Conducting a Path Analysis With SPSS/AMOS

Download the PATH-INGRAM.sav data file from my SPSS data page and then bring it into
SPSS. The data are those from the research that led to this publication:
Ingram, K. L., Cope, J. G., Harju, B. L., & Wuensch, K. L. (2000). Applying to graduate school: A test
of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15, 215-226.
Obtain the simple correlations among the variables:
Attitude SubNorm PBC Intent Behavior

Attitude 1.000 .472 .665 .767 .525

SubNorm .472 1.000 .505 .411 .379

PBC .665 .505 1.000 .458 .496

Intent .767 .411 .458 1.000 .503

Behavior .525 .379 .496 .503 1.000

One can conduct a path analysis with a series of multiple regression analyses. We shall test a
model corresponding to Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior – look at the model presented in the
article cited above, which is available online. Notice that the final variable, Behavior, has paths to it
only from Intention and PBC. To find the coefficients for those paths we simply conduct a multiple
regression to predict Behavior from Intention and PBC. Here is the output.
Model Summary

Adjusted R Std. Error of the

Model R R Square Square Estimate
a
1 .585 .343 .319 13.74634

a. Predictors: (Constant), PBC, Intent

b
ANOVA

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

a
1 Regression 5611.752 2 2805.876 14.849 .000

Residual 10770.831 57 188.962

Total 16382.583 59

a. Predictors: (Constant), PBC, Intent

b. Dependent Variable: Behavior

Beta t Sig.

(Constant) -1.089 .281

Intent .350 2.894 .005

PBC .336 2.781 .007

The Beta weights are the path coefficients leading to Behavior: .336 from PBC and .350 from
Intention.
Path-SPSS-AMOS.docx
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In the model, Intention has paths to it from Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived
Behavioral Control, so we predict Intention from Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioral
Control. Here is the output:

Model Summary

Adjusted R Std. Error of the

Model R R Square Square Estimate
a
1 .774 .600 .578 2.48849

a. Predictors: (Constant), PBC, SubNorm, Attitude

b
ANOVA

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

a
1 Regression 519.799 3 173.266 27.980 .000

Residual 346.784 56 6.193

Total 866.583 59

a. Predictors: (Constant), PBC, SubNorm, Attitude

b. Dependent Variable: Intent

Beta t Sig.

(Constant) 2.137 .037

Attitude .807 6.966 .000

SubNorm .095 .946 .348

PBC -.126 -1.069 .290

The path coefficients leading to Intention are: .807 from Attitude, .095 from Subjective Norms,
and .126 from Perceived Behavioral Control.

AMOS
Since students at ECU no longer have access to AMOS, I am not going to cover it this
semester.

Now let us use AMOS. The data file is already open in SPSS. Click Analyze, IBM SPSS
AMOS. In the AMOS window which will open click File, New:
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You are going to draw a path diagram like that on the next page. Click on the “Draw
observed variables” icon which I have circled on the image above. Move the cursor over into the
drawing space on the right. Keep your drawing in the central, white, area – not let it extend into the
gray area bounding it. Hold down the left mouse button while you move the cursor to draw a
rectangle. Release the mouse button and move the cursor to another location and draw another
rectangle. Annoyed that you can’t draw five rectangles of the same dimensions. Do it this way
instead:

Draw one rectangle. Now click the Duplicate Objects icon, boxed in
black in the image to the right, point at that rectangle, hold down the left
mouse button while you move to the desired location for the second
rectangle, and release the mouse button.
You can change the shape of the rectangles later, using the “Change
the shape of objects” tool (boxed in green in the image to the right), and you
can move the rectangles later using the “Move objects” tool (boxed in blue in
the image to the right).
Click on the “List variables in data set” icon (boxed in orange in the
image to the right). From the window that results, drag and drop variable
names to the boxes. A more cumbersome way to do this is: Right-click the
rectangle, select Object Properties, then enter in the Object Properties
window the name of the observed variable. Close the widow and enter
variable names in the remaining rectangles in the same way.

Click on the “Draw paths” icon (the

single-headed arrow boxed in purple in the
image above) and then draw a path from
Attitude to Intent (hold down the left mouse
button at the point you wish to start the path and
then drag it to the ending point and release the
mouse button). Also draw paths from SubNorm
to Intent, PBC to Intent, PBC to Behavior, and
Intent to Behavior.
Click on the “Draw Covariances” icon (the
double-headed arrow boxed in purple in the
image above) and draw a covariance from
SubNorm to Attitude. Draw another from PBC
to SubNorm and one from PBC to Attitude. You
can use the “Change the shape of objects” tool
(boxed in green in the image above) to increase
or decrease the arc of these covariances – just
select that tool, put the cursor on the path to be
changed, hold down the left mouse button, and
move the mouse.
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Click on the “Add a unique variable to an existing variable” icon (boxed in red in the image
above) and then move the cursor over the Intent variable and click the left mouse button to add the
error variable. Do the same to add an error variable to the Behavior variable. Right-click the error
circle leading to Intent, select Object Properties, and name the variable “e1.” Name the other error
circle “e2.”

