BIOLOGY

Chapter 5: pp. 85-102

10th Edition

Membrane Structure

Sylvia S. Mader
and Function
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

plasma membrane

carbohydrate
extracellular chain Outside
matrix (ECM)
hydrophobic hydrophilic
tails heads
glycoprotein
phospholipid
glycolipid bilayer

filaments of cytoskeleton Inside

peripheral protein integral protein

cholesterol

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 1
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Outline
 Membrane Models
 Fluid-Mosaic
 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
 Phospholipids
 Proteins
 Plasma Membrane Permeability
 Diffusion
 Osmosis
 Transport Via Carrier Proteins
 Cell Surface Modifications
2
Structure and Function:
The Phospholipid Bilayer
 The plasma membrane is common to all cells
 Separates:
 Internal living cytoplasmic from
 External environment of cell
 Phospholipid bilayer:
 External surface lined with hydrophilic polar heads
 Cytoplasmic surface lined with hydrophilic polar heads
 Nonpolar, hydrophobic, fatty-acid tails sandwiched in
between

3
Membrane Models
 Fluid-Mosaic Model
 Three components:
 Basic membrane referred to as phospholipid
bilayer
 Protein molecules
 Float around like icebergs on a sea
 Membrane proteins may be peripheral or integral
 Peripheral proteins are found on the inner membrane
surface
 Integral proteins are partially or wholly embedded
(transmembrane) in the membrane
 Some have carbohydrate chains attached
 Cholesterol

4
Animation

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Animation

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The Fluid Mosaic Model
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plasma membrane

carbohydrate
chain Outside
extracellular
matrix (ECM)

hydrophobic hydrophilic
tails heads
glycoprotein
phospholipid
glycolipid bilayer

Inside
filaments of cytoskeleton

peripheral protein integral protein

cholesterol

7
Transmembrane Proteins
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integral
protein hydrophobic
region

cholesterol
hydrophilic
regions

peripheral
proteins

8
Lateral Migration of Membrane Proteins
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integral
protein hydrophobic
region

cholesterol
hydrophilic
regions

peripheral
proteins

9
Functions of Membrane Proteins
 Channel Proteins:
 Tubular
 Allow passage of molecules through membrane
 Carrier Proteins:
 Combine with substance to be transported
 Assist passage of molecules through membrane
 Cell Recognition Proteins:
 Provides unique chemical ID for cells
 Help body recognize foreign substances
 Receptor Proteins:
 Binds with messenger molecule
 Causes cell to respond to message
 Enzymatic Proteins:
 Carry out metabolic reactions directly

10
Membrane Protein Diversity
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Channel Protein: Carrier Protein: Cell Recognition

Allows a particular Selectively interacts Protein:
molecule or ion to with a specific The MHC (major
cross the plasma molecule or ion so histocompatibility
membrane freely. that it can cross the complex) glycoproteins
Cystic fibrosis, an plasma membrane. are different for each
inherited disorder, The inability of some person, so organ
is caused by a persons to use transplants are difficult
faulty chloride (Cl–) energy for sodium- to achieve. Cells with
channel; a thick potassium (Na+–K+) foreign MHC
mucus collects in transport has been glycoproteins are
airways and in suggested as the attacked by white blood
pancreatic and cause of their obesity. cells responsible for
liver ducts. immunity.
a. b. c.

Receptor Protein: Enzymatic Protein: Junction Proteins:

Is shaped in such a Catalyzes a specific Tight junctions join
way that a specific reaction. The membrane cells so that a tissue
molecule can bind to protein, adenylate can fulfill a function, as
it. Pygmies are short, cyclase, is involved in when a tissue pinches
not because they do ATP metabolism. Cholera off the neural tube
not produce enough bacteria release a toxin during development.
growth hormone, but that interferes with the Without this
because their plasma proper functioning of cooperation between
membrane growth adenylate cyclase; cells, an animal
hormone receptors sodium (Na+) and water embryo would have no
are faulty and cannot leave intestinal cells, and nervous system.
interact with growth the individual may die
hormone. from severe diarrhea.
d. e. f.

11
Science Focus: Cell Signaling
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a. egg embryo newborn

1. Receptor: Binds to a signaling 3. Response:Targeted protein(s)

molecule, becomes activated and bring about the response(s) noted.
initiates a transduction pathway
plasma Targeted Cellular
signaling membrane protein: response:
molecule
Altered shape
or movement
receptor of cell
activation structural
protein

Altered
metabolism
or a function
enzyme of cell
2. Transduction pathway: Series
of relay proteins that ends when
a protein is activated.
unactivated
receptor nuclear
protein Altered gene
envelope expression and
the amount of
gene a cell protein
regulatory
Cytoplasm Nucleus protein

b.

