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Pruiseupnu"jg ME,C*NICM wAMON{ENfl

I. Principiul inertiei
Un corp isi pastrecza stores de M.R.U sou repaus otqto timp cot osupra lui nu
octionaoza olte corpuri care so-i modifice qceosto stare .
Clasificorea sistemelor de referinfs:
1. s.R.I : sistem de reterinto inertisl ( sunt sistemele in core sunt
volobile principiile maconicii) (se misco uniform unale fato de cltele)
2. S.R.N : sistem de refarinlo neinertial { nu sunt volobile principiile
meconicii ) (se misca accelerat fatc da SRI)
In SRN pt o puteo scrie corect principii$ meconi introducem forto da
inertie co actionand asupro corpurilor lfr
If,ertie : proprietoteo corpurilor de o-si postro storeo de M.R.U. sau repous si
de a se opune lo orice actiune exteriocro care couta so ii modifice oceosto store
egsg: este o mosurq o inertiei corpurilor

ff. Principiul fundomentol ol dinarnicii ^fi,L

Notiuneo de forta qre lo U*o s"rootio de trX cqre op6re otunci cand
ridicam , tragem sou impingem un corp. J
Fortele sunt morimi fizice vectoriole cu ajutorul corors mssurom intarectiuneo
dintre corpuri. -
Efectale produse deforte in urma interoctiunii cu corpurile sunt :
Ef ecte statice de deform are a c#purilor ( resorturi )
"1.
?..Efecte dinomice de schimbore c stsrii de miscare.
Experimentol se constgto ca:
j4
-a"-F occeleratiq este proportionolo cu fortq aplicoto
a*! occelerotio este invers proportionala cu moso
-3
o*L + F*ma ) F - ct'rna
l0bs r Unitoteo de mssura pantru forts se alege astfel incat constonto de
proportionalitste se fie t.

tffi
Def Vectorul forta este proportionol cu produsul dintre msss
n#"(
si accelzratie:
lFl,i : ksff = t,
N-*r"ffi;#
(Newton) =1249,lD4

2 tre ra ->
7 Av
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Iff. Principiul octiunilor reciproce
- altui corp-.,2cu o forta F numita actiune ,
Def : Dqco un corp octioneazo osupro
stunci si celde-ql doilea corp octioneazs cu o forta F' in madqldor de sens
4
contrar lui F numito reoctiune

N
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IV. Principiul sgprop'Lnei i fortelor
Doca moi multe forte octioneoza ssuprs unui corp ,fiecare forto produce
proprio so occelerotie independent de prezento celorlalte forte, acceleratio
rezultonto fiind sumc vectoriolq a occelerotiilor componente.

IE=*I i=*i

2 2
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)-

Andreea Dumitru
 T[P,U&N DE FS&T'fr* NNT'ELNITE IN MECENIC&

1. Legeo atroctiei universale :

l0bs: Aceeleratia gravitctionolq voriszo cu oltitudinea si lotitudineo.

tf"
Ngaio't
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u

Parficulorizom in cszul in care wlt = Mp si rn, = vn

ga = aCCelerotie Eravitotionalo la suprofata pomantului

kMom \ ---_ kMom
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Fn = =G;ry4
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no =W = 9,B7mf ,z , n , )s =r, (.*-)'

Greutatea: fortq cu core un corp este otros de catreplmont. Are directia rozei
terestre in punctul respectiv si sensulspre cenfrul pamantului.
I
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 2. Forto de frecore :

Closificsre:

a. Forto de frecare ststica=Forta de troctiune

b. Forta de f recare dinanica. ( "& iluwahe
) ,/4 - t*i/d*e *'-*orr"^i&

p- coeficienf de frecare(o < p < 1) , N-raoctiunes normslo

F=Bl
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r. Forts de frecare lo alunecore este proportionolo cu forto de apasare normala
rr. Forto defrecare la alunecore nu dapinde de sris suprofetei de contsct
lobs : Existc si cozuri in csre forta de frecare actioneaza co forto de trsctiune
si onume in cozul corpurilor suprcuse :

1)
/tt, - ms -/rg - 0 )N2 = g +M)

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 3. Forta deformEtoore.Forto elostico :
q. Forto deformstosre:
Considerom un fir elostic de lungime losi
sectiune .l dintr-un anumit moteriol.

