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UBBL Uniform Building by Laws 2012
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UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 [G. N. 5178/85] (AS AT 15° FEBRUARY 2012) Compiled by: Legal Research Board & International Law Book Services WISMA ILBS, No. 10, Jalan PJU 8/5G, Bandar Damansara Perdana, 47820 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Tel: 03-77274121/77274122/77273890/77283890 Fax: 03-77273884 E-mail: gbe@p Website: www.malaysialawbooks.com 2012Sole Distributor GOLDEN BOOKS CENTRE SDN. BHD., (T-142884] WISMA ILBS, No. 10, Jalan PJU 8/56, Bandar Damansara Perdana, 47820 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Tel: 03-77278890/77283890/77274121 /77274122 Fax: 03-77273884 E-mail:
[email protected]
Website: www.goldenbookscentre.com © International Law Book Services All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored inaretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, ‘mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of International Law Book Services. Member of the Malaysian Book Publishers Association Membership Number: 8505 Code: RP6-UBBL-7-120201 Printed by: Direct Art Company, 5, Medan Ramah, Happy Garden, 58200 Kuala Lumpur. ISBN: 967-89-1579-0 Although every attempt has been made to check the accuracy of this publication, International Law Book Services accepts no responsibility for ervors or omissions, if any.By-law 1 2, Pen awey UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 Parti PRELIMINARY Citation. Interpretation Parti SUBMISSION OF PLANS FOR APPROVAL Submission of plans for approval. Return of plan. Supervision of work. Plans to be signed. Withdrawal or change of qualified person Plans to be deposited in triplicate, Scale of plans. Plans required. Exemption from by-law 10. Sketch plans for approval in principle. Special permission to commence building operations. Plans of alterations, Specifications. Details and calculations of structural plans. Power of local authority to reject structural plans and calculations, Permits. ‘Temporary permits. Advertisement hoardings ‘Materials not to be deposited in a street without permission,By-law 30. 32, 33, 34. 35. 36. 37. 38, 39, a. 42. 43, 44, 45, 46. 41. Notice of commencement or resumption of building operations. Notice of completion of setting out. Notice of completion of excavation for foundation. Certificate of fitness for occupation. Certificate of completion and compliance. ‘Temporary certificate of fitness for occupation. Partial certificate of fitness for occupation, Offence under the Act, Fees for consideration of plans and for permits. PaRT IIT SPACE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION Open spaces to be provided. Open spaces not tobe altered or roofed. Space about buildings abutting a street and a backlane. Space about buildings on lots abutting a street and having no backlane, Space about detached buildings. Access from a street. ‘Splayed corners. Projections over the street and over the building line. Width of footway. ‘Natural lighting and ventilation. Air-wells. Mechanicals ventilation and air-conditioning. Minimum area of rooms in residential buildings. Minimum dimensions of latrines, water-closets and bathrooms. Height of rooms in residential buildings, shophouses, schools, etc. Height of rooms in places of public resort Heights of rooms in other buildings. Projections over a verandah-way. 2By-law 48. 49. 50. Sl. 52. 33. 54. 55. 56. 37. 58, 99, 60. 61. 62, oA. 65. 67, 68, 9. 70. n 72, ParTIV ‘TEMPORARY WORKS IN CONNECTION WITH BUILDING OPERATIONS Commencement of building operation. Responsibility of persons granted temporary permits. Cancellation of temporary permit. Vehicular access to site, Rising mains to be installed progressively. Part V STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS Building materials. General requirements of loading. Dead and imposed loads. Dead loads calculated from weights of materials used, Weight of partitions. Contents of tanks and other receptacles. Imposed floor loads. Mechanical stacking. Imposed loads on ceilings, skylights and similar structures. Reduction in total imposed floor loads. Imposed roof loads. Curved roofs. Roof coverings Internal suspended loads on primary structural members, Amount of suspended load. Dynamic loading. Crane gantry girders Parapets and balustrades. Vehicle barriers for car parks. Basement walls and floorsBy-law 2B. 74. 75. 76. 7. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82, 83, 84, 85. 86. 88, 89, 91. 93, 94, 95, 96. 97. 98. 99. Foundations. Foundations of buildings not exceeding four storeys. Reinforced concrete foundations. Strip foundations. Brick footings. Foundations below invert of drains. Foundation under external and party walls. Structure above foundations. Part VI CONSTRUCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS Building site. Drainage of subsoil. Protection against soil erosion, etc. Prevention of dampness. Nominal thickness of walls. Party walls Openings in party walls. Recesses, Chases. Underpinning. Coping, ete. to be impervious. Projections in brickwork. Measurement of the length of a wall. Use of 100 millimetre brickwork and concrete blocks in load- bearing walls. External panel walls. ‘Non load bearing partition. “Timbers bui io party walls. Fences and boundary walls. Cooking facilities in residential buildings. aBy-law 100. Cooking facilities in quarters. 101. Boilers, fireplaces, forges and incinerators in factories. 102. Combustible materials adjoining smoke flues. 103. Timber floors. 104, Bearing for joists. 105. Space below floors to be ventilated. 106. Dimensions of staircases. 107. Handrails. 108, Maximum flights. 109. Winders | 110. No obstruction in staircases. 111, Lighting and ventilation of staircases. 112. Enclosure of staircases in a shop. 113, Use of timber staircases. 114, Timber roofs. 115. Roofs coverings and drainage. 116, Accessible flat roofs, balconies, ete, 117, Access to roof space. 118, Refuse chutes and alternate means for disposal of refuse. 119. Change of use of building. 120. Design and construetion of refuse chutes. 121, Requirements for refuse receptacle chambers. 122, Access to refuse receptacle chambers. 123, Pipes and service ducts. 124. Lifts 125. Swimming pools. 126. Steps and footway. 127. Openings into swimming pool. 128, Depth of water. 129. Location of diving boards.By-law 130. 131 132, 133. 134, 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141 142, 143, 144, 145. 146, 147. 148, 149, 150, 151 152. 153. 154, 155, Changing rooms. Foot-bath and shower, Private, residential swimming pools, Part VIL FIRE REQUIREMENTS Interpretation, Designation of purpose groups. Rules of measurement. Provision of compartment walls and compartment floors. Floor in building exceeding 30 metres in height to be constructed as compartment floor. Other walls and floors to be constructed as compartment walls or compartment floors. Separation of fire risk areas. Fire appliance access. ‘Separating walls. External walls. Beam or column, Cladding on external wall Reference to Sixth Schedule Relevant boundary, Construction of separating wall. Special requirements as to compartment walls and compartment floors. Horizontal and vertical barriers at the external walls, Protected shatis, Ventilation to lift shafts. in lift shafts. Opening ‘Smoke detectors for lift lobbies. Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure. Fire mode of operation.By-law 156. 157. 158. 159, 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169, 170. m 172. 173. 174, 175, 176. 7. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185, Protected shafts as ventilating duct. Protectéd shafts consisting of staircase. Stages in places of assembly. Open stages. Fire precaution in air-conditioning systems. Fire-stopping. Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls. Half hour and one hour doors, Door closers for fire doors. ‘Measurement of travel distance to exists, Exists to be accessible at all times. Storey exits. Staircases. Exit route, Egress through unenclosed openings. Horizontal exists. Emergency exit signs. Exit doors. Arrangement of storey exits. Calculation of occupant load, ‘Computing storey exit widths. Computing number of staircases and staircase widths. Exists for institutional and other places of assembly. Classification of places of assembly. Space standards for calculating occupancy loads. Width of means of egress. Rate of discharge. Exit details for places of assembly. Seating, Gangways in place of assembly.By-law 186. 187. 188, 189, 190, 191 192. 193, 194, 195, 196, 197. 198. 199, 201. 202, 203, 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 2 212, Exit doors in places of assembly. Notice affixed to door of gate. ‘Travel distance in places of assembly. Enclosing means of escape in certain buildings. External staircase. Openings in adjacent walls not permitted. Moving walks. Power operated doors as means of egrees. Building with single staircase, ‘Staircases to reach roof level. ‘Smoke lobbies. Protected lobbies. ‘Ventilation of staircase enclosures. Ventilation of staircase enclosures in buildings not exceeding 18 metres, Ventilation of staircase enclosures in buildings exceeding 18 metres. Staircase enclosure below ground level Pressurized system for staircase, Restriction of spread of flame. Classification of restriction of flame over surfaces of walls and ceilings. Classification of interior finish materials Classification of surface of wall or ceiling, Exceptions relating to ceilings. Reference to roofs. Reference to buildings Construction of roofs, Roofing materials Category designation for fire penetration and spread of flame on roof surface, Fire resistance. Additional requirements.By-law 215. Height of buildings, 216. Single storey buildings. 217. Fire resistance of structural member. 218. Compartment wall separating flats and maisonette, 219. Application of these By-laws to floors. 220, Floor area and capacity of buildings and compartments. 221, Test of fire resistance. 222. Fire resistance for walls 223... Fire resistance for floors above ground floor. 224, Fire resistance for any element of structure. Part VIL FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT ‘AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS 225. Detecting and extinguishing fire. 226. Automatic system for hazardous occupancy. 227. Portable extinguishers. 228. Sprinkler valves. 229, Means of access and fire fighting in buildings over 18.3 metres high. 230. Installation and testing of dry rising system. 231. Installation and testing of wet rising system. 232, Wet or dry rising systems for buildings under construction. 233. Foam inlets. 234. Underground structures and windowless buildings to have foam inlets 235, Fixed installations, 236. Special hazards. 237. Fire alarms. 238. Command and control centre, 239. Voice communication system. 240. Electrical isolating switch, 241. Special requirements for fire alarm systems. 9By-law 242. 243, 244, 245. 246. 241, 248, 249. 250, 251 252. 253. 254, 255. 256. 