Discrete Math A, Chapter 4 The Place: Philadelphia The Time: Summer 1787 The Players: Delegates from the 13 states The Problem: Draft a Constitution for our new nation The Big Argument: How would the people be represented? What would the legislature look like? small states:_E Gun representation Large states:_ PROPOR TUNALrepresentation The Connecticut Plan: A compromise, two houses of legislature Senate: _‘A senators per state House: Representatives per state “shall be apportioned... according to. their respective numbers” Article 1, Section 2, U.S. Constitution fo & The Catch: The founding fathers did not outline a plan for how to divide the seats in the House of Representatives proportionally. It should be a relatively straightforward procedure right? Apportionment Problems 1. Basic Idea: We are dividing and assigning things on a proportional basis in a planned and organized fashion. This is a DISCRETE fair division problem where (unlike Ch. 3) each player deserves a different share of the goods. Example 4.1 Kitchen Capitalism Mom has 50 pieces of identical candy to é {Werk (nits i split among her 5 children. She decides | Sh! ee eae that each child will earn a proportion of | Minutes worked | 150 78 13S) oD the candy based on how many minutes a ~ of chores they did during the week. How many pieces of candy should go to Alan? By similar math: : = 5 Betty = 4.33 pieces 50 150 (6g) = Ate 2 i& qo (se) Connie = 9.61 pieces Ms x Doug = 11.33 pieces .b% 8 Ellie = 16.39 pieces G If Mom gives Alan _“|_ pieces, he gets more than he deserves, and someone else gets shorted If Mom gives Alan_% _ pieces, he gets less than he deserves, and someone else gets more — - - - Tpiae Mad 3 Deu Este uvWhat would you do? What should Mom do? Why is this even important!?! Most familiar example: How many of the 435 indivisible seats in the House of Representatives be apportioned to each of our states? Other important examples: Apportioning nurses to Shifts at hospitals Apportioning telephone calls to switchboards in a network Apportioning teachers to classes of students in a school [RERMTSER Parador is anew republic in Central America and consists of six states, which we will call A, B, C, D, E, and F for simplicity. There ar€250 ‘sats in Parador’s Congress. What is the “correct apportionment? a | State A B C D E F Total 2,091,000 685,000 988,000 | 12,500,000 5d c™ Istep 1: Compute the Standard Divisor (SD) | State Population Standard | Trad. SD = total + seats | Quota _| Rounding (the ratio of total population to seats) A 1,646,000 _ $= 12,900,000 S66 oe __ | dana | 33 | AGO oe B | 6,936,000 138.74} 134 | Here: Secce peeple for _ every 4 sxe c ae 3.08 3 | [P 2,091,000 | aiga| 42 Standard Quota = State Population + SD { _ i L a] (exact fractional part each state deserves) E | 685,000 13.To | by | Example: oe SQ,7 Wee = 3aqa [F 988,000 | 14.16] 26 | Eas | | Total | 12,500,000 What happens if we apportion by traditional | rounding? We gave awau 35). es sheuld cuuimyp add b&ale de MateceatsQuick Terminology and Symbols: The States The Seats worked, students enrolled, etc.) Standard Divi Standard Quot Upper Quota = Standard Quota rounded UP 4.3 Hamilton’s Method Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804) Method used in United States from 1850 - 1900 Method still used today in Costa Rica, Namibia, parties that deserve a piece of the total 'M” = the number of things to be apportioned (seats, nurses, candies, etc) The Populations = the numbers used as the basis for the apportionment (population, minutes =“SD” the number of population represented by 1 seat The exact number of seats a state would get if fractional parts were allowed Lower Quota = Standard Quota rounded Down HAMILTON'S METHOD ——— Step 1 Calculate each state's standard quota. Sq = > se Give to each state ils lower quota. (Reand Acwn) Give the surplus seats (one at a time) to the states with the and Sweden. largest residues (fractional parts) until there are no more surplus seats. State | Population | Standard | Lower | Extra | FINAL i Quota | Quota | Seat? ee t : | after the Lower Quotas are \A 1,646,000 | 32.92 32. \ 35, | assigned, are there any extra 7 32 | seats tett? ~~ 1 A extra up 8 billion Ellisium > up 1 billion SU 50 seek, What is the new standard divisor (SD)? 4 sp= Wi = iss 50 Aggy NOTICE: . t tiistum Lost a scot even thoughts population went ups 1 biltien + Betta Gail. teb8t even thoughits population aleyecl Sante co Saag tne oen ne went Wp Se hua biliien } seatsThe New States Paradox In 1907, Oklahoma joined the Union. There were currently 386 seats in the House of Rep.’s. A fair apportionment of seats (based on population) to OK was 5 seats, so 5 seats were added-> 391. For no other reason: Maine 3 seats > 4 seats New York 38 seats -> 37 seats The New States Paradox occurs when: the addition of a new state with its fair share of seats can, in and of itself, affect the apportionments of other states. Example: Metro Garbage Company picks up garbage and recycling in Northtown and Southtown. The company runs 00 Bucks. [Northtown 104501045 ig io | 8590 31H WO 44) What is the standard divisor (SD)? Southtown 8955 _ SD* 100,000 _ joo {oo Means © homes for each A truck The company expai to 7 Newtown’s population ig5,250 sethe company and adds( additional garbage trucks. 