Example 39. Demand for goods of an industry Is given by the equa-
tion pq=400, where p is the price and q is quantity, supply Is given by the
equation 20+3p=q. What is the equilibrium price and quantity?
Solution. The demand equation is pq= 100 .. (1)
and supply equation is 20+3p = q ...(2)
Substituting the value of'? from (2) in (1), we get
p(20 4-3p)= 100
3p+20p— 100=0
—20±V400-t-120010
6

But p-.?'--10, therefore

.. From (2), we have q=20+3 .

10
Equilibrium price = ---, Quantity exchanged=30.

Example 40. Solve 3'=9'

Solution. From (1), we have x=2y

From (2), 5$+741(52).52XJ x+y+1=2xy
Substituting the value of x from (3) in (4), weget
2y+y+1=2x2yxy
4y3-3y—l=0
3+\/ 3±5
or ---i-
8

When y=1, (3) gives x=2

and wheny=—, (3) gives x=2x(—)=—.
Hence solutions are : (2, 1) and (- J, —)


BUSLNM MAT1fEMATIcS
Example 41. Solve the simultaneous equations
4x 2 z 128
and 32z+2y.9x
for x and y.
Solution. Equation (1) may be re-written as
2+Y=27
2x-f-y=7
Y7-2x (3)
(2) may be re-written as
35+2Y.(3$)zY 321Y
3x--2y=2xy (4)
Substituting (3) in (4), we get
3x+ 2(7-2x)=2x(7---- 2x)
3X+14_4XrI4X_4X2
CDI
42-15x-f14==O
X= I5±V234 15+1 7
= -i--- =2,
From (3), we get y = 3, -

77
Hence x=-4--, y -- or x=2, y=3.

Example 42. Solve the equations

9x +3y— 4z=35
.(l)
x-4-y---zr=4 - . (2)
2x— 5y - 4z + 48=0
(3)
Solution. Multiplying (2) by 9, 9x-3-9y-9z=36 • . (4)
Subtracting (4) from (1), —6y+5z+I=0 • (5)
Multiplying (2) by 2, 2x+2y-2z=8 • (6)
Subtracting (6) from (3), -7Y-2z+56=0
From (5) and (7), by cross-multiplication,
Y

1
(-6)x (-2)(5)
-- )c(.-7)
Y — z 1
282 —32947

EQUATIONS
285

282 329

Substituting these values of y and z in (2), we get

x+6-7=4 * x=5
Thus x=5,y=6, z=7
Example 43. Solve the equations x2y+2z=()
3x-4y--z=O
x243y2+z21l

Solution, From (1) and (2), by cross multiplication

X y - z
2x1-2x(-4)2x3-1 Xl 1x(-4)--2x3
X y z
lO5—lO
X y z

x=2k,y=k, z=-2k
Substituting these values of x, y, z in (3), we have

iik'=il, i.e., k=+1

When k_=1, from (4), we have X=2, y1, z=-2
and when k==-1, from (4), we have Xr=-2, Y = — 1, Z2.

EXERCISE (III)
Solve the following simultaneous equations.
1. (i) x-2y= 1, 2x-f--y= —3, (II) 42x+ 33y = 117, 48x+ 27y = 123,
x-1 2y +l x+4 y-11
( U ) - +---
3. — TT
x y x y 19
(w)
T-12

2. (i)

.2 3 1 1 1
(li) --+-= _7=_

286 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

(Ii!) 8y-2x=.3xy, 10
1

3. (1) x'-l- y 2. 25, X+y=7, (ii) xI ±y 2 185, x—y=3

(III) 3x '-7xy4-4y2 0, 4x+3y5.
(iv) x!2yI3y=Ø, x±3y=2

4. (I) +,X+y5(iOL+,xyI2.

5. (i' ) f+--=s , x+y=6,

..xy 2 5 5
(U)y+3S, ;+-T =:: -

6. /7+J y 13
,xy=36.