257, 258 Fire fighting access lobbies. Fire lifts. Standards required. Approval of D.G.FS. Certification on completion. Water storage, Marking on wet riser, etc. Smoke and heat venting, ‘Natural draught smoke vent. Smoke vents to be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke. Smoke vents to be openable by Fire Authority Emergency power system. PaRTIX MISCELLANEOUS Buildings to which Parts VII and VILL apply. Power of local authority to extend period, et. Buildings exempted. Malaysian Standard Specification and Code of Practice to prevail over British Standard Specification and Code of Practice. Failure to buildings. First ScHEDULE. ‘SscoNp ScHEDULE. ‘Truro Scuepure. Fourti Senepue, Purr ScHeDuts, Svevit Scuepute. ‘Seventu ScHepute, Eig Scuepute. Ninna Scuepute. ‘Tenta Scuepure, 10UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 In exercise of the powers conferred by section 133 of the Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974, the Minister/State Authority makes the following by-laws: Part PRELIMINARY Citation, ‘These By-laws may be cited as the Uniform Building By-laws 1984, 2, Interpretation. In these By-laws, unless the context otherwise requit “Act” means the Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974; “advertisement hoarding” means any frame, hoarding, board, wall, bar, pillar, post, wire, or any combination of these, or any erection of any kind, or any surface or space used for the display of trade, business or professional advertisements; “aggregate” means any material other than cement and water used in the ‘making of conerete which does not contain additions or admixtures; “alterations” includes additions and extensions; “approved” means approved by the local authority; “approved plan” means a plan for a building approved by the local authority in accordance with these By-laws; “architect” means any person who is registered as an architect under any Jaw relating to the registration of architects and who under that law is allowed to practise or carry on business as an architect; “ASHARE” means the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.; “balcony” means any stage, platform, oriel window or other similar structure projecting outwards from the wall of a building and supported by brackets or cantilevered; “base” in relation to a wall or pier means— (@) the underside of the course immediately above the footings, if any, rin the case of wall carried by a beam, above the beam; and (6) in any other case the bottom of such wall or pier; “basement” means any storey or storeys of a building which is or are ata level lower than the ground storey; iLins. FGN 10046799) “building line” means the line prescribed by either the competent planning authority or the local authority beyond which no part of a building may project, except as otherwise permitted by these By-laws; fandard “BS" means the latest published edition of the British Specification; “BSCP" means the latest published edition of the British Standard Code of Practice; “ceiling” means the covering to the underside of floor joists or ceiling joists or floor slabs excluding in all cases any supporting beams, and where ino such covering exists means the underside of floor joists or roof cellars orties excluding any supporting beams; “certificate of completion and compliance” means a certificate issued under by-law 251; “column”, in relation to structural steel, timber or reinforced concrete, means any part of construction which will by its resistance to compression in the direction of its length and to the bending actions induced by such compression, support and transmit loading; “dead load” means that static weight of all walls, partitions, floors, roofs and finishes, including all other permanent construction; “depth”, in respect of a building, means the measured distance between the front line of the building and the back line of the rear main wall which separates the main building from the open space; “detached building” means any building not attached to any other buildings; “engineer” means a person who is registered as a professional engineer under any law relating (o the registration of engineers and who under the law is allowed to practise or carry on the business of a professional engineer; “external wall” means an outer wall of a building not being a party wall notwithstanding that it may immediately adjoin a wall of another building; “factory” means any building or part thereof designed, adapted or used for— (a) the making of any article or part of any article, commodity or product; or () the altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, cleaning, washing or the breaking up or demolition of any article, commodity or product; or (©) the adapting for sale or assembly of any article, commodity or product; and (@) any other building as defined in the Factories and Machinery Act 1967; 12“ire wall” means any wall, not being a party wall or external wall, of materials having the fire resistance as required under Part VII of these By-laws and cither used or constructed. to be used for the separation of adjoining buildings or the separation of parts of a building in such manner as to prevent or reduce the spreading of fire from one building to another or from one part of a building to another part of that building and includes a proscenium wall, compartment wall, separating wall and a protecting structures “flat” means any separate dwelling used or constructed or adapted to be used wholly or principally for human habitation for a single family, where the kitchen, lavatory and bathroom or water-closet are contained within the separate dwelling and that dwelling is contained in a building comprising two or more such dwellings joined vertically; “flat roof” means any roof having no inclination or having an in of not more than seven and one-half degrees with the horizontal; “flood level” means such flood level as may be prescribed for any area by the local authority; “floor” includes any horizontal platform forming the surface of any storey and any joist, board, timber, stone, concrete, steel or other substance connected with or forming part of such platform; “footing” means the construction whereby the weight of the structure of building is transferred from the base structure to the foundations; “foundation” means a system or airangement of foundation units such as footing, raft or pile through which the loads from a building or structure are transferred to the supporting soil or rock; “garage”, for purposes of these By-laws, means a building or part thereof designed, adapted or used for the housing of motor vehicles; “godown!” means any building or part thereof designed, adapted or used for storage purposes but does not include any garage ancillary to a residential building; “ground storey means the lowest storey of a building to which there is, fan entrance from the outside on or above the level of the ground at the front of the building; “habitable room” means any room not less than 6.5 square metres in area but does not include any bathroom, water-closet, open verandah, terrace or garages “hardwood timber” for the purpose of these By-laws includes Cengal Batu, Balau, Resak, Tempenis, Jati, Cengal, Merbau, Kapur, Belian, Tembusu, Damar Laut Merah, Keruing, Teak or any similar natural durable heavy timber classified as such by the Forestry Department; 1B“headroom” means the clear vertical distance between the finished floor level and the soffit of the lowest projecting member or surface above that point; “height” in relation to— (@ a room means the vertical measured between the finished floor level and the underside of the ceiling excluding the thickness of the plaster; (0) any storey means the vertical distance measured between the upper surfaces of its floor to the upper surface of the floor immediately above it, (©) a wall means the vertical distance measured from the base of the wall to its highest part or, in the case of a gable, to half the height of the gabl “hospital” means any building or part thetcof designed, adapted or used for the care, accommodation, or treatment of the sick, infirm, aged, convalescent or pregnant; “hotel” means any building specifically designed and constructed or substantially adapted to be used to accommodate persons for the purpose of gain or profit, with or without arrangements for communal feeding, and includes a boarding house, lodging house or guesthouse; “imposed load” means the load assumed to be produced by the intended occupancy or use including distributed, concentrated impact and inertia loads but excluding win loads; “lateral support”, in relation to a wall or pier, means such support in thie irection of the thickness, length or breadth of the wall or pier which prevents ‘movement thereof at the level and in line of direction of such support; “layout plan” means a plan approved by the Competent planning authority; “lintel” means a beam supporting walling over an opening or recess; “load bearing”, in relation to any part of a building its foundations, ‘means that part of the building which bears a load other than that due to its own height and to wind pressure on its own surface; “fow lying land” means any land of which the surface is below flood level or which is so situated that it cannot at all times be efficiently drained by gravitation into an existing public surface water drain or water course; “mesh” in relation to the measurement of materials, means the mesh of a sieve complying with BS 410 — Test Sieves; “mezzanine floor” means any floor interposed between the main floors of a building and includes any platform or landing of greater than 2.5 metres ‘width; 14“MS” means the latest published edition of the Malaysian Standard; “MSCP” means the latest published edition of the Malaysian Standard Code of Practice; “panel wall” means a non-load bearing wall set within a structural frame; “partition” means any internal wall not being a party or an external wall; “party wall” means a wall forming part of a building and used or constructed to be used for separation of adjoining buildings belonging 10 different owners or occupied or constructed or adapted to be occupied by different persons either constructed over or abutting a common boundary; “pitched roof” means a roof having an inclination of more than seven and a-half degrees with the horizontal; “prestressed concrete” means concrete in which predetermined stresses are induced to counteract the stresses due to dead and superimposed loading for the purpose of eliminating or decreasing the tensile stresses due to bending and sheer; “qualified person” means any architect, registered building draughtsman orengineer; “registered building draughtsman” for the purpose of these By-laws ‘means any building draughtsman who is registered under the relevant Act; building” means a building or part thereof designed, adapted or used for human habitation; “room” means any portion of a building enclosed by walls or partitions; “school” means any building or part thereof designed, adapted or used for the dissemination of knowledge and includes a creche; “self-closing door” means a door fitted with a device which is free from any means of holding it in an open position and which will close automatically unless held open by other approved means; ‘semi-detached building” means any building designed to be built as one pair having a party wall as one of its walls; “shophouse” means any building, part of which is designed, adapted or used for business purposes; ‘hed house meant for a family idual; “singly built detached house” means a det dwelling built singly on a lot owned by an indi “smoke stop door” means a door or pair of doors which when fitted in a frame satisfies the requirements of section 7 of BS 476: Part 8: 1972 as to freedom from collapse for not less than thirty minutes and is resistant to the Is Uns. FON 10046799)passage of flame and hot gases for not less than twenty minutes and which is fitted with minimum practicable clearances between the leaf and fram« “storey” means the space between the upper surface of every floor and the surface of the floor next above it, or if there be no such floor then the underside of the tie or collar beam of the roof or other covering or if there be neither tie nor collar beam then the level of half the vertical height of the underside of the rafters or other support of the roof; “submitting person” means a qualified person who submits plans to the relevant authority for approval; “swimming poo!” means any pool or bath for the purpose of swimming; “temporary building” includes any building constructed wholly or in part of materials which are, in the absence of special care, liable to rapid deterio- ration, or are otherwise unsuitable for use in the construction of permanent buildings, and may include any house or building the erection of which is permitted under licence issued by the local authority for a limited period to bbe specified upon the expiration of which the building shall be demolished; “terrace house” means any residential building designed as a single dwelling unit and forming part of a row or