10.42 ‘tL, it 89,550 8934 gq ay ‘What is the standard divisor (SD) now? 5,250 S45 (oS tracts o ie vg What happens? Newieun et 5 tucks aS expected Ppianned. Southtown lest « truck to Nerthtewn for fo goed TEGsen .Examples: State which paradox is occurring in each of the following situations The Alabama Paradox The Population Paradox The New States Paradox 1. Under a certain apportionment method, a state receives an apportionment of 52 seats when the total number of seats in the legislature is 334, but only 51 seats when the total number of seats in the legislature is 335. Stete Increase Shot 54 seats ee ee Si ceats 9d Shas euerali ao G \nerease" Seeks” > | ALA BAM f\ PARADOX 2, Amother wishes to apportion 16 pieces of candy to her three children: Abby, Betty, and Cindy based on the number of hours each child spends doing chores around the house. Using a certain apportionment method, she decides to give Abby 9 pieces of candy, Betty 4 pieces, and Cindy 3 pieces. However, just before she hands out candy, she finds out that the neighbor's daughter Darla has been helping the children with the chores and has worked the same number of hours as Cindy, so she adds 3 pieces, bringing the total candy to 19 pieces. Now, Abby ends Up with 10 pieces, Betty with 3 pieces, Cindy with 3 pieces, and Darla with 3 pieces. s ene) add, “> p23 + 3 pieces 3. Under a certain apportionment method, State X receives 41 seats and State Y receives 29 seats. Ten years later the population of State X has increased by 5% while the population of State Y remains unchanged. The seats are reapportioned and now State X receives 40 seats and State Y receives 30 seats. % 45% 40 3 Pee lincrense “Population” _. [RopuLatioN ° Lese Seat PARADOX |4.4 Jefferson’s Method ‘Thomas Jefferson (1743 - 1826) Method used in U.S. from 1792 to 1840 Still used in Austria, Brazil, Finland, Germany, and the Netherlands. JEFFERSON'S METHOD Find a “suitable” divisor D. Using D as the divisor, compute each state’s modified quota (modified quota = state poputation/D). Step 3 Each state is apportioned its modified ower quota. Jefferson's Idea: Let's tweak our standard divisor, so that when every state's quota is rounded down, there are no surplus seats! How do you get the “modified divisor”? Mostly by guess & check + a little bit of strategy. TEAATAA_Paradors Conmess:Jeterson Apportionment _ E F Total 4 B c J | Population 1,646,000 6,936,000 154,000 2,091,000 685,000 988,000. | 12,500,000 J { Standard quota (SD = 60,000) 3292 (i872) 308 41821876 80.00 3 | bowerquta = a 3B» 2s docoe 8 een fare > >|_ Modified quota (0 = 49,500) | 23.25 iM0d AN Haat 1383 144% | Lower quota pe ia-4 Bal Quota Rule 138 ee 139 Sut receivad 140 Jefferson's Method causes Wppe fr outer violations. 104.5 Adam’s Method ADAMS'S METHOD Step 1 Find a “suitable” divisor D. Step 2 Using Das the divisor, compute each state's modified quota (modified quota = state population/D) Step3 Each state is apportioned its modified upper quota. John Quincy Adams (1767 - 1848) Adam's Idea: Let’s tweak our standard divisor, so that when every state's quota is rounded up, there are no surplus seats! F Total Population | 988.000 12,500,000 i Standard quota SD = 60,000) Slightly different method, but essentially same problem as Jefferson's Method. B i38oR1349 ‘Adam's method causes Er Quit, violations. ele, Summary: Jefferson vs. Adams Find SQs Find SQs Give LQs Give UQs OK? Yes = Done, No = Modify ‘OK? Yes = Done, No = Modify Find MQs. Give Las, Gale om repent Causes upper quota violations Find MQs Give Uds: ; check or repe Causes [ower quota violations unExample. A small country consists of four states. The population of state A is 44,800. The population of state B is 52,200. The population of state Cis 49,200. The population of state D is 53,800. The total number of seats in the legislature is 100. Look back to Example 1, page 4. What was the standard divisor? What was each state’s standard quota? sv: QOOO - ade px 20.1 c= 24& p= 2.4 a. _Use a modified divisor of D = 1950 to find each state’s Modified Quota. Next, apportion using Jefferson’s method. (We qee tes Are there any quota violations? pop MQ LG b=l45¢ A #1800 F 22.497] aa B 52260] Qu.1&e | al C 44200] 25.23] 29 b 53800 [area | 27 100. NO QucTtA VIOLATIONS b. Use a modified divisor of D = (Sto find each state’s Modified Quota. ‘Next, apportion using Adams’ method. Are there any quota violations? A | D-20n5 H80c | ‘a14 | 22 B | 52200) 965.52] 2b @ | uadeo} aos | 25 D ] 53600 | 2430] 27 No QuoTA 2 VIOLATIONS Be Re ae4.6 Webster's Method Daniel Webster (1782 ~ 1852) Lawyer, Statesman, Senator from Massachusetts Method used in 1842, 1901, 1911, 1931 Basically a compromise between Jefferson and Adams WEBSTER’S METHOD Finda “suitable” divisor D. Using D as the divisor, compute each state’s modified quota (modified quota = state population/D). Find the apportionmentby rounding each modified quota the conventional way. Example: How do we make Webster’s Method work? 1. Start with the SD and find each states Standard Quota. 