7. (') I+;- = --- X-4-7=T

b
(ii) x+y=a+b,±_A.--=2, b a s b2
(iii) - +

8. x2 —y'=1, x4-2y4=J
x1 )2 9 ... x+y x—y
-
MT=T' x+Y=3, (in) i

2 3 48 32 __
10. 4- --- = 2, +— 13
Ii. (i) x-l- y2 --3=3xy, 2X-6+y2r=0
((1) 2x 2 +3xy=26, 3y2+2xy=39
12. xt+xy+y2=19, x2—xy+y'=7
13. x'-7xy+12y2 0, x'-l-5xy-8y2=64
14. y2_ 5xyl6X2 =0, x2jy2=r45
15. By selling a table for Rs. 56, gain is as much per cent as it costs
in rupees. What is the cost price?
16. A horse and a cow were soid for Rs. 3040 making a profit of
25 10/a on the horse and 10% on the cow. By selling them for Rs. 3070,
the profit realised would have been 10',,',' the horse and 25% on the
cow. Find the cost price of each.
17. In a prefect competition, the demand curve of a commodity is
D=20-3p—p' and the supply curve isS==5p-, wherepisprjceDj8
demand and S is supply. Find the equilibrium price and the quantity
exchanged.


EQUATIONS
287
18. If the demand and supply laws are respectively given by the
equations

4q+9p=48 and

Find the equilibrium price and quantity.

19. Demand for goods of an industry is given by the equation
pq= 100, where p is price and q is quantity and suPPlY is given by the
equation 20-l-3p=q. Find the equilibrium price and quantity.
20. The sum of the pay of two lecturers is Rs. 1600 per month.
If the pay of one lecturer be decreased by 9% and the pay of the second
be increased by 17%, their pays become equal. Find the pay of each
lecturer.
21. The demand and supply equations are 2p-4-q
2 =1I and p-4-2q
==7. Find the equilibrium price and quantity, where p stands for price
andq for quantity.
22 A commodity is produced by using 3 units of labour and 2
units of capital. The total cost comes to 62. If the commodity is produced
by using 4 units of labour and I unit of capital, the c,7,-,t comes to 56.
What is the cost per unit of labour and capita'
23. A man's income from interest and wages is Rs. 500. He doubles
his investment and also gets an increase of 50% in wages and his income
increases to Rs. 800. What was his original income separately in terms
of interest (I) and wages (W) ?
24. If there are two commodities X and Y
demand D1 , D2 and supplies S, S2 with prices p1 and p2 ,
schedules, and we have the demand and suppl y

DI0_p1+p, S1_-6+p1+2p2
D2 = l2+2p_p,, D2rr19+3pj+5p2
(1) Find the equilibrium prices. (ii) Determine the equilibrium
quantities exchanged in the market.
25. Solve the following simultaneous equations:
(1) (27)=r9', (81)7==243.3z
(ii) 4x . 87r=128 9X.2773
(11,) 9' and
4'

(iv) 4' . 21
128 and 38X4279x
ANSWERS
I. (I) x— I (ii) x2 (it!) x=—. I (lv) x=18
Y=1 Y=l y=15


288 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

2 (1) x='—1 (II) x=1 (ill) x=4

Y=1

3. (i) x=3, 4 (II) x'11, —8 (iii) x=,

y=4,,3 y=8,—l1
(lv) x=-1, —4 4. (1) x=r2, 3 (ii) x=4, 3
y=1,2 y=3,2 y::=3,4
5. (1) x=5,l (if) x=6,4 6. x'4,9
y=1,5 y=10,15 y==9,4
7 (1) x=1, 2 (ii) x=a, (a+b) (iii) x=a
Y=2, 1 y==b, (a+b) y=b
8. [Hint. Put x'=u,y2=v] ;X=±1, ±/3,y=0, +/2

9• (i) x=1,2 (II) x=+1, —1 10. Xrrr-!!, y -

y=2, 1 y=, —2

ii. (0 x=±i/3,±.)- ; y-0, +6 IV 19

(ii) x±2,Y± 3 12. x=+2, ±3 ; y= ±3, ±2

13. x== ±--- +6 14.x=3, —3, + 2-

y==6, --6, ±

15. 40 16. Rs. 1200, Rs. 1400

ii. p— -4±/3 7 18. p=11 , q=6

19. p==-, q=30 20. Rs. 900, Rs. 700

5 29
21. pr--, 1; q= -, 3 22. 10, 16

23, Hint. I--W---0, 21+ W=800.

24. Hint. D 1 =S 1 gives 2p 1 +p='4 and D2 ==S2 gives p1+6p8+7=0
Solving the two equations, we get the equilibrium prices and substituting
these values of p, p2 in D 1 and I), we get equilibrium quanties.
25. (1) x=1,y=, (it) x=2,y=I,
(iii) x=5,y=2, and (iv) x=2,y=3;x,Y.
 EQUATIONS 289
815. CUBIC AND BIQUADRATIC EQUATIONS
A cubic equation is an equation in which the highest power of the
unknown is three. The general form of the cubic equation is
ax + hx2 + cx +(/0, a^O; a,b,c,d E R.