terrace of not less than three such residential buildings; “verandah-way” means a covered footway fronting a street; “wind load” means all loads due to the effect of wind pressure or suction. Parti SUBMISSION OF PLANS FOR APPROVAL 3. Submission of plans for approval (1) All plans for buildings submitted to the local authority for approval in addition to the requirements of section 70 of the Act shall— (a) be deposited at the office of the local authority together with the fees prescribed for the submission of such plans in accordance with the First Schedule to these By-laws; (b) bear upon them a statement showing for what purpose the building for which the plans are submitted is to be erected and used; (©) bear the certification of the qualified persons on these plans together with Form A as set out in the Second Schedule to these By-laws for which they are respectively responsible; and (A) have attached thereto a stamped copy of the relevant site plan approved by the competent planning authority and certified within twelve calendar months preceding the date on which the building plans are deposited unless otherwise exempted under any law relating to planning. (2) Bvery plan, drawing or calculation in respect of any building shall bbe submitted by a qualified person,4, Return of pla (1) A local authority may if it is of the view that any plan, drawing or calculation is beyond the competence of such qualified person submitting the same, return such plan, drawing or calculation, (2) A local authority shall accept any returned plan, drawing or calculation if the same were re-submitted together with a certificate from the relevant competent authority responsible for registering such qualified person, certifying that such plan, drawing or calculation is within the competence of such qualified person submitting the same. 5. Supervision of work. Where under these By-laws any plan, drawing or calculation in relation to any building is required to be submitted by qualified person, no erection or continued erection of that building shall take place unless that qualified person or any person duly authorised by him undertakes the supervision of the erection and the setting out, where applicable, of that building. 6. Plans tobe signed. (1) All plans submitted shall be signed by the qualified person and by the ‘owner or his agent and shall bear the full address of the owner. (2) The local authority may, if satisfied that the owner of the premises has refused to or has failed fo execute any work which is required under the Act, to be executed by him, ditect the owner of the premises in writing to execute such work, 7, Withdrawal or change of qualified person, (1) The qualified person submitting the plans shall be responsible for the proper execution of the works and shall continue to be so responsible ‘until the completion of the works unless: (a) with the agreement of the local authority another qualified person is appointed to take over; or (B) the local authority agrees to accept his withdrawal or replacement at the request of the owner provided that the erection of a building, has not commenced. (2) Where the local authority agrees to accept a qualified person’s withdrawal or replacement under paragraph (1)(b) of by-law 7 the works shall not commence until another qualified person is appointed to take over. (3) Where any qualified person who has submitted any plan, drawing or calculation in respect of any building has died or become bankrupt or cannot be found or has been deregistered from the register or for any other reason ceased to practise, the owner or occupier shall as soon as practicable appoint another qualified person to act for him and to submit adequate evidence to the local authority of the circumstances. 78. Plans to be deposited in triplicate. (1) All building plans shall be deposited in triplicate or in as many copies as may be required by the local authority (2) One set of the plans shall be on linen or other equally wear-resistant and durable material which, together with one other set, shall be retained by the local authority and the third set shall be returned after approval. (3) If the plans are disapproved, one set of such plans shall be returned with a statement explaining the reasons for disapproval (4) Nothing in this by-law shall prohibit the depositing of additional sets of plans if it is considered that by so doing the work of the local authority may be expedited, 9. Scale of plans. (1) All plans shall be drawn to the following scales: (@) site plans not less than 1 = 100. (®) key orlocation plans... any convenient scale. (©) all other general building not less than 1 = 100 except in plans special cases where the size of the building renders drawings to this scale to be impracticable to accom- modate within the limitations of paper sizes or when the drawings are of unwieldy dimensions, the local authority may use its disere- tion to permit plans to be submitted to a smaller scale but in no case shall the scale be less than 1 = 200. (@) sketch plans for approval not less than 1 = 200. in principle (2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), all plans may be drawn in International ‘System of Units 10. Plans required. (1) All plans in respect of any building shall, unless inapplicable, con the following: (a) Asite plan showing— (i the site of the proposed building lot together with the number of the lot and the section number; (Gi) the means of access to the site from the street and the name ofthe street; ii) the distance from the centre and side of roadway distinctly figured on one of such plans; 18w o (iv) where required by the local authority the dimensions of the lot; (v) the complete lines of surface water and foul water drainage and the point of discharge of the proposed drains; (vi) the scale, North point and the numbers of adjoining tots or buildings; (vii) the dimensions of clearances between the proposed building wi and the boundaries; iii) all lines of proposed adjustments of land or buildings for street, river or drainage improvements and such like where applicable showing the width of such new street or proposed new street and its connection with the nearest public street; (ix) existing and proposed ground level of the sit. A floor plan of each floor except when other floors are repetitive or are identical floors, containing the following information: (i i (@ figured dimensions of the lengths and breadths of the building and rooms and thickness of walls thereof; (i) figured dimensions of all door and window openings, the clear day-light of air-wells, back areas and open spaces of the building; figured dimensions between walls, piers and stanchions on the foundation plan of the building; (iv) lines of permanent drainage of the site with arrows indi cating the direction of flow, the drains into which they will discharge and their sizes; (¥) the names and uses of rooms Cross, longitudinal and other sections to clearly delineate the construction of the bt (i i jing and showing — (i) the existing ground level and proposed new ground level if the level ofthe site isto be raised or lowered; fi) the level of street, roadside drain and verandah-way (if the building abuts a street); ii) the width and depth of foundations and thickness of walls, partitions and floors thereof; (iv) the height of storeys, staircases, doors, windows and ventilating openings thereof; (¥) the sizes, position and direction of floor joists and beams and the construction of the roof thereo! (vi) the materials to be used in the construction of the structure. (d) Front, rear and side elevations showing— (@) the levels of adjoining footways, verandah-ways, roads and the levels of the proposed counterparts; 19(Gi) part elevations of existing adjoining buildings showing their floor levels, main coping, parapets and verandah heights; ii) the materials proposed for the walls, windows and roof, if applicable and visible. (2) The qualified person or owner or occupier as the case may be shall provide the local authority with such further information as the local authority may require. (3) All plans shall either be in clear indelible prints or drawn in black with differences of material shown in distinct colours and all. existing structures in neutral tints. 11, Exemption from by-law 10. The local authority may if it deems fit exempt any person from any or all of the requirements of paragraph (1) of by-law 10. 12. Sketch plans for approval in principle. (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of by-laws 8 and 10 when the ‘consideration of the local authority is desired for approval in principle of 4 building, tentative sketch plans in duplicate on paper accompanied by a brief report sufficient to show the character and standard of the building may be submitted subject to the payment of the fees as prescribed in the First schedule to these By-laws. (2) When a building has been approved in principle, plans in accordance with by-laws 3 to 10 and 14 to 16 shall be submitted and approved before erection of the building approved in principle may be commenced. ions. 13, Special permission to commence building oper: (1) The local authority may, in writing grant special permission to commence building operations provided that such commencement will not infringe the provisions of the act or these By-laws. (2) The granting of any permission under paragraph (1) of by-law 13 shall not deprive the local authority of its power to give written directions in respect of such building, 14, Plans of alterations. (1) In plans submitted for additions or alterations, including a subdivision ‘of rooms, to building, the parts, if any, ofthe building to be removed shall be shown in dotted lines and new work shall be either in red or in black fully coloured. 20(2) All existing surface water and foul water drains, stairs, windows and doors and all openings for light and ventilation of the building shall be shown on such plans. 15, Specifications. If so required by the local authority plans submitted for approval shall be accompanied by a specification of all materials proposed to be used. Details and calculations of structural plans, (1) One copy of the detailed structural plans of the proposed building together with a legible copy of the structural calculations for the same shall be submitted before the commencement of construction. (2) The detailed structural plans shall be on linen and each copy shall bear a certificate by the qualified person as in Form A as set out in the second schedule to these By-laws to the effect that the details are in accordance with these By-laws and that the submitting person accepts full responsibility (3) All structural plans shall be clearly marked to indicate the imposed loads for which each floor system or each part has been designed 17. Power of local authority to reject structural plans and caleulations, ‘Notwithstanding paragraph (2) by-law 16 the local authority may examine and in so doing may reject any structural plans or calculations which are not, in accordance with these By-laws and if it rejects such plans or calculations it may require such qualified person to resubmit new structural plans or calculations in respect of the rejected portion, 18, Permits. (1) Sketch plans may be submitted for minor erections, minor alterations and additions in lieu of approval plans and permits may be issued as authority to carry out such work if they comply with the requirements of these By-laws, provided that if in the opinion of the local authority the works involved require the submission of normal building plans, such plans shall be submitted in accordance with these By-laws, (2) Permits may be issued on such terms and conditions as the local autho- rity thinks fit for the erection of any fence which encroaches on a footway. 