Experimentol se constoto:

Ll*F
Fh
AI*'0 61-
.s

AI*1s

€- )*nlnT( !^ Y'*T
U
AI: !'Fto
gs
I-
s16
rdl
i=o -efafiunitcrp
o|

r{ ,SE

I6
fi

Lt
ful"nsire relativa
tu
[6
-k - corustonto elostico
K,t
b. Forta elastics
- cpore rn corpuri deformabile elostic f fur,t*
- este proportionola cu olungirea
- orientata spre pozitia nedeformoto-
lo echilibru este egola cu for.ts deformatoore. zi ,

I t -) -P
,^l I @
Loechiribru:F"-ms
'4'T
f: -+'
+ t-
mg
Andreea Dumitru
 fx-

--@
a,y

aQ't ..t
FR J
lalr P
T* {e, d

r/^N
T- Tt' ,ta4f- #
tarP -f
Jw'L
*at
2
1-
luz
ltt I
*T. '{tttL (
.tiar P' f
Jqp d
d

)=
xxl
_=
 4. Tensiunea in fir :
- Apore inftre ce leaga corpurila intrz ele
- Fir ideol- fir fqra msso , inextensibil
m2)m1 : mzg*T=mza
- T *mrq =TfL7a

g(mz-mt) = a(m2*m1)

90nz- mt)
(m2 * m1)

Reactiunes in qxulscripetelui (forta de aposore in

.>
j
mzB
scripete) ,@ L*1-f* a
/--1
mrQ-I=lrlra e2T
€ T - Ff =Tftza \
T

mtg - $mzg = a{mz*mt)

mr9 - Fmz9
{m2 * m)

*
#- /. f*"#*'a
t V-\'3t' fL" T-.1:
*'<tr

Gl.- f?4 a1,dr\ & -2.

J
J Jnni \
hAaP e
-f- f= Nt l,_l -*)
6{- tr - .1aaLp - e{ zeU 1 \ iu r) U
CT
 j

m6. &- mrt,

<l
Jto
t
4rfi$dtt rE'
tu[Mdil & ortit*in/ *^f* ry*h" 6d
soY
6rP)^ea- '{e'
?_,i
-a
:)-

f; ='k^eM{
,M; 6
4'r2-

fr' e A,Nr'{ 0k1

t1
ryo,
ile*$t/-- rr";**'(
{x W il^ thf leL -ft N /,^^ [r(*' id*l ' Y*€{' awe'$rP/*'
,f* '6r,*,( *; '$f f *{, nY* no' krtrL
-n*' *' /Ail"*
ut" .i+
-/rt',,*l-A
O
l'rft,
' ti, -Gt-{5 Br u^
t .rT
ttY
* ttd - 6n
*Q
ltil

Tial, *f * f en< r'/'&t{ ',6-^l/

u /f( 'U
' "r
? Tr\ethv,

g^- W$a-fWwI'< 7^Ya&)d

afl

k€f9yY:)
€*'t'Y -/;C

\_ i;"
l-;i 1t
I in'/ I lsv
fu'rrn1F+0,
 -.., ,, ) ilA,ilr
Jrta 4,tR 1r u rA
J 1 ,/)c{ra.
( *rtA

; Jt, /rrr/"'( t{ri,e. ,N / sr(a' ax.

e€L wW a*;hb
X*= 4= (}' *l{,t bLil
dk

f=ru
,t-,t,
,(n ''o
/-
X-x, = nd t[4 I
// x= x.o'--- I -

(* ?'r' o

d-r-x.Xo
t
t-h
s,) O)o x-Xo5o X>&' -11116'("( $a

f <,3
ii

X-Xo {o X {Xo ,r*$,'/n( *

{*

0/4 Jrd-,r t*,bzet*t* p,s/^- L crr,,/

[r,r;-ni*ta
lv,l) [ -t* *'
&kn' 'J-

;1,,*/*,/*' ,ilyr;*t "X^t'prl; 4

tM,(
 d' " l*4,

h) Pnttl*'r *'ifrrn].' 1Y ,"-" -- .t - ------------Vl

_ x. -l

F)

6 A,AA1' ilpt /)" Urrr{

' (= lft*!/,
/r:,*\,1,F*

Vtnlu'
d-x" J*4 ;