2. Use traditional rounding. Does the number of seats apportioned = the number of seats available? © Ifyes, you're done! © Ifthe number of seats apportioned = too many > make your divisor alittle BIGGER id ti Make Da hegey~ and try again 55) tawny Make sgo,c00 a WHE bigger if the number of seats apportioned = too few -> make your divisor a little SMALLER and try again 2.12) Parador's Congress: Webster's Apportionment State A B D E F Total Poputation 1,646,000 6,936,000 154,000 2,091,000 685,000 988,000 12,500,000 Standard quota (SD = 50,000) 32.92 41.82 1370 1976 250.00 2 14 20 Gy CSN et hh Sy 5 ASBA4 3.07 473 1367 192 3 42 1 20 Ge” | Nearest integer 3 Modified quota(D =Se,1cc) 5 Nearest integerIt may take several attempts to do this successfully! Examples: 1. certain country has five states and 240 seats in the legislature, and the populations of the states are: A: 427,000 B: 754,000 C: 4,389,000 D: 3,873,000 €: 157,000 Use a modified divisor €£0 = 40,100 t6 find each state’s modified quota and apportion using Webster's method: traditional roundin MOQ | \Ateger A] iowa | fu \ BY] issol 14 \ + MA= stete pop ais @ | jot | 109 Diaus% 47 Efas | 4 \ > / \ aor / 2. A grandmother is going to distribut€225 Pieces of candy to her four grandchildren based on how many minutes of housework they've completed over the past week. The table below gives the number of minutes each child spent doing housework during the past week. Use Webster’s Method to Apportion the candy. Granachid lon Bath Car Dave Tolut = 2700 Minutes Worked ant 1029 610 190 ead 15.93 Sb= a7el =12 Ne =22% 225 _ eee TIE 50% Sol 157° 2Qe too h'gh mel Ba xX iv =223 on ee Onete beck D=1203 72.4 S953 Bolo 15674 Try 1 2 © Sb Si Ie 223% - E) aas too low Make D=!2d 143. Four friends are lost on a tropical island. Luckily the friends find a stash of 75 coconuts. The coconuts will be apportioned based on the weight of each person (i.e. the heavier a person is, the more he gets). The table below shows the weight of each of the four friends. Find a modified divisor and apportion th€ 75 cbconuts among the four friends. Ferd Be a ae Teta: 150 Weight(bs) 220 "3 17 200 Sp= 180 = s@ 220 17.3 aoe a2 (sa=1e) _ Tr Done (& Hreditiene vound troy He Standard gquebes werks, you are dove! 4. Which method or methods do not violate the quota rule? AML use Modi Cred Quotas = Potential wr Adatns a Vielatien CHamitton Jefferson Adams Webster None of these > Stakes Always gat twic upper or lower queta 5. Which method or methods cause upper quota violations? Hamilton defferson} Adams Webster > None of these * a 4 Ne Nations ewer alse lewer 6. Which method or methods can produce the population paradox? — ,___PARRDOX FREE Hamilton”) [efferson Adams Webste?~—None of these 7. Which method or methods does not violate the quota rule and does not produce any paradoxes? Hamilton Jefferson Adams Webster None of these sone ofthese 15In conclusion It seems like every method has its problems. Either the method violates the quota rule or creates mathematical paradoxes. Some favor large states, some favor small states. SSS Summary of the Four Apportionment Methods : Method Violates Quota Rule? Paradoxes"? Favors | ‘Yes (all three) Jefferson Yes (upper quota only) Large states Yes (lower quota only) Small states Webster ‘Yes (upper and lower quota) None Neutral | *Alabama paradox, population paradox, and new-states paradox. Webster's Method does nat suffer from paradoxes and it does not show large/small state bias Balinski & Young's Impossibility Theorem From a purely mathematical point of view, an ideal apportionment method would be one that will not violate the quota rule, will not produce any paradoxes, and will not show bias between small and large states. However, it can potentially (and rarely) cause violations of the Upper and lower quota. If Webster had been used from 1790 to 2000, not a single An apportionment method that does not violation would have occurred... violate the quota rule and does not produce any paradoxes is a mathematical impossibility. Currently, the House of Representatives is apportioned using a method called the Huntington-Hill Method which is discussed in detail on pages 152 ~ 163 and involves geometric means rounding instead of arithmetic ‘means rounding... —— PCihe Huntington Hill method'was created by a mathematician instead of a politician. The method is almost identical to Webster’s and most of the time produces exactly the same results. NOTE: The Test over Chapter 4 will include some extra credit questions that will come from the READING in Chapter 4 pages 122-143. 16