19. Temporary permits, (1) A temporary permit for a limited period may be authority for the following purpose: (a) the erection of a shed for shows or place or worship; (6) the erection of a builders’ working shed or a store or other shed to be used in connection with building works; ued by the local 21(0) the depositing of building materials on streets; (@) the erection of scaffolding on a street; (©) the erection of staging, framework, platform or superstructure of any kind on a roof abutting a street; and (P)_the erection of hoarding on streets in accordance with by-law 20. (2) A temporary permit may be issued at the discretion of the local authority for the erection of a temporary building and shall be subject to all or some of the condition as set out in the First Schedule to these By-laws. (3) Plans or sketch plans in accordance with the requirements of the local authority shall be submitted for temporary permits under this by-law. 20, Advertisement hoardings. (1) The erection of hoardings or any framing for the display of advertisements or sign-boards shall be subject to an annual temporary permit issued at the discretion of and subject to any conditions that may be imposed by the local authority. (2) Plans or sketch plans of such hoardings or framings shall be submitted in accordance with the requirements of the local authority. (3) The plans must be certified by the person submitting them to the effect that the proposed hoarding can be safely supported by the structure onto which it is to be constructed and that he accepts full responsibility 21, Materials not to be deposited in a street without permission, (1) No person shall deposit any building materials in any street without temporary permit issued under by-law 19, (2) The fee for such permit shall be that prescribed in the First Schedule to these By-laws, (3) The person to whom stich permit is issued shall at his own expense cause such materials to be sufficiently fenced and enclosed until the materials are removed or otherwise made secure to the satisfaction of the local authority. (4) Such materials shall be suitably lighted during the hours of darkness and a watchman shall be employed to ensure that this is done. ions. 22, Notice of commencement or resumption of building op (1) Notice of the intention to commence or resume the erection of a building required under subsection (9) of section 70 of the Act shall be made in Form B as set out in the Second Schedule to these By-laws and shall include particulars of the intended work, 22(2) If the work is not commenced or resumed on the date given in such notice, a further notice in Form B as set out in the Second Schedule to these By-laws shall be given before the work may be commenced or resumed. 23. Notice of completion of setting out. (1) As soon as the setting out of building has been completed, the qualified person shall give written notice to the local authority in Form C as set out in the Second Schedule to these By-laws certifying either that the setting out has been carried out in accordance with the approved site plan or, if there has been any deviation from the approved site plan, that he will undertake to submit the required number of amended site plans for approval before the completion of the building. (2) In either event the qualified person shall certify that he accepts full responsibility for ensuring that all town planning and building requirements are complied with. 24, Notice of completion of excavation for foundation, ‘As soon as the excavation for the foundation of a building has been completed the qualified person shall give written notice to the local authority in Form D as set out in the Second Schedule to these By-laws informing it of the fact and certifying that the nature of the soil conditions as exposed by the excavations are consistent with the design requirements and conform with these By-laws, 25, Certificate of fitness for occupation. (1) Centificate of fitness for occupation of a building shall be given when— (@) the qualified persons during the course of the work have certified in Form E as set out in the Second Schedule to these By-laws that they have supervised the erection of the building, that to the best of their knowledge and belief the buildiig has been constructed in accordance with these By-laws and any conditions imposed by the local authority and that they accept full responsibility for those portions which they are respectively concerned with and the local authority or an officer authorised by it in writing for the purpose has inspected the building. (B) all essential services, including access roads, landscape, car parks, drains, sanitary, water and electricity installation, fire lifts, fire hhydrant and others where required, sewerage and refuse disposal requirements have been provided. (©) upon satisfaction of the requirements under subparagraphs (a) and (®) the local authority shall issue the certificate of fitness for ‘occupation to the qualified person within 14 days from the date of the submission of Form E. (@ if the qualified person does not receive the certificate of fitness from the local authority within the prescribed period, the 23 Uns. FON 1004699) Uns, FGN 1046/99)Uns. FON 10046799) Uns. FGN 10045799) application for the certificate of fitness for occupation shall be deemed to have been approved. (e) the local authority then shall issue the certificate of fitness for ‘occupation to the owner of the Building (2) Nothing contained in this by-law shall prevent the local authority or any officer authorised by it in writing for the purpose from inspecting any building works at any stage thereof and calling attention to any deviation from the approved plan or non-compliance with any of these By-laws which he may observe and from giving notice in writing ordering such deviation to be rectified. 25a. Certificate of completion and compliance. (1) A copy of the certificate of completion and compliance in Form F in the Second Schedule shall be given to the owner of a singly built detached house when the qualified person has certified in Form F that— (a) he has supervised the erection and completion of the singly built detached house and that to the best of his knowledge and belief the singly built detached house has been constructed in accordance with these By-Laws; (8) the conditions imposed by the local authority have been satisfied; (©) allessential services have been provided; and (@) he accepts full responsibility for the portions that he is concerned with. (2) The qualified person shall forward a copy of the certificate of com tion and compliance to the local authority and the Lembaga Arkitek Malaysia. 26. Temporary certificate of fitness for occupation. (1) Subject to payment of the fees prescribed in the First Schedule to these By-laws, the local authority may after imposing a deposit either in cash or bank guarantee at the fixed rates in its discretion grant a temporary certificate of fitness for occupation of a building for a period, not exceeding six (6) ‘months in cases, where only minor deviations from the approved building plans had been made and pending full compliance with the requirements of the local authority before the issue of the certificate of fitness for occupation. (2) Where the certificate under paragraph (1) is issued and the owner or the occupier of the building does not fully comply with the requirements as imposed, the local authority may make use of the deposit for the purpose of complying with the said requirements. 27. Partial certificate of fitness for oceupation. (2) The local authority may in its discretion grant a partial certificate of fitness for the occupation of any part of a building partially completed and ‘may impose any conditions that it deems necessary in the public interest: 24Provided that no such permit shall be granted if— (@) no application for partial certificate of fitness for occupation has been made within the period of construction; (B) all essential services, including access road, landscape, car parks, drains, sanitary, water and electricity installations, fire lifts, fire hhydrant and others where required, sewerage and refuse disposal requirements have not been provided; and (©) the occupation of such part or parts of a partially completed building will prejudice public health or safety, 2) A partial certificate of fitness for occupation once issued shall remain effective until the whole of the building is completed and a certificate of fitness for occupation is issued. 28. Offence under the Act. (1) No person shall occupy or permit to be occupied any building or any part thereof, other than a singly built detached house, unless a certificate of fitness for occupation, a partial certificate of fitness for occupation or a temporary certificate of fitness for occupation has been issued under these By-laws for such building and any failure to comply with this by-law shall render such person liable to prosecution under the Act. (2) No person shall occupy or permit to be occupied any singly built detached house unless a certificate of completion and compliance has been issued under these By-Laws for the singly built detached house and any failure to comply with this paragraph shall render such person liable to prosecution under the Act. 29. Fees for consideration of plans and for permits. Fees in accordance with the First Schedule to these By-laws shall be paid by persons who submit plans and specifications for approval in fespect of buildings to be constructed or altered or for the issue of permits or temporary permits in accordance with these By-laws, Part ill SPACE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION 30. Open spaces to be provided. Every building which is erected shall, unless the local authority is of the opinion that in any particular case air space is otherwise sufficiently and permanently provided for, have directly attached thereto an open space exclu- sively belonging thereto of such dimensions as may be prescribed hereafter. 31. Open spaces not to be altered or roofed. (1) Whenever any open space has been provided in connection 25 lam. FN 10046799) Uns. FON 10046099)building in pursuance of these By-laws, no person shall, without the approval in writing of the local authority— (@ make or maintain or permit to be made or maintained any alteration in such open space; or (b) construct or maintain or permit to be constructed or maintained a roof over any portion thereof so as to diminish the area of such ‘open space: Provided that the local authority in its discretion may issue such a permit if itis satisfied that the free movement of air is not impeded or hindered. (2) The local authority may by notice in writing require the owner or any person acting in contravention of this Part to remove any such alteration or roof or otherwise to do such works as will restore such open space. 32. Space about buildings abutting a street and a backlane. (1) The open space for buildings abuiting a street and backlane shall be— (@) in tespect of residential buildings, not less than one-third of the built-on area of the building lot; and (®) in respect of other buildings used for non-residential purposes, not ess than one-tenth of the built-on area of the building lot (2) For the purpose of calculating the open space required by paragraph () of by-law 32— (@) in a two-storeyed shophouse the space occupied by any single- storeyed annexe not being a habitable room which does not exceed the height of the ceiling of the ground floor shall be considered as neutral and shall not be counted as built-on area or as open space; (6) half the width of the backlane abutting a building shall be counted ‘as open space; (0) balconies, passage-ways and sun-shades may project over any open space provided they do not project more than I metre and such projection shall be counted as open space and not as built up area; (@) the open space provided between the street and the set back for a building line of a terrace house shall not be counted as open space. (3) Where open space not abutting a backlane is provided for, such open space shall have a minimum clear dimension of not less than 2,5 metres and such open space shall exclude projections of hoods, sun-shades or balconies. 