JL /
t= rh*J,
/. /Nr*de/
NA
'rft,(fZP hrfri^*
-*QJ
,jb = I r-J,
-it

(wta ry,* 'T/r;

*'f I
'rJ,1
+Ja. t- 1:.
, 'l
,!,1 J.
,4

ryL f&^; &,1"1 ( ,l- lp'fr* fu +

*-^lt*
bfte ,/a I t -' atl

" /(1,*{r1 = /*''t,

t*
/= tl,tl'*J*/ -{**t
 M ,1, xVr-

,f
$",,i,:L
'E&n
L &"!"X ,1; , $*LL* l,ldut
,- -l; 'l^,"1*tl, tLl
:
t)0.utu

q )v19-
& el /*k' *li(,
{ rl1
fr P-

Br

a' ;t{^*,,

fiileq& a/*( ,,t& ",,"/r4

:

at! pa$e ,r fuJ,t^r ./\ /*,*(

i48t d;'( {Nt4 h ,11

a' lra 6( w lq. 'akAi ' niu ,&t€fllc'

^

;
*Fr) 't2(b)
,

H ' +d "

lr= g
,J
dr'
u*l 4, {,
"rtL' rys)
-42 -(r= U'
/z
tl"(ro
& d -t Jrf
$y Jz

r(i'{)lr
.r(,- o tz
,V7
0r
 f. )rrr/" .t
e,AT
W J
0rS
I $Jltil$wp.,
t'

J.n. . dlJ. 6 {J1Jt ila" St

rJt- ^
?--; rlr th *rlz ilt* t/r-
=bD
- o\,
rl

rL
i..' i
r-
r
5) h" *rU( ; trtl
wte . N*fiil' - a-

'tz(t-i4t

tl
1-€ dt *ar
da* - # Z I,f&r{t,^s)
*, *
dt
a2 /r- {tf+
a +-

r
J,
dz /^-rrt(,p Ilu=t'f+9
,tL, -,

l*=: i\\Lt)t *&L E *,,:j, z-1"/* akfi*ffi

Z /

i,eL
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,
G
A'/u $4.
e-+;
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I
I

J €
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14)

,W,M / ^
uta-rlg, - * (L)
LL

tld-' +
v-
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-l-
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tJa'= d a,t ?Tq * _4_
,l , t -tr_ ts *L
"', -+L b) 24
4r:h o,' {L
L
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.

.,

2) 0 /rh; l*rM, ,bn .Mrta ,

a') /'t^'*( w'( *il'L' 'u"r/
f
t 5) i* W w( rc'v'*L' ,*,/
,/6 r*' ,ur{, ,,/*k" l"-7r ; ,c&
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i_

'lf -
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05

ilrt'"rJ
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t'/
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li" I .}ot
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7t

t,/

\
I
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l'
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t
t, Ri-tY-.

iq#. arhwl,u i nlt {" r*

r2 '2
&1u e a,,

fu;* ; aia,*tn* ,e ,rt*(ru.{

_.t^
d*il oX.
-a.?
ff*
&aeu,-"! J,
n*- bw
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&= 1l
4,= J-{o=sl
1-to *-
-
,o IJ
I
t/ = tlo uo*

0 u ^{o >o lt - r/o - ifia ,J,.rt,

a.)
dL<C v;Va(o V(vo -'ntra ar"a

4,<= Y'-t - A' * c--

u "k+ "*

Lv;*))Mre,*k I I

ah
_s den*,x w6ro M*d 4'*]r/- ; fl- 4^r
_5
 d )
t' @ *{r"k
*h"I* ,g
& fi,tr/* al*\uil,*
, efu hluultr, &
N fiNr/4i atn4*d.[

,Je nfu*^ ,*{rE '*t a7tm f)e

d*4
Ju= #
L-
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^
JIa T
il|'= aJ, '" o* l

t d*' ./u=d )
ulut
JL I
*
'lrr. ?
r)
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tz
'l-
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X: Xn - 0rl *E
L
rL
x-Xo t Jot
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et -rW
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G "ro{*

u.{ +{
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+=
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{?do ry8- qP
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#
?.ryiY e ''Ju)'
A* & /- \xj
 j
_i :l
1 L_
I