12
Types of Transport: Active vs. Passive

 Plasma membrane is differentially (selectively)

permeable
 Allows some material to pass
 Inhibits passage of other materials
 Passive Transport:
 No ATP requirement
 Molecules follow concentration gradient
 Active Transport
 Requires carrier protein
 Requires energy in form of ATP

13
Animation

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Passage of Molecules Across the
Membrane

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15
Types of Membrane Transport: Overview

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charged molecules
and ions

H2 O

noncharged
molecules

macromolecule

phospholipid
molecule

protein

16
Types of Transport: Diffusion
 A solution consists of:
 A solvent (liquid), and
 A solute (dissolved solid)
 Diffusion
 Net movement of solute molecules down a
concentration gradient
 Molecules both ways along gradient
 More move from high to low concentration than vice
versa
 Equilibrium:
 When NET change stops
 Solute concentration uniform – no gradient

17
Gas Exchange in Lungs: Diffusion
Across Lung
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O2

O2
O2 O2

O2 O2
O2
oxygen
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
bronchiole

alveolus capillary

18
Types of Membrane Transport: Diffusion

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time time

crystal
dye

a. Crystal of dye is placed in water b. Diffusion of water and dye molecules c. Equal distribution of molecules results

19
Animation

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20
Animation

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Types of Transport: Osmosis
 Osmosis:
 Special case of diffusion
 Focuses on solvent (water) movement rather than
solute
 Diffusion of water across a differentially (selectively)
permeable membrane
 Solute concentration on one side high, but water
concentration low
 Solute concentration on other side low, but water
concentration high
 Water diffuses both ways across membrane but
solute can’t
 Net movement of water is toward low water (high
solute) concentration
 Osmotic pressure is the pressure that develops
due to osmosis
22
Types of Transport: Osmosis

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less water (higher more water (lower

percentage of solute) percentage of solute)
<10%
10% water solute

more water (lower 5% thistle >5% less water (higher

percentage of solute) tube percentage of solute)
a. c.

differentially
permeable
membrane

beaker

b.

23
Animation

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24
Animation

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Types of Transport: Osmosis
 Isotonic Solution
 Solute and water concentrations equal on both
sides of membrane
 Hypotonic Solution
 Concentration of solute lower than on other side
 Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will swell
 May cause cells to break – Lysis
 Hypertonic Solution
 Concentration of solute higher than on other side
 Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink –
Plasmolysis
26
Osmotic Effects on Cells
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Animal plasma
cells membrane

nucleus

In an isotonic solution, there is no In a hypotonic solution, water In a hypertonic solution, water

net movement of water. mainly enters the cell, which may mainly leaves the cell, which
burst (lysis). shrivels (crenation).

Plant
cells

cell
wall
nucleus
central
vacuole plasma
membrane

chloroplast

In an isotonic solution, there is no In a hypotonic solution, vacuoles In a hypertonic solution, vacuoles

net movement of water. fill with water, turgor pressure lose water, the cytoplasm shrinks
develops, and chloroplasts are (plasmolysis), and chloroplasts
seen next to the cell wall. are seen in the center of the cell.

27
Animation

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28
Types of Transport: Carrier Proteins
 Facilitated Transport
 Small molecules
 Can’t get through membrane lipids
 Combine with carrier proteins

 Follow concentration gradient

 Active Transport
 Small molecules
 Move against concentration gradient

 Combining with carrier proteins

 Requires energy

29
Animation

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30
Types of Membrane Transport:
Facilitated Transport

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Inside

plasma
membrane
carrier
protein

solute

Outside

31
Animation

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Facilitated Transport:
The Sodium-Potassium Pump
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carrier Outside
protein K+
K+
K+ K+

Inside

1. Carrier has a shape that allows

it to take up 3 Na+

33
Facilitated Transport:
The Sodium-Potassium Pump
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Outside
carrier
K+
protein
K+

K+ K+

K+ K+
K+

K+

Inside

1. Carrier has a shape that allows

it to take up 3 Na+.

ATP

2. ATP is split, and phosphate

group attaches to carrier

34
Facilitated Transport:
The Sodium-Potassium Pump
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carrier Outside
protein K+
K+

K+ K+

K+ K+
K+

K+

Na+
Inside

1. Carrier has a shape that allows

it to take up 3 Na+.

ATP

2. ATP is split, and phosphate

group attaches to carrier

K+
K+

K+ K+

3. Change in shape results and

causes carrier to release 3 Na+
outside the cell.

35
Facilitated Transport:
The Sodium-Potassium Pump
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Outside
carrier
protein K+
K+

K+ K+

K+ K+
K+

K+

Inside

1. Carrier has a shape that allows

it to take up 3 Na+.