33. Space about buildings on lots abutting a street and having no backlane. For the building on a lot abutting a street and having no backlane, the open space shall be situated at the rear of the building and shall extend across the full width of the lot 2634, Space about detached buildings. (1) Subject to the specific requirement of Part VII, for a detached building there shall be not less than 2 metres clear space measured between the extreme projections of the building and boundaries of its lot and 4 metres clear space between such building and any other building unless they are within the same building lot. (2) For the purpose of this by-law a pair of semi-detached buildings shall be deemed to be one building on a single lot. 35. Access from a street, Every building to be erected on a site which docs not front a street shall have access from a street and the means, nature and extent of the access shall be in accordance with a layout plan approved by the competent planning authority or the local authority. 36. Splayed corners. Where a building is erected at the junction of two streets and in cases where the degrees of splay or rounding off is not shown on the layout plan or any statutory amendment, modification or replacement thereof maintained by the competent planning authority, the comer of such building shall be splayed or rounded off to a height of not less than 5 metres above the street level at the point of intersection of the street lines 50 that no part of the building below this height shall project beyond the straight line drawn across the corer of the building plot joining each street line at a point 3 metres from the point of intersection of the street lines. 37. Projections over the street and over the building line. (1) Where buildings abut on a street, projection over the street for open, verandahs, balconies, sun-shades or similar projections may be permitted on the following basis: Width of street in metres minus 10 metres 2 Provided that the maximum projection which may be permitted under this formula is 1.25 metres clear ofthe approved line of street. Projection (2) Projections in the nature of canopies over entrances in excess of 1.25 metres may be permitted at the discretion of the local authority (3) All such projections shall be at least 5 metres above the level of the road, Between the levels of 2.5 metres and 5 metres, projections not exceeding 500 millimetres may be permitted. (4) Where a building line is prescribed fora strect set back from the regular fine of street, projections above the ground floor over such building line ‘may be permitted provided that such projection shall not exceed 1.83 metres and shall not exceed one half of the building frontage to the building lin. 238. Width of footway. (1) The width of any verandah-way or uncovered footway shall not be less than 2.25 metres but piers or columns to a maximum depth of 600 millimetres from the boundary of the street may be permitted on such (2) The width of the verandah-way or uncovered footway shall be measured from the boundary of the street to the wall or other part (not being an outside verandah pier) of the building nearest the street, and all dimensions referred to in this by-law shall be measured at the pavement level of the verandah or uncovered footway. (3) For the purpose of this by-law any step, threshold or other structure appurtenant to a building shall be deemed to be part of the building though not directly connected therewith (4) Where there is a change in levels along the footway between adjoining lots there shall be provided steps with risers not exceeding 150 millimetres and treads not less than 275 millimetres or a pedestrian ramp of gradient not exceeding one in ten, (5) Where a service road is provided the footway required to be provided and constructed shall follow the line of the street. 39.Natural lighting and ventilation, (1) Every room designed, adapted or used for residential, business or other purposes except hospitals and schools shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more windows having a total area of not less than 10% of the clear floor area of such room and shall have openings capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air of not less than 5% of such floor area, (2) Every room used for the accomodation of patients in a hospital shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more windows having a total area of not less than 15 of clear floor area of such room and shall have openings capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air of not less than 10% of stich floor area (3) Every room used forthe purpose of conducting classes in a school shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more windows having a total area of not less than 20% of clear floor area of stich rooms and shall have openings capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air of not less than 10% of such floor area. @) Every water-closet,latrine, urinal or bathroom shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more openings having a total area of not less than 0.2 square metre per water-closet, urinal latrine or bathroom and such openings shall be capable of allowing a free ‘uninterrupted passage of air 2840.Air-wells, (1) @ The minimum size of each air-well where provided in all buildings shall be as follows: (® for buildings up to 2 storeys in height, 7 square metres; i) for buildings up to 4 storeys in height, 9 square metres; ii) for buildings up to 6 storeys in height, 11 square metres; iv) for buildings up to 8 storeys in height, 13 square metres; (¥) for buildings more than 8 storeys in height, 15 square metres; (0) The minimum width of such air-wells in any direction shall be 2.5 metres. (2) (@) The minimum size of each air-well for lavatories, water-closets and bathroom shall be as follows: () for buildings up to 2 storeys in height, 3.5 square metres; il) for buildings up to 4 storeys in height, 4 square metres; (ii) for buildings up to 6 storeys in height, 4.5 square metr (iv) for buildings up to 8 storeys in height, 5 square metres; (9) for buildings more than 8 storeys in height, 5.5 square metres; (®) The minimum width of such air-wells in any direction shall be 2 metres. 41, Mechanicals ventilation and air-conditioning. (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority. (2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning, (3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to lings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned, (4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors. 2942, Minimum area of rooms in residential buildings. (1) The area of the first habitable room in a residential building shall be not less than 11 square metres, the second habitable room be not less than 9.3 square metres and all other rooms be not less than 6.5 square metres in area. (2) The width of every habitable room in a residential building shall be not less than 2 metres, (3) The area and width of a kitchen in a resident building shall be not Jess than 4.5 square metres and 1.5 metres respectively. 43. Minimum dimensions of latrines, water-closets and bathrooms. In all buildings, the sizes of latrines, water-closets and-bathrooms shall be— (@) in the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.5 metres by 0.75 metre; (b) in the case of water-closets with fittings other than pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.25 metres by 0.75 metre; (c) in the case of bathrooms, not less than 1.5 square metres with a width of not less than 0.75 metre; and (d) in the case of bathrooms with closet fittings, not less than 2 square metres with a width of not less than 0.75 metre. 44, Height of rooms in residential buildings, shophouses, schools, etc. (1) The height of rooms in residential buildings other than shophouses shall be— (a) for living rooms and bedrooms, not less than 2.5 metres; (6) for kitchens, not less than 2.25 metres; (©) for bathrooms, water-closets, Iatrines, porches, balconies, verandahs, garages and the like, not less than 2 metres, (2) The average height of rooms with sloping ceilings in residential buildings other than shophouses shall be— (@) for living rooms and bedrooms, not less than 2.5 metres; (®) forkitchens, not less than 2.25 metres; (©) for bathrooms, water-closets, latrines, porches, balconies, verandahs, garages and the like, not less than 2 metres, Provided that not part of any room shall be less than 2 metres in height. ) In shophouses the height of ground floor rooms shall be not less than 3 metres and the height of upper floor rooms shall be not less than 302.5 metres, Where the depth of such shophouse at any upper floor level is ‘greater than 10.5 metres the height of rooms on every such upper floor shall be not less than 2.55 metres. (4) In schools, the height of rooms used for the dissemination of Knowledge shall be not less than 3 metres headroom. (5) In hospitals the height of rooms used for the accommodation of patients shall be not less than 3 metres. (©) The height of any room in a factory in which any person works shall be not less than 3 metres headroom. 45, Height of rooms in places of public resort, (1) The height of rooms, other than water-closets, lavatories, cloakrooms, corridors and rooms to which the public do not have access in places of public resort shall be not less than 3.5 metres. Where a balcony is provided for in places of public resort, the heights between the level of the topmost tier of the balcony and the ceiling over such topmost tier, and between the floor immediately under the balcony and the underside of the balcony, shall be not less than 3 metres in each case, Q) In places of public resort the provisions of paragraph (1) of by-law 46 shall apply to water-closets, lavatories, cloakrooms, corridors and rooms to which the public do not have access. 46. Heights of rooms in other buildings. (1) In buildings other than those specified in the preceding provisions of by-laws 44 and 45 the height of rooms on the ground floor shall not be less than 3 metres and on any floor above the ground floor shall not be Jess than 2.75 metres (2) The height of any basement shall be not less than 2.5 metres. (G) Where the greater part of the ground floors is left open for use as cat-park or covered garden or similar purpose, the height of such ground floor shall be not less than 2.5 metres. (4) The minimam headroom of any habitable room or space inside any building shall be 2 metres. (5) The height of any verandah-way shall be not less than 3 metres. 47. Projections over verandah-way. Projections in the nature of — (@) beams; (©) staitways and landings;(©) screens; (d) blinds; and (©) signboards or advertisements; which are not less than 2.5 metres above the verandah-way paving may be permitted. PartlV ‘TEMPORARY WORKS IN CONNECTION WITH BUILDING OPERATIONS. 48, Commencement of building operation, (1) When any building operation is commenced, the person responsible for the erection shall display a board giving the names, addresses and telephone ‘numbers of the submitting person and building contractor. (2) Construction of any building shall not commence unless a protective hoarding to the requirements of the local authority is erected to separate the building from the public street or footway. (3) Where a protective hoarding is required, a temporary permit shall be obtained in accordance with by-law 19 and the protective hoarding shall be constructed according to the approved protective hoarding plan and shall during the demolition or erection of any building be maintained in good condition to the satisfaction of the local authority. 