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9 - Wellbore Flow Performance

The document discusses single-phase and two-phase wellbore flow performance. For single-phase flow, it describes laminar and turbulent flow regimes and provides equations for calculating pressure drop. For two-phase flow, it covers holdup behavior, flow regimes, and several pressure gradient models including Hagedorn & Brown, Modified Hagedorn & Brown, and Beggs and Brill. It also discusses applications of the models like constructing pressure traverses, lift performance curves, and wellhead performance curves.

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GadhoumiWalid
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
48 views

9 - Wellbore Flow Performance

The document discusses single-phase and two-phase wellbore flow performance. For single-phase flow, it describes laminar and turbulent flow regimes and provides equations for calculating pressure drop. For two-phase flow, it covers holdup behavior, flow regimes, and several pressure gradient models including Hagedorn & Brown, Modified Hagedorn & Brown, and Beggs and Brill. It also discusses applications of the models like constructing pressure traverses, lift performance curves, and wellhead performance curves.

Uploaded by

GadhoumiWalid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wellbore Flow Performance

Outline
• Single-Phase Flow of Newtonian Liquid
– Laminar or Turbulent Flow
– Pressure Drop calculations

• Liquid-Gas Two-Phase Flow


– Holdup Behavior
– Flow Regimes
– Pressure Gradient Models
Single-Phase Flow of Newtonian Liquid

Laminar Flow:
u
N Re < 2100

Turbulent Flow:
u
N Re > 2100
Inertial Force
Renolds Number N Re =
Viscous Force

Duρ
N Re = • Consistent units
μ

• U.S. Field Units:


1.48qρ – bbl/d
N Re = – lbm/ft3
Dμ – in.
– cp
Pressure Drop Calculations

g ρ 2 f ρu 2
L 2
ρΔz +
f
Δp = p1 − p 2 = Δu +
2

gc 2gc gc D

lb f
p= 2
u = ft/s
ft

L
g = 32.17 ft/s 2
ft - lb m Δz
g c = 32.17
lb f - s 2
lb
ρ = m3 L = ft
ft
z = ft D = ft 1
f f = Fanning friction factor q
f f = Fanning friction factor = 1/4 Moody friction factor
16
Laminar Flow: ff =
N Re

Turbulent Flow:

1 ⎧⎪ ε 5.0452 ⎡ ε 1.1098
⎛ 7.149 ⎞
0.8981
⎤ ⎫⎪
= −4 log ⎨ − log ⎢ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥⎬
ff ⎪⎩ 3.7065 N Re ⎢⎣ 2.8257 ⎝ N Re ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
Example:
1.48qρ
N Re =
Dμ

1.48(1000)(65.5)
N Re = = 35,700
(2.259)(1.2)

1 ⎧
⎪ 0.001 5.0452 ⎡ (0.001)1.1098
⎛ 7.149 ⎞
0.8981
⎤ ⎫⎪
= −4 log ⎨ − log ⎢ +⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎬
ff ⎪⎩ 3.7065 35,700 ⎢⎣ 2.8257 ⎝ 35,700 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭

f f = 0.0063
q 4q 4(1000)(5.615)
u= = = = 2.33 ft/s
A πD ⎛ 2.259 ⎞
π⎜ ⎟(86400)
⎝ 12 ⎠

2(0.0063)(65.5)(2.33) 2 (1000)
Δp F = = 740 lb f /ft 2
⎛ 2.259 ⎞
(32.17)⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠
740 lb f /ft 2
= 2 2
= 5 . 14 psi
144 in / ft
Liquid-Gas
Two-Phase
Flow
Holdup Behavior

• The amount of the pipe occupied by a phase is


often different from its proportion of the total
volumetric flow rate.

• Liquid Holdup occurs in upward flow.

• Gas Holdup (Void Fraction) occurs in downward


flow.
Two-Phase
Flow
Regimes
Two-Phase Flow Pressure Gradient Models

• Hagedorn & Brown Model (H&B):


– Use a correlation charts to determine liquid holdup, yl, in
near-vertical upward pipes
– Estimate the average density and mixture velocity by
ρ = y l ρ l + (1 − y l ) ρ g
u m = u sl + u sg
– Calculate pressure gradient by

dp g ρ 2 f f ρ um
2

= ρ+ Δu m +
2

dz g c 2 g c Δz gc D
• In U.S. Field Units:

dp ρ f f m& 2
144 =ρ+ Δum2 +
dz 2 g c Δz 7.413 × 10 D ρ
10 5

p =?
where m& = lbm/day z =?
ρ = lb m /ft 3
D = ft
um = ft/s
• Modified Hagedorn & Brown Model (mH&B):

– For regimes other than bubble flow: use H&B model


– Bubble flow: use Griffith correlation
• Beggs and Brill Model (B&B):

– Applies to any pipe inclination and flow direction


– Uses holdup constants
• Poettmann-Carpenter Method (P&C)

– Vertical well
– Liquid Holdup not considered
– US Field units (ft, ft, psig, F, stb/d, scf/stb):

144Δp fQo M 2
2
Δh = k =
k 7.4137 × 1010 D 5
ρ+
ρ

M = 350.17(γ o + WOR γ w ) + GOR ρ air γ g

Vm = 5.615( Bo + WOR Bw ) + (GOR − Rs ) ( )( )( )


14.7
p
T
520
z
1. 0
1.2048
⎡ p 10 ⎤
0.0125 API
Rs = γ g ⎢ 0.00091T ⎥
⎣ 10
18 ⎦
1.175
⎡ ⎛γ g ⎞
0.5
⎤
Bo = 0.971 + 0.000147 ⎢ Rs ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 1.25T ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ γ o ⎠ ⎥⎦

M
ρ=
Vm

ρ1 + ρ 2
ρ=
2
• Applications of Models:

– Construction of pressure traverse


• Gilbert gradient curve
• Commercial software packages, such as WellFlo, are available.

– Construction of vertical lift performance curve (q-pwf plot)


• Use wellhead pressure as input

– Construction of wellhead performance curve (q-phf plot)


• Use IPR as input
Pressure
Traverse
Gradient
Curves
phf

Wellhead
Performance
Curve

phf = f ( pwf , q )
pwf

IPR Curve

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