I
l.-- I

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i
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i--'
L

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ilL ll
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r
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il
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r-
li -_l_i

.t
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mLr
 u ,6ft;,t"vL

,h
H Wq-
A) Iilx&as"[eo ]e eila. lrti
:-_-?
T r

rf
t a llr0..r
1
- tlaP ,,fitqu trn
l *'
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U
)l4l irus*ot \ O. ,J, 'pt i

L_$F-{ ryT f,r

Irl
I ,t. ,/;*
t
I*A (.
,,JL. 'rlot-
ff{,
t 1,, {,r* ( v z o)
o = 1,)s -
ul Pt'o I l*- Jo

fru=w 1'- W
u
o -di". +rh*
{:"# d
!"{,s

rb)
 /* P4

l,=ld' /
VL :

,)1. ,f L"
U
t1-
/eL q
ltusxl

f* onm*&, /*rdrL,, ,
"enr & & ryW
,l
" ?,L E {lrre *,

',
A)urud* pA {l
c),

A,

f +
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X.
J
l"oX
{,",
I
do&ol4* +a rt
I

tt i

I
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i 3
=
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I ?'(a>
,uu)* -{*

#; ',g{ e- )n^c'* -
eHJ \'f.-+l*r*',1 {
I,?a"ol ]oz'du

ft n^*o r
J*, i u{ -o
) vrt+""l/ 'U
l,r^
o 4 tun*,t -rft ,t&L=
''y
U-

f
€c. 4*,h.; J-{al
j lowa, L
(#)d,"L *. X

1ktowe-*
I
lowe' g*-
X,
-
^1-
,lo rq,,i*

-fiu^ffi,
L -Y.R #
xt * rfiu
o_

b -a#*: d t"/,4iiax ,ryfr'A/'C & tutf_

vY'y'paLQ'
 l
X. rrr,ox G b' Yla g$'( ' ;*,. c /s cr)d' enu &;"{
,D
I
q
/6 a lr/o\tr,A{. uil<- -+

P
r
 t&*r e ftt!-u-t)
lr- =
q
IL
pu
rff
k- frfr A,
w 44.{. ? tfi o4ro<
{r* a *-x5 =
r&,
llTM-

d(e"-9 (r,"-n) -t)

{.+-+ e
$ (-/
4?lt"- 5 e, / hk'I,rt .o /{=4u fB
J^M Tt
4)
Adn= +({u:9
Ad-.t a +C t*:L)
-
 5l t"coX

1.-"({ e,)' *'

W^3\
d
k' ' A*'( ? hn" !*

drt t p(
E
,tr, *Jot' o
..
#'
- rb'1. r" b- {t
1

hs.
4'la. Yo - 4i do' T' S,Vinlo ,L rvh$,

-lu zr)*^p(?
OT

Jox'=
e'"-t-
L{'-1" lo-il ,-i{
lo, Ya &
rt'
do, ry, f'}f*|
j*" r)o 4l{ . o,{tf
0= ,h-J/, -z
p l,o :--)

-e
J,, V t,vt*
,lr* G _tL
-" l^u

'o=I U
t
,

3o
L); - t*^
 LUC&U fifi&GEN[C . PUTE&fl S&ESANSNC& " EIEE-BGXE MESEIqIG-&
'l

Lucru mecanic
Notiuneo de lucru meconic are lq bazo cunoos tereaa douo mcrimi fizice:

1. Forta
2. Deplosare
Spunem co o forto efectuesza lucru meconic doco oceasta qctionand osupra unui
corp isi deplaseczo punctul de oplicotie pe o onumito distonta.

! Def : Lucrul meconic efectuqt de o forto?,

rorusctionond qsupro unui corp isi
deploseazo punctul de oplicatie pe distonts ?l este o moripe fizics scolsra , de
-r)
proces , numeric egolo cu produsulscolor dintra vectorutTli ,e.torul daplosore d'o a
L:Fdcosc ,( = ILf)d)
! Obs: Daco forto cqre qctioneqzo osuprq corpului nu este constontE in timp , pt
calculul lucrului meconic folosim o voloore medie q fortei intre cele douo puncte.

[t]".i = N .m = kg.*/ur.m = kg .mz . s-2 = U

1 J
= lucrul meconic efectuot de o fortq de lN core sctionond osupro unui corp isi
deploseazo punctul de aplicatie pe distonta de I m in direcfio si sensul fartei.