49. Responsibility of persons granted temporary permits. ‘The person to whom the temporary permit is granted shall be responsible for— (a) taking such measures as are necessary to keep the roadside drain clear of obstruction and to the satisfaction of the local authority; (0) adjustments to existing cables, pipes and other service or utility or equipment and for their reinstatement on completion of the works in accordance with the requirements of the relevant authorities; (©) painting the ends of the hoardings white and for having the ends of hoardings and railings suitably marked by red warning lights throughout the night; (@) any accident and damage to property or persons, directly attri- bbutable to the hoardings or railings; (e) ensuring that hydrant points and any other existing utility service installations are not obstructed by such hoardings or materials; (PD) providing suitable openings with hand-rails at the ends of the hoarding to permit easy means of access and egress over the roadside drain, to and from the adjoining verandah-ways;, 32(g) the maintenance of the hoarding to the satisfaction of the local authority; (A) exercising due care not to damage any existing service mains by overloading the ground or by any temporary construction; (i removing the hoarding together with all materials and debris on completion of the works; and (to reinstate any damage to roads, drains, footways and verandah- ways and leaving the site and drains in a clean and tidy condi 50, Cancellation of temporary permit. The local authority shall have the right to cancel the temporary permit for breach of any the foregoing conditions or for any reason it thinks fit and the applicant shall within one week of receipt of such notice have the hoardings, railings and all other materials connected therewith removed from the public road. 51. Vehicular access to site. Vehicular access to the site may be restricted to specified hours to avoid “obstructing the flow of traffic if found to be necessary. 52. Rising mains to be installed progressively. In buildings which are designed to exceed 18.3 metres in height to the top most full floor, rising mains in accordance with by-law 232 shall be installed as soon as the building exceeds that height to provide fire fighting facilities during the various stages of construction. PartV STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS ‘53, Building materials. (1) Any materials used— (q) inthe erection of a building; (0) inthe structural alteration or extension of a building; (©) in the execution of works or the installation of fittings, being ‘works or fittings to which any provisions of these By-laws applies; or (@ for the backfiling of any excavations on a site in connection with any building or works or fittings to which any provision of these By-laws applies, shall be— (aa) of a suitable nature and quality in relation to the purposes for and conditions in which they are used; 33(bb) adequately mixed or prepared; and (cc) applied, used or fixed so as to adequately perform the functions for which they are designed. (2) The use of any material or any method of mixing or preparing materials or of applying, using or fixing materials, which conforms with a Standard Specification or Code of Practice prescribing the quality of material or standards of workmanship shall be deemed to be sufficient compliance with the requirements of paragraph (1) of by-law 53 if the use of the material or method is appropriate for the purpose and conditions in which it used. 54, General requirements of loading. (1) In determining, for the purposes of these By-laws, the loads to which any building with be subjected, the dead and imposed loads and wind loads shall be calculated in accordance with this Part: Provided that in the case where— (@ an actual imposed load to which a building will be subjected will exceed the imposed load calculated in accordance with this Part, such actual load shall be substituted for the load so calculated; and (©) plant, machinery or equipment will produce exceptional dynamic effects, there shall be substituted for the imposed load calculated in accordance with this Part such greater amount which would, as a static load, produce stresses of a magnitude and kind appro- ‘ximating to that induced dynamically. (2) In determining, for the purposes of this Part, the loads to which a building will be subjected— (@) dead toads shall be calculated in accordance with BSCP 3 Chap. V. Part 1 oras provided hereinafter in this Part; (®) imposed loads shall be calculated in accordance with BSCP 3 Chap. V Part 1 or as provided hereinafter in this Pat: Provided that, if any actual imposed load will exceed or is likely fo exceed the load so calculated, that actual load shall be substituted for the load so calculated; and (©) wind loads shall be calculated in accordance with BSCP 3 Chap. VPart 2: Provided that— (aa) in no case shall the factor $3 be taken as less than 1; and (6b) if a building falls outside the range of those for which that code gives forces and pressure coefficients, values shall be used which are appropriate in relation to that building, having regard to its construction, size, proportions, shape, profile and surface characteristics. 34(3) Advice on appropriate wind velocities applicable to a particular locality to which the building is to be located shall, whenever possible be obtained from the local meteorological office. 58. Dead and imposed loads. (2) The provisions of this Part relating to dead and imposed loads shall apply to— (a) new buildings and new structures; (b) structural alterations and additions to existing buildings and existing structures; and (6) existing construction on change of use; but shall not apply to the maintenance of, or the replacement of parts of, existing buildings and structures where there is no change of use, (2) The dead and imposed loads provided hereinafter shall be in addition to and not in substitution of provision relating to— (a) loads on road bridges; (B) 1oads on rail bridges; (©) loads due to wind; (@) loads due to seismic forces; (€) Toads due to explosion (P)_loads on structures subject to internal pressure from their contents such as bunkers, silos and water tanks; (a) loads incidental to construction; (A) loads due to lifts and escalators; (@ toads due to machinery vibration (except those due to some gantry cranes); (loads due to thermal effects; and (&) test loads, 56. Dead loads calculated from weights of materials used. (1) Dead loads shall be calculated from unit weight given in BS 648 or from the actual known weights of the materials used. (2) Typical values for commonly used materials are laid out in the Fourth Schedule to these By-laws. 57. Weight of partitions. ‘Where partitions are shown in the plans, their actual weights shall be included in the dead load. To provide for partitions where their positions, are not shown on the plans, the beams and the floor slabs where these are 35capable of effective lateral distribution of the load, shall be designed to carry, in addition to other loads, a uniformly distributed load per square ‘metre of not less than one third of the weight per metre run of the finished partitions, but not less than 1 kN/m? (102 kgf/m) if the floor is used for office purposes. 58. Contents of tanks and other receptacles. ‘The weight of tanks and other receptacles, and of their contents shall bbe treated as dead loads; account shall be taken of the load conditions when a tank or receptacle is full and when itis empty. 59. Imposed floor loads. (1) The loads appropriate to the different uses to which the parts of a building or structure may be put are as specified in the Fourth Schedule to these By-laws. (2) The distributed loads specified therein are equivalent to uniformly distributed static loads per square metre of plan area and provide for the normal effects of impact and acceleration, but not for any special concentrated loads. 3) All floor slabs shall be designed to carry the appropriate distributed or concentrated imposed load whichever produces the greater stresses in the part ofthe floor slab under consideration, (4) In the design of floor stabs, concentrated loads shall be considered to be applied in the positions which produce the maximum stresses and, where deflection is the design criterion, in the positions which produce maximum deflections. (5) The concentrated imposed load need not be considered where the floor slabs are capable of effective lateral distribution of this load. (©) All beams shall be designed to carry the distributed load appropriate to the uses to which they are put. (7) Beams, ribs and joists spaced at not more than one metre centres may be designed as floor slabs. (8) Where in the Fourth Schedule to these By-laws no values are given for concentrated load, it may be assumed that the tabulated distributed load is adequate for design purposes. 60. Mechanical stacking. Where there is the possibility of the use of mechanical stacking machines, such as fork lift trucks, special provision shall be made in the design of the floors. 3661. Imposed loads on ceilings, skylights and similar structures. (1) The support of ceilings (other than false ceilings), ribs of skylights, frames and covering (other than glazing) of access hatches and similar structures shall be designed forthe following loads: (a) 0.25 KN/m? (25.5 kgfm?) distributed uniformly over the whole are of area supported; and (b) 0.9 KN (91.8 kgf) concentrated over a length of 125 millimetres of, in the case of coverings, over a square of 125 millimetres ide so placed as to produce maximum stresses in the affected ‘members, (2) Where any member will in no circumstances need to support the weight of a man, the concentrated load provided in paragraph (1)(b) above may be neglected. The concentrated load should be considered to act at the same time as the distributed load and may be treated as a short term load. (3) For the purpose of this by-law false ceiling means a ceiling which is built with a space between it and the structure above and which satisfies at least one of the following conditions relating to access to that space: (a) the space is inaccessible; or (6) the ceiling is demountable for access; or (0) the space is provided with catwalks supported independently. 62, Reduction in total imposed floor loads. (2) Except as provided for in paragraphs (2) and (3), the reduction in assumed total imposed floor loads given in the Table 1 below may be taken in designing column, piers, walls, their supports and foundations. Taous | REDUCTION IN TOTAL DISTRIBUTED IMPOSED FLOOR LOADS Reduction in total distributed the roof, carried by member imposed load on all floors under consideration carried by the member under consideration % 1 0 2 10 3 20 4 30 sto10 40 over 10 50 37(2) For the purposes of this by-law, a roof may be regarded as a floor. For factories and workshops design for imposed load of 5 kN/m? (510 kgf/m?) ‘or more, the reductions shown in the Table 1 may be taken provided that the loading assumed is not less than it would have been if all floors had been designed for 5 k/N/m? (510 kg/m?) with no reductions. (3) Where a single span of a beam or girder supports not less than 46 square metres of floor at one general level, the imposed load may in the design of the beam or girder be reduced by 5% for each 46 square metres supported, subject to a maximum reduction of 25%. This reduction, or that given in the Table 1, whichever is greater, may be taken into account in the design of columns of other types of member supporting such a beam. (4) No reduction shall be made for any plant or machinery which is specifically allowed for or for buildings for storage purposes, warehouses, ‘garages and those office areas which are used for storage and filling purposes. 63. Imposed roof loads. (1) For the purpose of this by-law all slopes are measured from the horizontal, all loads are applied vertically and the 125 millimetres and 300 millimetres squares are measured on the roof slope. (2) On flat roofs and sloping roofs up to and including 10°, where access (in addition to that necessary for cleaning and repair) is provided to the roof, allowance shall be made for an imposed load of 1.5 kN/m? (153 kgf/m?) measured on plan, or a load of 1.8 KN (184 kgf) concentrated on a square with a 300 millimetre side, measured in the plane of the roof, whichever produces the greater stresses in the part of the roof under consideration (3) On flat roofs and sloping roofs up to and including 10° where no access is provided to the roof except for maintenance, allowance shall be made for an imposed load of 0.25 kN/m? (25.5 kgffm?) measured in the plane of the roof, or a vertical load of 0.9 KN (91.8 kgf) concentrated on a square with 125 millimetres side, measured in the plane of the roof, whichever produces the greater stresses in the part of the roof under consideration. (4) On surfaces where accumulation of rain water is possible the loads due to such accumulation of water and the imposed loads for the roof as given above shall be considered separately and the more critical of the ‘two shall be adopted in the design. (5) On roofs with a slope greater than 10°, and with no access provided to the roof (other than that necessary for cleaning and repair), the following imposed loads shall be provided: (@) for a roof-slope of 30° or less 0.25 kN/m? (25.5 kgf/m®) measured on plane or a vertical load of 0.9 kN (91.8 kgf) concentrated on a square with a 300 millimetres side, whichever produces the greater stress. (b) for aroof slope of 75° or more no allowance necessary. 