Scribd
Upload
91 views

Summary About Networking

The document provides an overview of networking concepts including: 1) A network allows devices to share resources and information by connecting them through communication channels. It defines circuit switched and packet switched networks. 2) It describes the layered TCP/IP model including the application, transport, internet, and network access layers. The transport layer deals with reliability while the internet layer ensures packets reach their destination. 3) It covers several application layer protocols including HTTP, FTP, email, DNS, peer-to-peer, and socket programming. The transport layer section focuses on TCP and its connection-oriented characteristics like reliability, flow control, and segmentation versus UDP's connectionless design.

Uploaded by

don dali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
91 views

Summary About Networking

The document provides an overview of networking concepts including: 1) A network allows devices to share resources and information by connecting them through communication channels. It defines circuit switched and packet switched networks. 2) It describes the layered TCP/IP model including the application, transport, internet, and network access layers. The transport layer deals with reliability while the internet layer ensures packets reach their destination. 3) It covers several application layer protocols including HTTP, FTP, email, DNS, peer-to-peer, and socket programming. The transport layer section focuses on TCP and its connection-oriented characteristics like reliability, flow control, and segmentation versus UDP's connectionless design.

Uploaded by

don dali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Chapter 1

Introduction to networking:

A network is a collection of devices interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of


resources and information.
Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process
residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network.

1. Circuit switched network = a network in which a dedicated circuit is established between sender and
receiver and all data passes over this circuit.
 Dedicated communication path between two stations
 Three phases (Establish, Transfer, Disconnect)
 Inefficient (for data traffic)
 Both ends must operate at the same rate
 Set up (connection) takes time
2. Packet switched network
• A network in which data is transmitted in the form of packets
• Multiple users share network resources
• No dedicated bandwidth is allocated
• No resources are reserved, resources used as needed
• Each packet uses full link bandwidth
• Good for busy traffic, simpler, no call setup
2.1. Datagram Approach:
-- Each packet is treated independently
-- No reference to packets that have gone before
-- Each node chooses next node on path using destination address
-- Packets with same destination address may not follow same route
2.2. Virtual Circuits;
-- Preplanned route established before packets sent
-- All packets follow same route
-- Each packet has virtual circuit identifier
-- Nodes on route know where to direct packets
-- No routing decisions-(
-- Not dedicated path, as in circuit switching
Applications classes:
 Batch applications (bin 2 servers)
 Interactive applications (bin server w aabd)
 Real-time applications (bin 2 aabed)
Bandwidth is the amount of information that can flow through a network connection in a given period of
time.

Chapter 2
Host to host Communication Model:

This is why we have standards:


 Reduces complexity
 Standardizes interfaces
 Facilitates modular engineering
 Ensures interoperable technology
 Accelerates evolution
 Simplifies teaching and learning
Encapsulation/Decapsulation:

TCP/IP layers:
 Application layer: The application layer handles high-level protocols, including issues of
representation, encoding, and dialog control. The TCP/IP model combines all application-related
issues into one layer and ensures that this data is properly packaged for the next layer.
 Transport layer: The transport layer deals with issues of reliability, flow control, and error
correction. One of its protocols, TCP, provides for reliable network communications.
 Internet layer: The purpose of the Internet layer is to send source datagrams from any network on
the internetwork and have them arrive at the destination, regardless of the path they took to get
there.
 Network access layer: The name of this layer is broad and somewhat confusing. It is also called the
host-to-network layer. It includes the LAN and WAN protocols and all the details in the OSI physical
and data link layers.

Chapter 3
Application layer:

Transport services that apps need:


 Data integrity
 Throughput
 Security
 Timing
1. Web and HTTP :
2. FTP (File transfer protocol) :

3. Electronic Mail:
4. DNS:

5. P2P:
6. Socket Programing

Chapter 5: Transport Layer

TCP Characteristics:
1. Session multiplexing
2. Segmentation
3. Connection-oriented
4. Reliability
5. Flow Control
3- Connection-Oriented Protocol
TCP establishes a virtual circuit between the sending and receiving applications, before starting sending data.
Three main phases characterize TCP:
1. Connection Establishment
2. Data Transfer
3. Connection Termination

4. - Reliability
 TCP reliability has three objectives:
 -of-order
data,
 data,
 Avoidance of congestion in the network
 Acknowledgement is TCP basic mechanism
UDP Characteristics
UDP provides applications with access to the network without overhead of reliability mechanisms.
 Is a connectionless protocol.
 Provides limited error checking.
 Provides Best-effort delivery.
 Has no-data recovery features.

You might also like