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EE341 - Lecture 3

This document contains lecture notes on microelectronic design. It discusses calculating the small signal voltage gain of a common source (CS) amplifier stage. It then covers how NMOS and PMOS transistors can act as current sources in saturation. Various CS amplifier configurations are presented, including those using current source loads, diode-connected loads, and degeneration. The notes also cover common gate (CG) amplifiers and source follower stages. Worked examples are provided to illustrate key concepts.

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Wala Saadeh
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
44 views

EE341 - Lecture 3

This document contains lecture notes on microelectronic design. It discusses calculating the small signal voltage gain of a common source (CS) amplifier stage. It then covers how NMOS and PMOS transistors can act as current sources in saturation. Various CS amplifier configurations are presented, including those using current source loads, diode-connected loads, and degeneration. The notes also cover common gate (CG) amplifiers and source follower stages. Worked examples are provided to illustrate key concepts.

Uploaded by

Wala Saadeh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE341

Microelectronic Design
Lecture 3
25th Jan. 2021

1
Example

 Calculate the small-signal voltage gain of the CS stage


shown below if ID = 1mA, µnCox =100 µA/V2, VTH = 0.5 V, and
ƛ= 0. Verify that M1 operates in saturation.

2
Example

 Calculate the small-signal voltage gain of the CS stage


shown below if ID = 1mA, µnCox =100 µA/V2, VTH = 0.5 V, and
ƛ= 0. Verify that M1 operates in saturation.

3
Current Sources

 When in saturation region, a MOSFET behaves as a current


source.
 NMOS draws current from a point to ground (sinks current),
whereas PMOS draws current from VDD to a point (sources
current).
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 4
Summary

5
CS Stage with Current-Source Load

CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 6


CS Stage with Current-Source Load

 To alleviate the headroom problem, an active current-


source load is used.
 This is advantageous because a current-source has a high
output resistance and can tolerate a small voltage drop
across it.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 7
PMOS CS Stage with NMOS as Load

 Similarly, with PMOS as input stage and NMOS as the load,


the voltage gain is the same as before.
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CS Stage with Diode-Connected Load

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CS Stage with Diode-Connected Load

 Lower gain, but less dependent on process parameters.

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CS Stage with Diode-Connected PMOS Device

 Note that PMOS circuit symbol is usually drawn with the


source on top of the drain.

11
CS Stage with Degeneration

CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 12


CS Stage with Degeneration

 When a CS stage is degenerated, its gain, I/O impedances,


and linearity change.
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Example of CS Stage with Degeneration

 A diode-connected device degenerates a CS stage.


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CS Stage with Gate Resistance

 Since at low frequencies, the gate conducts no current,


gate resistance does not affect the gain or I/O impedances.

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Output Impedance of CS Stage with Degeneration

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Output Impedance of CS Stage with Degeneration

 Degeneration boosts output impedance.

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Output Impedance Example (I)

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Output Impedance Example (I)

 When 1/gm is parallel with rO2, we often just consider 1/gm.

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Output Impedance Example (II)

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Output Impedance Example (II)

 In this example, the impedance that degenerates the CS


stage is rO, instead of 1/gm in the previous example.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 21
CS Core with Biasing

VDD

RD

R1
Vout
C1
Vin Vx
M1
R2
CS Core with Biasing

VDD

RD

R1
Vout
Vin RG C1
Vx
M1
R2 Rs

23
CS Core with Biasing

VDD

RD

R1
Vout
Vin RG C1
Vx
M1
R2 Rs
Rin C2

24
CS Core with Biasing

 Degeneration is used to stabilize bias point, and a bypass


capacitor can be used to obtain a larger small-signal
voltage gain at the frequency of interest.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 25
Common-Gate Stage

 Common-gate stage: a rise in input causes a rise in output.


So the gain is positive. Noninverting
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 26
Common-Gate

27
Signal Levels in CG Stage

Voltage Headroom

 In order to maintain M1 in saturation, the signal swing at Vout


cannot fall below Vb-VTH.

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Example

29
Example

30
I/O Impedances of CG Stage

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I/O Impedances of CG Stage

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I/O Impedances of CG Stage

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CG Stage with Source Resistance

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CG Stage with Source Resistance

 When a source resistance is present, the voltage gain is


equal to that of a CS stage with degeneration, only positive.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 35
Generalized CG Behavior

 When a gate resistance is present it does not affect the gain


and I/O impedances since there is no potential drop across
it ( at low frequencies).
 The output impedance of a CG stage with source resistance
is identical to that of CS stage with degeneration.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 36
Example of CG Stage

37
Example of CG Stage

 Diode-connected M2 acts as a resistor to provide the bias


38
current.
CG Stage with Biasing

 R1 and R2 provide gate bias voltage, and R3 provides a path


for DC bias current of M1 to flow to ground.
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Source Follower Stage

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Source Follower Core

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Source Follower Core

 Similar to the emitter follower, the source follower can be


analyzed as a resistor divider.
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Source Follower Example

 In this example, M2 acts as a current source.

CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 43


Output Resistance of Source Follower

 The output impedance of a source follower is relatively low,


whereas the input impedance is infinite ( at low
frequencies); thus, a good candidate as a buffer.
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Example of a CS Stage (I)

 M1 acts as the input device and M2, M3 as the load.


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Example of a CS Stage (II)

 M1 acts as the input device, M3 as the source resistance,


and M2 as the load.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 46
Examples of CS and CG Stages

 With the input connected to different locations, the two


circuits, although identical in other aspects, behave
differently.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 47
Example of a Composite Stage (II)

 This example shows that by probing different places in a


circuit, different types of output can be obtained.
 Vout1 is a result of M1 acting as a source follower whereas
Vout2 is a result of M1 acting as a CS stage with
degeneration.
CH7 CMOS Amplifiers 48

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