38For roof slopes between 30° and 75°, the imposed load to be allowed for may be obtained by linear interpolation between 0.25 kN/m* (25.5 kg/m!) for a 30° roof slope and nil for a 75° roof slope. 64. Curved roofs. ‘The imposed load on a curved roof shall be calculated by dividing the roof into not less than five equal segments and by then calculating the load of each, appropriate to its mean slope, in accordance with paragraphs (2) and (3) of by-law 63. 65, Roof coverings. To provide for loads incidental to maintenance, all roof coverings, other than glazing, at a slope less than 45° shall be capable of carrying a load of 0.9 KN (91.8 kgf) concentrated on any square with a 125 millimetres side, ‘measured in the plane of the roof. 66. Internal suspended loads on primary structural members. Due allowance shall be made in the design of roof trusses or other primary structural members supporting roofs, for the weight of heating, lighting and ventilating equipment, service trunking, piping for liquids or gases, mechanical handling or production equipment and overhead walkways for inspection and maintenance, as applicable. 67. Amount of suspended load. Any panel point of the lower chord of such roof trusses or any point of such other primary structural members supporting roofs over garage manufacturing or storage floors shall be “capable of carrying safely a suspended concentrated load of not less than 9.0 kN (918 kgf) in addition to the imposed loads on the roof. 68, Dynamic loading. (1) Where loads arising from machinery, runways, cranes and other plant producing dynamic effects are supported by or communicated to the framework, allowance shall be made for these dynamic effects, including impact, by increasing the dead weight values by an adequate amount. 2) In order to ensure due economy in design, the appropriate dynamic increase for all members affected shall be ascertained as accurately as possible. (3) In the absence of sufficient data for such calculation, the increase in the imposed loads shall be as follows: 39Increase in imposed Simetur. Toad (per cent) For frames supporting tifts and hoists wee 100 For foundations, footways and piers supporting lifts and hoistering AppARALUS sa 40 For light machinery, shaft or motor units . * not less than 20 For reciprocating light machinery or power units atu j not less than 20 (4) Concentrated imposed loads including impact and vibrating effects which may arise due to installed machinery shall be considered and provided for in the design. In any event the increase in imposed loads shall not be less than 20%. (5) Provisions shall also be made for carrying any concentrated equipment loads while the equipment is being installed or moved for servicing and repairing, 69. Crane gantry girders. (2) In respect of crane gantry girders, the following allowances shall be deemed to cover all forces set up by vibration, shock from slipping of slings, kinetic action of acceleration and retardation and impact of wheel load: (@ for loads acting vertically, the maximum static wheel loads shall be increased by 25% for an electric overhead crane and 10% for a hand-operated crane; (b) the horizontal force acting transverse to the rails shall be taken as the following percentage of the combined weight of the cab and the load lifted: () 10% for an electric overhead crane; and Gil) 5% for a hand-operated crane. ‘The horizontal force shall be taken into account when considering the lateral rigidity of the rails and their fastenings; (©) horizontal forces acting along the rails shall be taken at the following percentages of the static wheel loads which can occur on the rails: 40(10% foran electric overhead crane; and Gi (2) The forces specified in paragraph (1) above shall be considered as acting at the rail level and being appropriately transmitted to the supporting system. ‘5% for a hand-operated crane, (3) Gantry girders and their vertical supports shall be designed on the assumption that either of the horizontal forces specified in paragraph 1 may act atthe same time as the vertical load, (4) The provisions of paragraphs (1), (2) and (3) shall apply only to a single crane operation and to simple forms of crane gantry construction and separate provisions shall be provided for in the calculation in respect of heavy cranes, high-speed operation or multiple cranes on a single gantry. 70. Parapets and balustrades, Parapets and balustrades shall be designed for the minimum loads as provided in Table 2 below. The minimum loads are expressed as horizontal forces acting at handrail or coping level Table 2: HORIZONTAL LOADS ON PARAPETS AND BALUSTRADES| IMPOSED FLOOR LOADS Intensity of horizontal load Use NM kgfim Light access stairs, gangways and the like not more than 600 mm wide 20 22.4 Light access stairs, gangways and the like not more than 600 mm wide, stairways, landing and balconies, private and domestic... : 360 36.7 All other stairways, landings and balconies and all’ parapets and hrandrailstoroof... ee 740 155 Panic barriers 3,000 306.0 71. Vehicle barriers for car parks. (1) Where a barrier to withstand the force of a vehicle is required for a car-park it shall be designed to withstand a force F uniformly distributed over any length of 1.5 metres where— aLYomv* KN (1000 (¥4 my’) kef F Bo+ Bp OB Be+ Ob) m = mass of vehicle in kg v= velocity in m/s Bc = deflexion of the vehicle in mm 3p = deflexion ofthe barrier in mm (2) Where the car park has been designed on the basis that vehicles using it will not exceed 2500 kilogram the following values shall be to determine the force F: m = 1500kg* 4.47 mls = 100 mm unless better evidence is available. For a rigid barrier the force appropriate to vehicles up to 2500 kilo- ‘grammes shall be taken as 150 KN. "The mass of 1500 kg is taken as being more representative of the vehicle population than the extreme value of 2500 kg, (3) Where the car park has been designed for a vehicle exceeding 2500 kilogrammes the following values shall be used to determine the force F: 'm = the actual mass of the vehicle for which the car park is designed in kilograms. v = 447 mis Se = 100 mm unless better evidence is available. (4) The impact force provided under paragraph (2) or (3) above shall be considered to act at bumper height. In the case of car parks intended for motor cars not exceeding 2500 kilogrammes this shall be taken as 375 millimetres above the floor level (5) Barriers to access ramps of car parks shall be designed to withstand ‘one half* of the force determined in paragraph (2) or (3) above acting at height of 610 millimeters above the ramp. Opposite the ends of straight ramps intended for downward travel which exceed 20 metres in length the barrier shall be designed to withstand twice tthe force determined in paragraph (2) or (3) above acting at a height of 610 millimetres above the ramp. The mass of 1500 kg is ken as Being more represent extreme value of 2500 kg. 4 The force in paragraph (5) above is only half that of paragraph (2) or 3) because although the speed of vehicles may be greater the angle of impacts is likely tobe les. Al the ends of straight "amps however not only is the speed likely tobe greater but the angle of impact will alsobe greater so that the barrier must withstand a greater fore is therefore double thet given in paragraph (2) 0). 42(© The recommendations in these By-laws may be used to form the basis of designs either within or beyond the usual serviceability limits of materials. 72. Basement walls and floors. (() In the design of basement walls and, similar underground structures, provision shall be made for the lateral pressure of adjacent soil, due allowance being made for possible surcharge from fixed or moving loads. (2) When a portion, or the whole, of the adjacent soil is below a free water surface, computations shall be based on the weight of the soil diminished by buoyancy plus full hydrostatic pressure. @) In the design of basement floors and similar structures underground, the upward pressure of water, if any, shall be taken as the full hydrostatic pressure applied over the entire area. (4) The hydrostatic head shall be measured from the underside of the construct 73. Foundations. (1) The foundations of a building shall— (@ safely sustain and transmit to the ground the combined dead Toad, imposed load and wind load in such a manner as not to cause any settlement beyond the limits designed for or other movement which would impair the stability of, or cause damage to, the whole or any part of the building or of any adjoining building or works; (0) be taken down to such a depth, or be so constructed, as to safeguard the building against damage by swelling and shrinking of the subsoil; and (©) be capable of adequately resisting any attack by sulphates or any other deleterious matter present in the subsoil. (2) The requirements of paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be satisfied if the foundations of a building are constructed in accordance with the relevant recommendations of the BSCP 2004 — Foundations. 74, Foundations of buildings not exceeding four storeys. If the foundations form part of a building other than a factory or storage building, having not more than four storeys the requirements of by-law 73, shall be deemed to be satisfied if such foundations are constructed in accordance with BSCP 101 — Foundations and Substructures for Non- Industrial Buildings not more than Four Storeys. 4375. Reinforced conerete foundations. ‘The requirements of by-law 73 shall be deemed to be satisfied as to such part of any foundations as is constructed of reinforced concrete if the work complies with BSCP 10 — The Structural Use of Concrete, BSCP 114, BSCP 115 or BSCP 116, where applicable. 76. Strip foundation. Tf the foundations of a building are constructed as strip foundations of plain concrete situated centrally under the walls, the requirements of by-law 74 shall be deemed to be satisfied if — (@) there is no made ground or wide variation in the type of subsoil within the loaded area and no weaker type of soil exists below the soil on which the foundations rest within such a depth as ‘may impair the stability of the structure; (b) the width of the foundation is not less than the width specified in the Fourth Schedule to these By-laws; (0) the concrete is composed of cement and fine and coarse aggregate conforming to BS 882 and is of a nominal mix not leaner than 50 kilogrammes cement: 0.3 cubic metre all-in aggregate; (@) the thickness of the concrete is not less than its projection from the base of the wall or footing and is in no case less than 150 millimetres; (©) where the foundations are laid at more than one level, at each change of level, the higher foundations extend over the unite with the lower foundations for a distance not less than the thickness of the foundations and in no case less than 300 millimetres; and (where there is a pier; buttress or chimney forming part of a wall, the foundations project beyond the pier, buttress or chimney on all sides to at least the same extent as they project beyond the wall. 77. Brick footings. (1) Which brick footings are provided in the foundations of a wall, they shall be in regular off-sets of 50 millimetres wide and the height from the bottom of such footings to the base of the wall shall be equal to at least two-thirds of the thickness of the wall at its base. Wherever possible, the bricks in the footings shall be laid as headers (2) Brick footings in the foundations of a wall may be omitted if allowance is made for such omission in the thickness of the concrete foundations for the wall, (3) Where in the opinion of the submitting person ground conditions are favourable, the foundations for non-load bearing internal walls may be 44formed by increasing the depth of the concrete floor slabs under such internal walls, 78. Foundations below invert of drains. (1) When a building or part of a building is erected at a distance from the centre of a drain less than the depth of the drain, except where the whole of such building is carried on piles other than timber piles, the botom of the foundation of such building or part thereof shall be stepped down within an angle of 45° so that the bottom of the foundation of that part of the building, situated within the aforesaid distance shall be at least 450 millimetres below the drain invert, (2) For the purpose of paragraph (1) of by-law 77, in framed building, the foundations shall be deemed to be foundations under the load-bearing columns. 