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Communication Systems EE-351: Huma Ghafoor

This document discusses Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing (QCM) and Single Sideband Modulation (SSB). QCM uses two orthogonal carriers, a cosine carrier and sine carrier, to transmit two separate message signals over the same channel. At the receiver, the signals are recovered by demodulating with the cosine and sine carriers. SSB modulation uses either the upper or lower sideband of a modulated signal to increase spectral efficiency compared to double sideband modulation. The document provides equations and diagrams to illustrate the concepts of QCM and SSB modulation.

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37 views10 pages

Communication Systems EE-351: Huma Ghafoor

This document discusses Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing (QCM) and Single Sideband Modulation (SSB). QCM uses two orthogonal carriers, a cosine carrier and sine carrier, to transmit two separate message signals over the same channel. At the receiver, the signals are recovered by demodulating with the cosine and sine carriers. SSB modulation uses either the upper or lower sideband of a modulated signal to increase spectral efficiency compared to double sideband modulation. The document provides equations and diagrams to illustrate the concepts of QCM and SSB modulation.

Uploaded by

Knowledege World
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Communication Systems

EE-351
Huma Ghafoor
Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing (QCM)
Transmitter side:
Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing (QCM)
Receiver side:
Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing (QCM)
• Consider two carriers:
• cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
• sin 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
Observe that the phase difference btw these two carriers is 90° , i.e.,
sin 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜋ൗ2 = cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
Hence, cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 & sin 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 are termed to be in quadrature.
• Consider a modulated signal as:
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝐼 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑄 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
𝑚𝐼 𝑡 is the message modulated on cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 , in-phase carrier
𝑚𝑄 𝑡 is the message modulated on sin 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 , quadrature- carrier
Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing (QCM)
• Demodulation with cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) × 𝐴′𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
= (𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝐼 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑄 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 ) × 𝐴′𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
1 1
= 𝐴𝑐 𝐴′𝑐 𝑚𝐼 𝑡 1 + cos 4𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝐴′𝑐 𝑚𝑄 𝑡 sin 4𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
2 2
𝐴𝑐 𝐴′𝑐 𝑚𝐼 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 𝐴′𝑐 𝑚𝐼 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 𝐴′𝑐 𝑚𝑄 𝑡
= + cos 4𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 + sin 4𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
2 2 2
𝐴𝑐 𝐴′𝑐 𝑚𝐼 𝑡
After passing through LPF, we have (recover the in-phase
2
signal)
Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing (QCM)
• Demodulation with sin 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) × 𝐴′𝑐 sin 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
= (𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝐼 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑄 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 ) × 𝐴′𝑐 sin 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
1 1
= 𝐴𝑐 𝐴′𝑐 𝑚𝐼 𝑡 sin 4𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝐴′𝑐 𝑚𝑄 𝑡 1 − cos 4𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
2 2
𝐴𝑐 𝐴′𝑐 𝑚𝐼 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 𝐴′𝑐 𝑚𝑄 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 𝐴′𝑐 𝑚𝑄 𝑡
= sin 4𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 + − cos 4𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡
2 2 2
𝐴𝑐 𝐴′𝑐 𝑚𝑄 𝑡
After passing through LPF, we have (recover the quadrature-phase
2
signal)
• Therefore, using orthogonal carriers cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 & sin 2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡 , two parallel message signals
𝑚𝐼 𝑡 & 𝑚𝑄 𝑡 , can be transmitted on the same channel (sharing the same BW). This
scheme is termed as QCM or QAM.
• Quadrature-carrier multiplexer is therefore a Bandwidth-conservation system
Single Sideband Modulation (SSB):
Consider a modulated signal, 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝐹𝑐 𝑡)
1 1
𝑋 𝐹 = 𝑀 𝐹 − 𝐹𝑐 + 𝑀 𝐹 + 𝐹𝑐
2 2
LSB= Lower sideband −𝐹𝑐 , −𝐹𝑐 + 𝐹𝑚 ∪ 𝐹𝑐 − 𝐹𝑚 , 𝐹𝑐
USB= Upper sideband −𝐹𝑐 − 𝐹𝑚 , −𝐹𝑐 ∪ 𝐹𝑐 , 𝐹𝑐 + 𝐹𝑚

Hence,
• Spectral efficiency of SSB=2 spectral efficiency of DSB
Generation of SSB
Modulated Signals:
• Frequency Discrimination Method:

(a) Spectrum of a message signal with energy


gap centered around zero frequency.
Corresponding spectra of SSB-modulated
waves using(b) upper sideband, and (c) lower
sideband. In parts (b) and (c), the spectra are
only shown for positive frequencies.
Single Sideband Modulation (SSB):
Single Sideband Modulation (SSB):

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