Click the “Analysis properties” icon -- to display the Analysis Properties window. On
the Estimation and Output tabs check boxes as shown below.
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Indirect effects are best tested with

bootstrapping methods. Click the bootstrap tab
and check the boxes as indicated to the right.
Ask for 2,000 bootstrap samples and 95%
confidence.

Click on the “Calculate estimates” icon

. In the “Save As” window browse to the

desired folder and give the file a name. Click
Save.

Click the “View the output path diagram” setting (boxed in red in the image to
the right). You will get the path diagram with unstandardized coefficients.

Click the “Copy the path diagram to the

clipboard icon. Open a Word document or photo
editor and paste in the path diagram.
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The coefficients here are unstandardized – that is,

covariances and slopes. If you want standardized
coefficients (correlation coefficients and beta weights), click
“Standardized estimates” in the pane shown to the right

Click the
“View text” icon

to see
extensive text
output from the
analysis.
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The Copy to Clipboard icon (green dot, above) can be used to copy the output to another
document via the clipboard. Click the Options icon (red dot, above) to select whether you want to
view/copy just part of the output or all of the output.

Here are some parts of the output with my comments:

Variable Summary (Group number 1)

Your model contains the following variables (Group number 1)

Observed, endogenous variables

Intent
Behavior
Observed, exogenous variables
Attitude
PBC
SubNorm
Unobserved, exogenous variables
e1
e2

Variable counts (Group number 1)

Number of variables in your model: 7

Number of observed variables: 5
Number of unobserved variables: 2
Number of exogenous variables: 5
Number of endogenous variables: 2
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Parameter summary (Group number 1)

Weights Covariances Variances Means Intercepts Total

Fixed 2 0 0 0 0 2
Labeled 0 0 0 0 0 0
Unlabeled 5 3 5 0 0 13
Total 7 3 5 0 0 15

Models

Default model (Default model)

Notes for Model (Default model)

Computation of degrees of freedom (Default model)

Number of distinct sample moments: 15

Number of distinct parameters to be estimated: 13
Degrees of freedom (15 - 13): 2

Result (Default model)

Minimum was achieved

Chi-square = .847
Degrees of freedom = 2
Probability level = .655
This Chi-square tests the null hypothesis that the overidentified (reduced) model fits the data
as well as does a just-identified (full, saturated) model. In a just-identified model there is a direct path
(not through an intervening variable) from each variable to each other variable. In such a model the
Chi-square will always have a value of zero, since the fit will always be perfect. When you delete one
or more of the paths you obtain an overidentified model and the value of the Chi-square will rise
(unless the path(s) deleted have coefficients of exactly zero). For any model, elimination of any
(nonzero) path will reduce the fit of model to data, increasing the value of this Chi-square, but if the fit
is reduced by only a small amount, you will have a better model in the sense of it being less complex
and explaining the covariances almost as well as the more complex model.
The nonsignificant Chi-square here indicates that the fit between our overidentified model and the
data is not significantly worse than the fit between the just-identified model and the data. You can
see the just-identified model here. While one might argue that nonsignificance of this Chi-square
indicates that the reduced model fits the data well, even a well-fitting reduced model will be
significantly different from the full model if sample size is sufficiently large. A good fitting model is one
that can reproduce the original variance-covariance matrix (or correlation matrix) from the path
coefficients, in much the same way that a good factor analytic solution can reproduce the original
correlation matrix with little error.
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Maximum Likelihood Estimates

Do note that the parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood (ML) methods rather than
by ordinary least squares (OLS) methods. OLS methods minimize the squared deviations between
values of the criterion variable and those predicted by the model. ML (an iterative procedure)
attempts to maximize the likelihood that obtained values of the criterion variable will be correctly
predicted.

Standardized Regression Weights: (Group number 1 - Default model)

Estimate
Intent  SubNorm .095
Intent  PBC -.126
Intent  Attitude .807
Behavior  Intent .350
Behavior  PBC .336

The path coefficients above match those we obtained earlier by multiple regression.

Correlations: (Group number 1 - Default model)

Estimate
Attitude <--> PBC .665
Attitude <--> SubNorm .472
PBC <--> SubNorm .505

Above are the simple correlations between exogenous variables.

Squared Multiple Correlations: (Group number 1 - Default model)

Estimate
Intent .600
Behavior .343

Above are the squared multiple correlation coefficients we saw in the two multiple regressions.