Cozuri :

. ae [0,]) L = FdcosafCI4a > o + I > 0 * forta se numeste forts motocre, ior

lucrul mecanic , tucru lhecanic motor. <3
; q =*2t- L = Fdcosa =0 forta nu produce lucru meconic €1, /Y
+
t a e i;,", L = Fd.oro{6o < o + r < 0 } fortc se nume$te fortq rezistivs,
ior lucru mecsni , tucru |tn".oni. rezistiv.

Semnificotio geometrico s lucrului mecsnic :

fntr-o reprezentore grofica in coordonate forto-

deplasare , L poate fi calculot co oria morginito de grofic si
axo deplosarii.

Andreea Dumitru
 .94
Lucnr npcqnic efecfuqt de diferite forfe :
f a Td eAY(r,o{1
t. *eutote
o) Corp in urccra pe verticolo:

Lc = mghcos 180" = *mgh

tt. rT7T7

b) Corp in coborore pe verticalo: 5r1" I ?

+mg--c
"r
Lc = mghcos 0' = mgh
ff77?

<, *>
c) Corp in miscare pe orizontola: IN
t

Lc = *Sdcos 90' : 0

d) Corp in urcsre pe plan inclinst:

lrft\
") -
Lc = mgilcos (7 + -*gd_sin,a = -mgh

.&-{, "
L L
T
e) Corp in coborsra pe plan inclinot:

Lc = *s{ror(;-o) : msdsins -- msh

j
lrL.

Andreea Dumitru
 LT
sl
r=- 1lrl{ d lrru"-/('$-il<)d
N" Fri"< \--
Nr r".["< " ff-
T
*',** &- {"
br,J"{
t/t t
Lfo= tlrni
.\_ Te_r{.
frff tuo'?u *
\-, .::
!1
ry{ fj
s-I
rtl
*[_

LF*= w 1-.
 B. Forfo de fre,csre LTr*
'T rydYr
a) Corp in miscare pe *rizantala: -/
Lrr: Fr'd 'cos 180" ' -Pmgd

b) Corp in miscare pe plcn inclinot:

Lr, Ff ' d 'cos l-80" = *StNd : \,

: *pmgdcosa - -Ttmghctga
*** "t
6{-*
'oJ=f\ftr
C. Forto elostico
-=* ,ITT
I .f t
"l
t_
Lr -kLLz
2
.r

Puterea meconico
Prin definitie , puterea mecanico , este o marime fizico scslora , numeric egala.ls C,{A'
lucrul mecsnic efectuat in unifsteo de timp.
sr?
-t*2 *. J

E= tt
-
Fd
t
Fdcos a
.t 1f,:-,|14 @ f [f,'4r.J
ee
-)
e f,Ie.l4 i tf,Jl r4frrv- l:u= *
l?=tq'.a
f
[P],.; -J l, :1w - kg 'm2 ' s-3 -{ O n'fu u*ita 4"'"s"

il*"^ €a TA - ru^'ri*^u, = ry
{
'P
- fr,*iou^-"{*r, <- rtlrrr<
-

f
u/, Mwf-f*r^,.
lz

? V'1,,t 6. ^^ ttt Andreea Dumitru

s
f,nr5r-gru filEuufitcs. ,vut'egtz 5t tggt ga consErvo,re.
Energia mecanico este o marime f.izicascalorq ce mGosro copocitateo corpurilor
de a efecluo lucru mecsnic.
€1.. €e" {7
Closificora :

. Enargie cinetico (gr) ( de miscara )

a Energie potentiolo (f'r)

o. Energie potentialo gravitoti o nolo E-
PqTAULI.= mah
u
Ktl'
b. Energie potentialo elasticq tr
Y elastica
kat?
2
/ ,r-/,u
Forte conservetive : forte csre actionond osuprq sistemului nu modifica energio
totolo o acestuio ( ex : greutoteo ,fortaelastico )

Forte neconservafive : fortele csre octionond asupro sistemului modif ica energia
totslo o ocestuis ( o mareste sou o micsoreazo )

l0bs : Fortele ol cqror lucru meconic nu depinde de drumul parcurs ci dosr de

diferento de nivel intre punctale intre core ore loc deplcsorea se numesc f arte
conservative.