A graph of a cubic equation will have two turning points as

against one turning point in the case of a quadratic equation discussed
earlier. A graphic solution oil same pattern can befound for
a cubic equation. The three points at which the curve of cubic equation
intersects the x-axis will give the three solutions to the equation as shown
in Fig. II.
Y

'a

V.

Fig. ii. Hg. 12.

On the same analogy a biquadratic or a quartic equation with
highest Power equal to 4 will have three turning points and 4 solutions
and can bebe found by graphic method in the same manner given in
Fig. 12.
We now .ork out algebraically a cubic equation considering its
general form.
ax3+bx2+cx+d=-0 (i)
On dividing the equation (I) by a, we get

X2+ --- x -{-

The equation whose roots are a, 1, y can he written as
(x—a)(x—)(x— y ) --O

290 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

cop X8—(cz + I3± y)x2 +(-f 7+')X—ç3y=0

Since equations (2) and (3) are identical, by comparing their co-
efficients, we have
b coeff. of x'
SSum of the roots =x++ r=--—
a coeff, of x
S2 Suni of the product of roots taken two at a time
C coeff.ofx
+l3yfya -f

d constant term
Ss=
—Product of the roots= afly==-----
a .
coefff
A biquadratic equation is an equation in which the highest power
of the unknown is four.
The general form of the biquadratic equation is
ax -f b x 3 + cx '+ dx -f e= O; --AO and a, b, c, d, e ER
lf.*,13,y and 8 are the roots of the above equation, we have
b
a
C
c 3+ a y+ C --
+3y+y=-----
a
(I
c3 y - 3 y + ft= - a

Thus, we get
coeff. of x
S1 ==Sum of the roots
coeff.ofx
S5 = Sum of the products of the roots taken two at a time
_+0eff_of x2
coeff. of x4
S Sum of the products of the roots taken three at a time
coeff, of x
coefi. of x'
Constant term
S4 -=Product of the roots=
coeff.of x
Example 44. Find all the roots of the equation
X3
+ 9X - x —9 =0

Solution. By inspection, we find X= + I is the root.

x I is a factor of the equation.


EQUATIONS 291
Hence we divide L.H.S. of the equation by x— I as follows
1 9 —1 —g (1
1 10 9

1 10 9 0
This division gives quotient=x 2 -1- lOx-19
The depressed equation is X2+lOx+9r_0
--10I00-36
Solving this, we get X =-1, 9

Hence the required roots are - 1, 4- 1, - 9.

Example 45. Given that - 6 L a root of the equation
x2X2--17X-1-420
Solve the equation.
Solution. Since —6 is a root, x-4-6 is a factor of the L.H.S. of the
equation. Now we divide the L.H.S. by x+6, viz,
1 2 —17 42 (-6
24 —42 . - (2)
—" 7 0 . -. (3)
we get quotiefltX2-4X±7
The depressed equation is x2-4x+7O
(This 'depressed equation' is the one obtained on dividing L.H.S. of
equation (i) by x±6 and gives the other roots of the equation.)
Solving (4), we get

=2+iV3
Hence the required roots are ---6, 2+i\/3.
Explanation. Write down the coefficients of the given expression
in line (1). Write nothing (or say, zero) below and add, getting 1. Multi-
ply 1 by —6, write the product (-6) below 2 and add getting —4. Again
multiply ---4 by - 6, write the product (24) below —17 and add getting 7
and so on- In line (3), 1 is the coefficient of the first term of quotient.
The power of X in this term is 2 (one less than the degree of the given
expression). The succeeding coefficients are 4, 7. The last number,
viz., 0 is the remainder.
Example 46. Solve the equation 9-36x2 +23x+12=0, it being
given that one of its roots is half the sum of the other two.
Solution. Let the roots be a, 3, y.

292 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

But

Substituting (2) in (I), we get

4
3(1=4 =

One root is

(3x-4) is a factor of 9x 3 -36x 2 +23x- 12. Dividing, we obtain

the other factor as 3x - 8x-3.
1)
(3X---4)(3x-I-1)(x--3) U

Hence the roots are --and 3.