The total effect of one variable on another can be divided into direct effects (no intervening variables
involved) and indirect effects (through one or more intervening variables). Consider the effect of PBC
on Behavior. The direct effect is .336 (the path coefficient from PBC to Behavior). The indirect effect,
through Intention is computed as the product of the path coefficient from PBC to Intention and the
path coefficient from Intention to Behavior, (.126)(.350) = .044. The total effect is the sum of direct
and indirect effects, .336 + (.126) = .292.
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Standardized Total Effects (Group number 1 - Default model)

SubNorm PBC Attitude Intent

Intent .095 -.126 .807 .000
Behavior .033 .292 .282 .350

Standardized Direct Effects (Group number 1 - Default model)

SubNorm PBC Attitude Intent

Intent .095 -.126 .807 .000
Behavior .000 .336 .000 .350

Standardized Indirect Effects (Group number 1 - Default model)

SubNorm PBC Attitude Intent

Intent .000 .000 .000 .000
Behavior .033 -.044 .282 .000

The “Standardized Indirect Effect” is what Preacher and Hays (2008) called the “index of
mediation.” It is computed by taking the unstandardized indirect effect coefficient and multiplying it by
the ratio of the standard deviation of X to the standard deviation of Y. For the data here, Attitude’s
indirect effect on Behavior is .675(6.959/16.663) = .282. Behavior increases by .282 standard
deviations for every one standard deviation increase in attitude.

Here are the bootstrapped bias-corrected confidence intervals and p values for the indirect
effects.

Indirect Effects - Lower Bounds (BC) (Group number 1 - Default model)

SubNorm PBC Attitude Intent

Intent .000 .000 .000 .000
Behavior -.052 -.382 .165 .000

Indirect Effects - Upper Bounds (BC) (Group number 1 - Default model)

SubNorm PBC Attitude Intent

Intent .000 .000 .000 .000
Behavior .185 .060 1.186 .000

Indirect Effects - Two Tailed Significance (BC) (Group number 1 - Default model)

SubNorm PBC Attitude Intent

Intent ... ... ... ...
Behavior .340 .231 .009 ...
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Standardized Indirect Effects - Lower Bounds (BC) (Group number 1 - Default model)

SubNorm PBC Attitude Intent

Intent .000 .000 .000 .000
Behavior -.039 -.155 .074 .000

Standardized Indirect Effects - Upper Bounds (BC) (Group number 1 - Default model)

SubNorm PBC Attitude Intent

Intent .000 .000 .000 .000
Behavior .131 .031 .492 .000
Standardized Indirect Effects - Two Tailed Significance (BC) (Group number 1 - Default model)
SubNorm PBC Attitude Intent
Intent ... ... ... ...
Behavior .346 .242 .007 ...

The indirect effect of attitude is significant, p = .005, 95% CI [.074, .492].

Tip, if you have not used the “View the entire output file” option, the bootstrap estimates will
not appear unless you click on both Estimates/Matrices/desired matrix AND
Estimates/Bootstrap/desired statistics.

Model Fit Summary

CMIN

Model NPAR CMIN DF P CMIN/DF

Default model 13 .847 2 .655 .424
Saturated model 15 .000 0
Independence model 5 134.142 10 .000 13.414

NPAR is the number of parameters in the model. In the saturated (just-identified) model there
are 15 parameters – 5 variances (one for each variable) and 10 path coefficients. For our tested
(default) model there are 13 parameters – we dropped two paths. For the independence model (one
where all of the paths have been deleted) there are five parameters (the variances of the five
variables).

CMIN is a Chi-square statistic comparing the tested model and the independence model to the
saturated model. We saw the former a bit earlier. CMIN/DF, the relative chi-square, is an index of
how much the fit of data to model has been reduced by dropping one or more paths. One rule of
thumb is to decide you have dropped too many paths if this index exceeds 2 or 3.

RMR, GFI
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Model RMR GFI AGFI PGFI
Default model 3.564 .994 .957 .133
Saturated model .000 1.000
Independence model 36.681 .471 .207 .314

RMR, the root mean square residual, is an index of the amount by which the estimated (by your model)
variances and covariances differ from the observed variances and covariances. Smaller is better, of course.

GFI, the goodness of fit index, tells you what proportion of the variance in the sample variance-
covariance matrix is accounted for by the model. This should exceed .9 for a good model. For the saturated
model it will be a perfect 1. AGFI (adjusted GFI) is an alternate GFI index in which the value of the index is
adjusted for the number of parameters in the model. The fewer the number of parameters in the model relative
to the number of data points (variances and covariances in the sample variance-covariance matrix), the closer
the AGFI will be to the GFI. The PGFI (P is for parsimony), the index is adjusted to reward simple models and
penalize models in which few paths have been deleted. Note that for our data the PGFI is larger for the
independence model than for our tested model.