ATP

2. ATP is split, and phosphate

group attaches to carrier.

K+
K+

K+ K+

K+
K+ P
K+ K+

3. Change in shape results and

causes carrier to release 3 Na+
outside the cell.

4. Carrier has a shape that

allows it to take up 2K+.

36
Facilitated Transport:
The Sodium-Potassium Pump
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Outside
carrier K+
protein
K+

K+ K+

K+ K+
K+

K+

Na+
Inside

1. Carrier has a shape that allows

it to take up 3 Na+.

ATP

2. ATP is split, and phosphate

group attaches to carrier.

K+ K+ K+

K+ K+ K+

K+

K+

K+
P
K+
P K+ K+

5. Phosphate group is released 3. Change in shape results and

from carrier. causes carrier to release 3 Na+
outside the cell.

4. Carrier has a shape that

allows it to take up 2 K+.

37
Facilitated Transport:
The Sodium-Potassium Pump
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Outside
carrier K+
protein
K+

K+ K+

K+ Na+ K+ K+
K+

K K+

Na+
Inside

1. Carrier has a shape that allows

it to take up 3 Na+.

K+ ATP
K+

6. Change in shape results and 2. ATP is split, and phosphate

causes carrier to release 2K+ group attaches to carrier.
inside the cell.

K+ K+ K+

K+ K+ K+

K+

K+

K+
P
K+
P K+ K+

5. Phosphate group is released 3. Change in shape results and

from carrier. causes carrier to release 3 Na+
outside the cell.

4. Carrier has a shape that

allows it to take up 2 K+.

38
Animation

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39
Types of Transport:
Membrane-Assisted Transport
 Macromolecules transported into or out of
the cell inside vesicles
 Exocytosis – Vesicles fuse with plasma
membrane and secrete contents
 Endocytosis – Cells engulf substances into
pouch which becomes a vesicle
 Phagocytosis – Large, solid material into vesicle
 Pinocytosis – Liquid or small, solid particles go into
vesicle
 Receptor-Mediated – Specific form of pinocytosis
using a coated pit

40
Membrane-Assisted Transport: Exocytosis
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plasma membrane Outside

Inside
secretory
vesicle

41
Membrane-Assisted Transport:
Three Types of Endocytosis
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plasma membrane
paramecium

pseudopod
vacuole
forming

vacuole

a. Phagocytosis 399.9 m

vesicles
forming

solute
vesicle

b. Pinocytosis 0.5 m

receptor protein

coated coated
pit vesicle

solute
coated vesicle
coated pit

c. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

42
Animation

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43
Cell Surface Modifications: Junctions

 Cell Surfaces in Animals

 Junctions Between Cells
 Adhesion Junctions
 Intercellular filaments between cells

 Tight Junctions
 Form impermeable barriers

 Gap Junctions
 Plasma membrane channels are joined (allows
communication)

44
Cell-Surface Modifications: Junctions

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plasma
cytoplasmic membranes
plaque plasma plasma
membranes membranes

tight junction membrane

filaments of proteins channels
cytoskeleton

intercellular
filaments intercellular
intercellular space
intercellular space
space
a. Adhesion junction b. Tight junction c. Gap junction

45
Cell Surface Modifications
 Extracellular Matrix
 External meshwork of polysaccharides and proteins
 Found in close association with the cell that produced
them
 Plant Cell Walls
 Plants have freely permeable cell wall, with cellulose
as the main component
 Plasmodesmata penetrate cell wall
 Each contains a strand of cytoplasm
 Allow passage of material between cells

46
Cell-Surface Modifications:
Extracellular Matrix
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Inside (cytoplasm)
actin filament

integrin
elastin

fibronectin
proteoglycan
collagen
Outside (extracellular matrix)

47
Cell-Surface Modifications: Plasmodesmata
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plasmodesmata

cell wall

cell wall middle lamella

plasma plasma
membrane membrane
cell wall cell wall

cytoplasm cytoplasm

plasmodesmata

Cell 1 Cell 2

0.3mm

48
Review
 Membrane Models
 Fluid-Mosaic

 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function

 Protein Functions
 Plasma Membrane Permeability
 Diffusion
 Osmosis
 Transport Via Carrier Proteins

 Cell Surface Modifications

49
 BIOLOGY
Chapter 5: pp. 85-102
10th Edition

Membrane Structure

Sylvia S. Mader
and Function
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

plasma membrane

carbohydrate
extracellular chain Outside
matrix (ECM)
hydrophobic hydrophilic
tails heads
glycoprotein
phospholipid
glycolipid bilayer

filaments of cytoskeleton Inside

peripheral protein integral protein

cholesterol

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 50
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display