Example 47. Solve the equation

4x8 -24x + 23x+ 18 0
given that the roots are in arithmetical progression.
Solution. Let the roots be c,
:. Sum of the roots=(c-PH x+ (at -f-)=24_=6
it

Product of thcroots=(—)+3).—

25 5
=--, I.e.,

Taking c=2 and =- ,we get the required roots as

2--i-, 2, 2+-i-, i.e., ----, 2,

Example 48. Solve 8x 3_-I4x2 7x-. 1=(), 'i'n that its roots are
in G. P.

Solution. Let oc, 3 he the roots of the given equation, then

P
Sum of the roots=j ++P= -


EQUATIONS 293
fl+1+j3 2 \ 7

Product of the roots- . .ocP

1. 1

Substituting in (1), we get

7
- 3 2
7
1+f+132= 1
i.e., (2-1)(3-2)=O

=2 or

Hence the roots are -i-- , 1.

Example 4, So/ye the equation
- Sx2 - 2x + 24-0
gfven that the product of the two roots is 12.
Solution- Let Ge, p, y be the roots so that y 12

S343y=-24
From (2), we get =-2
Substituting (3) in (1), we get

From () and (4), we find that 3, y are the roots of the equation
1 2 _7t+ 12=O

Solving the above equation, we get

1, y=4 , 3
Hence the required roots are —2, 4, 3.
Example 50. Solve the equation
2x3-X2-22x-24=0,
two of its roots being in the ratio of 3 : 4.
Solution. Let the roots be 3x, 4, 3
Si3+4x+3

294 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

S2 3a. 4x+3 . +4x.

• 120+74_11
S8122ç312
Substituting (1) in (2), we get
120+7x (-_7cc )=_ii
• 742_7_220

* - 7 + 6512
148 2 '37

The roots corresponding to are discarded as they do not

satisfy the condition 13=1.

Hence the roots are --}-, —2, 4.

Example 51. Find the condition that the roots ofthe equation
ax+3bx'+3cx±d=O
may be(a)jn4 p (b) InG.P.
Solution. (a) Let the roots be a a and n+(3.

Sum of the
b
4.
a
Since at is a root of the given equation, we conclude
a0+3bo1+3ccc+d=O
b b2 b
4. a (--a-) +3b(-a_) +3c
bs 3b3 3bc -I-
• —j- +- — -- d=O
* 2b— 3abc+a2d=O, is the required condition.

(b) Let the roots be -, a and e

Products of the roots= . . --

•
Substituting the
the value of a from (3) in (2), we get


BQUATJONS 295
3bc'+3c=O

C3
b3OL

b3 i.e., b3d=c3a

is the required condition.

Example 52. Solve the equation
x I f- 2x3 - I6x 3 ---22x + 7 = 0
given that one root Is 2 .f- V3.
Solution. Since one root is 2+-../3, the other root will be 2—V3.
Let the other two roots be a and P.
Sum of the roots= (2 FN/ —2

Also product of the roots =(2+V3)(2—V3)a13=7

From (1) and (2), we conclude that a and 13 are the roots of
X t + 6x-l-7=0

Hence the roots are —3:I:v'2, 2±V3

Example 53. Solve the equation
x 4 -I- 4x + .5x 2 + 2x —2 = 0
when it is given that —i+i is a root.
Solution. Since imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs, - [ —1 is
another root.
Let the remaining two roots be a and 13.
Sum of the roots -=(— I {-i) +-( —1—i) I-a 4-1 =-4

Also product of the roots-=(—I +i)( —1 —i)a3 —2

From (I) and (2), we conclude that a and 13 are the roots of
x2 +2x—l=O (Since x'—Sx+P=O)
—2± \/4+4
2
Hence - I + i, - I ±/2 are the required four roots of the equation.
Example 54. The sum of two roots of
c4 —8x + 19x2+41\x+2=O
is equal to the sum of the other two roots. Find A and solve the equation.


296
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
Solution. Let cc, , y and 8 be the required roots.

Quadratic factors corresponding to them are of the form

X2 -4x+a and x2-4x+b
(x'_4x+a)(x2 4x+b).4_8x3+l9x2+4?x2
Equating coefficients of like powers, we have
a--h=3
—4a-4b_ 4A . a-fb--
ab==2 (3)
From (I) and (2). we get ?=----3
and fvni I) and (3) we get a=l, b--2
Quadratic factors in (*) become x2---4x-I-1. x1-4x±2
Solving the equations x'-4x±l0 and x 2_ 4x+2O, we get the
required roots as 2±V3. 2-f-V2
Example 55. Solve the equation
16x4— 64x 3 + 56x 1 4 1 6x 15_0
given that the roots are in arithmetic progression.
Solution. Let the roots he cx.--3, c -$, c+3ç3.
S1(
S
(a-3)(+I3)
±(a-3)(+3(3)+(cc+$)(a+3ç). -