Baseline Comparisons

NFI RFI IFI TLI

Model CFI
Delta1 rho1 Delta2 rho2
Default model .994 .968 1.009 1.046 1.000
Saturated model 1.000 1.000 1.000
Independence model .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

These goodness of fit indices compare your model to the independence model rather than to the
saturated model. The Normed Fit Index (NFI) is simply the difference between the two models’ chi-squares
divided by the chi-square for the independence model. For our data, that is (134.142)-.847)/134.142 = .994.
Values of .9 or higher (some say .95 or higher) indicate good fit. The Comparative Fit Index (CFI) uses a
similar approach (with a noncentral chi-square) and is said to be a good index for use even with small samples.
It ranges from 0 to 1, like the NFI, and .95 (or .9 or higher) indicates good fit.

Parsimony-Adjusted Measures

Model PRATIO PNFI PCFI

Default model .200 .199 .200
Saturated model .000 .000 .000
Independence model 1.000 .000 .000

PRATIO is the ratio of how many paths you dropped to how many you could have dropped (all
of them). The Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI), is the product of NFI and PRATIO, and PCFI is
the product of the CFI and PRATIO. The PNFI and PCFI are intended to reward those whose models
are parsimonious (contain few paths).
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RMSEA

Model RMSEA LO 90 HI 90 PCLOSE

Default model .000 .000 .200 .693
Independence model .459 .391 .529 .000

The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) estimates lack of fit compared to the
saturated model. RMSEA of .05 or less indicates good fit, and .08 or less adequate fit. LO 90 and HI
90 are the lower and upper ends of a 90% confidence interval on this estimate. PCLOSE is the p
value testing the null that RMSEA is no greater than .05.

HOELTER

HOELTER HOELTER
Model
.05 .01
Default model 418 642
Independence model 9 11
If your sample size were larger than this, you would reject the null hypothesis that your model
fit the data just as well as does the saturated model.

The Saturated (Just-Identified) Model

Matrix Input
AMOS will accept as input a correlation matrix (accompanied by standard deviations and
sample sizes) or a variance/covariance matrix. The SPSS syntax below would input such a matrix:
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MATRIX DATA VARIABLES=ROWTYPE_ Attitude SubNorm PBC Intent Behavior.
BEGIN DATA
N 60 60 60 60 60
SD 6.96 12.32 7.62 3.83 16.66
CORR 1
CORR .472 1
CORR .665 .505 1
CORR .767 .411 .458 1
CORR .525 .379 .496 .503 1
END DATA.
After running the syntax you would just click Analyze, AMOS, and proceed as before. If you
had the correlations but not the standard deviations, you could just specify a value of 1 for each
standard deviation. You would not be able to get the unstandardized coefficients, but they are
generally not of interest anyhow.

AMOS Files
Amos creates several files during the course of conducting a path analysis. Here is what I
have learned about them, mostly by trial and error.
 .amw = a path diagram, with coefficients etc.
 .amp = table output – all the statistical output details. Open it with the AMOS file manager.
 .AmosOutput – looks the same as .amp, but takes up more space on drive.
 .AmosTN = thumbnail image of path diagram
 *.bk# -- probably a backup file

Bringing Up an Old Path Diagram

Open up the data file in SPSS and then Analyze, AMOS. The path diagram will appear. Make
any modifications you want and then submit the analysis. If you have access to my BlackBoard files,
do this:
1. Open Path-Ingram.sav in SPSS.
2. Analyze, AMOS
3. File, Open, Path-Ingram.amw
4. Calculate Estimates

AMOS Bugs
The last time I taught this lesson (October, 2014), with the students drawing the path diagram
etc., when we asked for the analysis about half of us were told that one or more variables were not
named. Checking the properties of each element of the diagram, we confirmed that all variables were
named. I have encountered this error much too often, and my experience has been that the only way
to resolve it is to start all over again. Very annoying !
The last time I renewed the license code for AMOS, every time I tried to run AMOS it told me
the license had expired, despite the license authorization wizard having told me that the license had
been successfully renewed and would not expire until the following year. I had to completely uninstall
and then reinstall AMOS to get it to work.
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Notes
To bring a path diagram into Word, just Edit, Copy to Clipboard, and then paste it into Word.
If you pull up an .amw path diagram but have not specified an input data file, you cannot alter
the diagram and re-analyze the data. The .amw file includes the coefficients etc., but not the input
data.
If you input an altered data file and then call up the original .amw, you can Calculate
Estimates again and get a new set of coefficients etc. WARNING – when you exit you will find that
the old .amp and .AmosOutput have been updated with the results of the analysis on the modified
data. The original .amw file remains unaltered.

Links
 Introduction to Path Analysis – maybe more than you want to know.
 Wuensch’s Stats Lessons Page

Karl L. Wuensch
Dept. of Psychology
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC 27858-4353

July, 2017