Energie potentiola grovitotionolo :

Corpurile oflete lo insltime fsto de nivelul de energie potentiolo grovitotionolo

nulo , posado enargie potantiolo

Prin conventie , nivelul de energie potentiola nula se olege cq fiind nivelul cal moi
de jos lo csre ojunge corpul.

Energio potentiolo gravitofionolo oportine sistemului corp - pomont.

---l Epo: mgh

€(, "
Andreea Dumitru
 Energie potantiola elaqticq :

Apare in cazul corpurilor defcrmafe elastic .

k
kAP
U6
P elastica 2

[E]r.i - 1-J : kg 'rnz ' s-z

Legeo conservarii energiei :

Consideram un corp lisat liber de la inaltimea h in comp grcvitationat , neglijand

frecarile.
/
Ee=
Foy Era=mgh
./
3'-
8,, * Ep, =ff
-
* myhr
O l*r-f
Aplicom 6slilei intre A si B :

--rB
(
vBz = ,y'+ zg(h - hr) ) vrz = zg{h - h) ld
//
E, =T.Zg{h- hr) * mgh1, ,i = *nf hl t"(
Eo = E,r,*H=ff*o -ry
Apliccm Galilei intre A si D :

vez =1{+ zgh ) voz = zgh

,''
Eo = mgh

Es - Ea: Eo
In comp conservqtiv de forte energta totols a sistemului romone constonto in
timp.

Teoremo voriotiei energiei totale :

LE:L"
- r neconssrvative A"E
- EB - Ea - voriatiaenergiei totole

L, n" oo,urvatht e - ! ucru I meconi cefectuot de f ort ele neco nservoti ve

"
Eo*L"
-r-t - r tleconservatiue -EB
Andreea Dumitru
T*r* Iil^toltk^ -f

e Jtb
'AFo
e {fs- tU -ff|-' R l^--
'l
lns
I

Lro z - up(1
( lL
-dlrs
A{p
rAts

a Lr*r*l
a Lf wrodol, ;il
o f^*

ll6itnu)' Lr*,*n'*" A{ = L F"oeer,,relt'

€7'- Lrwnot*r'
€ 6'
r {A* Lrrn*nl*' i A
 tA-", Lrt. qf" r#/rf
Tgoremo variatiei enerEiei cinetice :

A
t,
-0

Ap{icam ecuotio lui Galilei intre A si B LTn*.

.r"aa,,f-
'uBZ = vez *zad /Tr-F:ry+froa )rY-ry=F,",.d
Ecs-Eca:Lrrnr) bBs = Lrrn, - Teorema variotiei energiei cinetice

g, =Y- Morimie fizico scoloro de store numeric egalacu semiprodusul dintre

maso corpului si potrctul vitezei.

!Def : Voriatio energiei cinetice intreZ stori distincte este egala cu lucrul
mecanic efectuot de forto rezultonto ce octioneozo osupro corpului.

AEp - -Lrro*"rl2atiue

Teorema voriotiei impulsului punctului moterial e2

!O

*t {'"'&^= H
:

FLt:mlu dn^

:-?
Rondamentul planului inclinat : z.firt'4 f,sl" = fua "E{
4* ---lP

'
L,, mah
L" mgh(L+ltctga) L+lt ctgq
Z 6r
rb

Ln. q " ffL'

L
Le. Lr*=V+-d
'l--%r
;^- Wil<, -Gt
r* Andreea Dumitru

"L
ia {e0
4']-
Fk1CI {S -u
*^ayf w4 4*,tr#d T*; aI+ {{
7',

VT -bw top7
Si 1l

)ul,<
l_ L4,oilr
&7-,

b€.iu/fl&nu d{ - / f asr-antuf'^n
,,tg
6{o^*, 6',8 - fq € o
L€if, =,% =
LF.rw * L,"r= pg= lrt
,.+
d{3
trL'p
Au S/ ?- Lr*
' e -'"1,^ApL- " Lft
tfn*t
__--. u
_G
{u*fl
;r: )ir *J,{
@
-

I -^, "'
ff{,u^:v jtg,wtwtc-t-
Ft4'
,rh -2
sI q-3 J ?,3
-4 I. ]'0

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