Substituting the values of a and , we get the required roots as

3 1 1 3. I 1 3 5
+--,I+--,z.e.,

Example 56. The product of the two roots of the equation

'T
x4 — l Ox-i-42x'_82x 65=O,
Is 13. Solve the equation
Solution. Let the roots of the equation be; 9, y and & Then
S1(a+fl)+(y+8)Io


EQUATIONS 297

S4m665
Since the product of the two toots is 13, we have
3=13
From (4) and (5), we have
(6)
From (2), (5) and (6), we have
( +)(y-3- )--42 — I 3---57--.24 (7)
From (1) and (7), we find that cc I , yi 6 are the roots of the
equation
2_ lOt+ 24=0

Solving the above equation, we have

c<4= 6, y+=4 (8)
From (5) and (8), we find that the two of the numbers , f, y, are
the roots of the equation
y 2 --6yH 13=0 (9)
and (6) and (8) gives the equation for the two remaining roots as
y'-4y -5=0 ...(I0)
Solving (9) and (10), we get the required roots of the given equation
as 3+21, 2+1.
Example 57 If o(, (3,y are the roots of the equation
Aa px 2 --qx--r
0
find the value of
(a) x, (b) p, (c) (d)

(e) (f) (i and (g) (x H I)( )(y-f ).

),
Solution. Here =c+3+y=p

af3ir
(a) P2 y' (a 4- 5 + v) 2 —2(c3 +ft +ya)=p2-2q
(b) 2P23+y+2Y+i3' f,2$
Now (H3+v)(a3+ $+ c'$ +33y
tpq3r
(c) '3Y=c(2'+ 32yf V'r(x+ -f y)=pr
(d) (+ 3+ )(2 + 2 + ) x+

=- p ( p2— 2q)— (pq - 3r) =p 2 —pq + 3r

'v'11 I I
() y2+1+132 p2-2q
xtpt + 13211 +I2 aF32y2 r


298 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS.

(3
i\ 'c (3'+v 2 (3 2 +y 2 y1+c
)d (3i +
°:i +xy2 +(3r±(32+yc2±y(32
a43y
x2(3pq-3r pq
cy r - r
(g) (a+3)(3 + y)(y+c)==2(3 f-2cz$y=(pq-3r)+2r=pq—r
EXERCISE (IV)
I. Find k if 2 is a root of the cubic equation x--(k+1)x+k=0
Also find the other roots.
2. (a) Solve the equation x 3 -4x 2 -3x--l8=0, two of its roots being
equal.
(b) Solve the equation 64x 3 -104x2 =18x+45=0, one root being
double of the other.
3. Solve the equation x 3 -5x2 -16x+80=0, sum of two roots being
equal to zero.
4. (a) Solve the equation 32x 3 -48x 2 +22x-30, the roots being
in A.P.
(/) Solve the equation 27 0 ---42 x2 -2 g x-8--=O roots are in geometric
progression.
5. (a) Solve the equation x 3 -9x2 ±14.v-1-24 =0, two of the roots
being in th: ratio of 3:2. (Lelhi Univ., B.A. (lions.) Economics, 19811
(h) Solve the equation ll x3 -j-81x+121x+60=o, one root being half
the sum of the other two.
(c) Solve 2x3 +x 2 7x_6O , given that the difference of two of the
roots is 3. [Delhi Univ. B.A. (Ho/is.) Economics, 19821
6. Solve the equation x3 13xZ +l5x+189=0, it being given that one
of the roots exceeds another by 2.
7. Solve given that the sum of the two
roots is zero.
8. Solve x4.._2x3_ 21x 2 422x±400 , roots being in A.P.
9. Solve 6 x4 -29x5 +40x_7x_120, the product of the two roots
being 2.
10. Solve the equation X4 +2X3 -_21X !_ 22x+40.=0, the sum of the
two roots is equal to the sum of other two.
ANSWERS
1. k=6; 2, 1, —3. 2. (a) 3, 3, —2, (b) , L -. 3. 5,4,4-3
4. (0) , L , (b) -, , —2.5. (a) 6, 4, —1 (b)
(c) 2, —1, - 6. —3,7,9 7. ±i/2,
8. —4, —1, 2,5 9. 1, , 1±/2 10. —5,4, —2, 1.