79. Foundation under external and party walls. Where an external wall is built against another external wall or against a party wall, the widths of concrete foundations specified in the Fourth Schedule to these By-laws shall be modified accordingly. 80, Structure above foundations. (1) The structure of a building above the foundations shall be designed and ‘constructed to safety sustain and transmit to the foundations the combined dead and imposed loads and wind loads without such deflection or deformation as will impair the stability of, or cause damage (0, the whole or any part of the building. (2) The requirements of paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be satisfied if the design and construction of the structure or part of the structure complies with the following Codes of Practice of Standard Specifications: BS 449 — The Use of Structural Stee! in Building; BSCP 110 — — The Structural Use of Concrete; BSCPII1 — — Structural Recommendations for Loard Bearing Walls; BSCP 114 — Structural Use of Reinforced Concrete in Building; BSCP115 — The Structural Use of Prestressed Concrete in Buildings; BSCP 116 — The Structural Use of Precast Concrete; BSCP 117 — Composite Construction in Structural Steel and Concrete; BSCP 118 — The Structural Use of Aluminium; 45BSCP 2007 — Design and Construction of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Structure for the Storage of Water and other Aqueous Liquids; BS 5337 — The Structural Use of Concrete for Retaining Aqueous Liquids; and MscP — The Structural Use of Timber. Part VI CONSTRUCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 81. Building site. (1) No building shall be erected on any site which has been filled up with any matter impregnated with faecal, animal or vegetable matter, until the whole ground surface or site of such building such has been rendered or become innocuous and has been covered with a layer of hill earth, hardcore, clinker or ash rammed solid to at least 0.305 metre thickness. (2) The ground to be built upon by any building shall be effectively cleared of turfand other vegetable matter. 82. Drainage of subsoil. (1) Wherever the dampness or position of the site of a building renders it necessary, the subsoil of the site shall be effectively drained or such other steps shall be taken as will effectively protect the building against damage from moisture. (2) Where, during the making of an excavation for a building, existing subsoil drains are discovered, such drains shall either be diverted or replaced by pipes of approved material to ensure the continual passage of subsoil water through such drains in such a manner as to ensure that no subsoil water entering such drains causes dampriess tothe site of the building. 83. Protection against soil erosion, etc, (2) All air-wells and open spaces in and around buildings shall be suitably protected against soil erosion (2) All ground under raised buildings shall be suitably finished and graded to prevent the accumulation of water or the growth of unwanted vegetation or for the breeding of vermin. 84, Prevention of dampness. (1) Suitable measures shall be taken to prevent the penetration of dampness and moisture into a building 46(2) Damp proof courses where provided shall comply with BS 743 (materials for Horizontal D-P.C). (3) Every brick or masonry wall of a building founded on strip footings shall be provided with a damp proof course which shall be— (@) at anight of not fess than 150 millimetres above the surface of the ground adjoining the wall; and (®) beneath the level of the underside of the lowest timbers of the ground floor resting on the wall, or where the ground floor is a solid floor, not higher than the level of the upper surface of the concrete or other similar solid material forming the structure of the floor. (4) Where any part of @ floor of the lowest or only storey of a building is below the surface of the adjoining ground and a wall or part of a wall of the storey is in contact with the ground— (q) the wall or part of the wall shall be constructed or provided with a vertical damp proof course so as to be impervious to moisture from its base to a height of not less than 150 millimetres above the surface of the ground; and (b) an additional damp proof course shall be inserted in the wall or part ofthe all a its base. (5) Where the floor or any part of the walls of a building is subject to ‘water pressure, that portion of the floor or wall below ground level shall be ‘waterproof, 85. Nominal thickness of walls. For the purposes of this Part wherever references arc made to the thick- ness of any brick wall, the maximum or minimum thickness or such wall shall not exceed the nominal thickness plus or minus the maximum tolerance permissible unider any standard specification. 86. Party walls. (1) All party walls shall generally be of not less than 200 millimetres total thickness of solid masonry or insite concrete which may be made up of two separate skins each of not less than 100 millimetres thickness if constructed at different times: Provided that in multi-storeyed flats and terrace houses of reinforced concrete or of protected steel framed construction having floors and roofs constructed to the requirements of these By-laws, the party wall thereof shall not be less than 100 millimetres total thickness, (2) Party walls in single storeyed houses may be in load-bearing 100 millimetres solid masonry or insifu concrete provided the requirements of Part V, VI and VI of these By-laws are complied with 47(3) All party walls shall be carried above the upper surface of the roof to a distance of not less than 230 millimetres at night angles to such upper surface. (4) Other non-combustible materials may be used for party walls provided the requirements of Part V, VI and VII of these By-laws are complied with, 87. Openings in party walls, (1) Openings may be made or left in a party wall if— (@) such openings are made with the consent of and in accordance with the requirements of the local authority; and (®) the owners of the properties concerned give written permission. (2) Every opening in a party wall shall be solidly built up with brick ‘or stonework to the full thickness of the party wall and properly bonded therewith when the use of such opening is discontinued. 88. Recesses, Where a recess is made in an external wall or a party wall— (a) the wall at the back of the recess shall be not less than 100 millimetres thick in an external wall and 200 millimetres thick in aparty wall; (6) a sufficient arch or lintel of incombustible material shall be built in every storey over the recess; (c) in each storey the total area of recesses causing the wall at the back of the recesses to be of less thickness than that prescribed by these By-laws shall not exceed one-half of the superficial area of the wall; and (d) the side of the recess nearest to the inner face of a return external wall, shall be not less than 300 millimetres therefrom. 89. Chases. ‘A chase made in a wall for pipes and other service facilities shall leave the wall at the back of the chase not less than 100 millimetres thick in external walls and not less than 100 millimetres thick in a party wall and shall be not wider than 200 millimetres, 90. Underpinning, If underpinning is required the owner or his agent shall— (@) give written notice to the local authority informing of the fact and stating the method of underpinning proposed to be used; 48(®) obtain the written sanction of the local authority thereof before proceeding with the work; and (©) comply with the requirements as set out in these By-laws, 91. Coping, etc. to be impervious. (1) Every coping, cornice or other like projection shall be of brick, tile, stone concrete, cement render or other impervious material, (2) Every parapet wall, free-standing wall or boundary wall shall be finished on top with an impervious material. 92, Projections in brickwork. Al projections in brickwork shall be corbelled but gradually and no projection shall extend mote than 230 millimetres from the face of any ‘wall unless built in strong cement mortar. 93, Measurement of the length of a wall. For the purposes of these By-laws— (a) walls shall be deemed to be divided into distinct lengths by return walls when bonded to each other; (b) the length of a wall shall be measured from centre to centre of — (i) cross walls bounded to it; or Gi) piers therein having a dimension measured parallel to the length of the wall of not less than twice the thickness of the wall and a dimension measured at right angles to the wall of not less than three times the thickness of the wall. 94, Use of 100 millimetre brickwork and concrete blocks in load- bearing walls. ‘Walls built of burnt bricks or of cement bricks 100 millimetres in thickness and walls in concrete blocks of a thickness of not less than 100 millimetres may be used for both internal and external load-bearing walls provided they are designed in accordance with by-law 80. 95, External panel walls. In all cases where 100 millimetres brickwork or 100 millimetres precast concrete blocks are used for external panel walls, such walls shall be properly secured to the reinforced conerete framework. For the purpose of this by-law the expression “properly secured to the reinforced concrete framework” means bonding the wall panel to the reinforced concrete column with a metal tie of at least 14 gauge and 40 49millimetres width, built at least 230 millimetres into the brickwork with vertical spacings of not more than 400 millimetres. All metal ties shall be securely fixed to the column, 96. Non load bearing partition, Every non load-bearing partition shall be adequately restrained or buttressed. 97. Timbers built into party walls. No timber such as joints, beams, wall plates, tile battens and ties shall be built into the thickness of any party wall unless there are not less than 100 millimetres of brickwork or cement between such timbers. 98. Fences and boundary walls, Fences or walls to the boundaries of detached properties other than the boundary which abuts the street of backlane shall be constructed to a ‘maximum height of 1.8 metres in the case of solid fences or walls and to @ maximum height of 2.75 metres in the case of fences which are so constructed as to permit the passage of light and air, 99. Cooking facilities in residential buildings. (1) Every residential building and every floor of a residential building which is or may be separately let for dwelling purposes shall be provided with a kitchen having a properly constructed fireplace with a flue and chimney as may be required by the local authority. (2) The chimney and smoke flue shall be continued up above the roof and shall be of a thickness all round of not less than 100 millimetres of brick or concrete to a height of not less than 1.2 metres above the highest point in the line of junction with the roof. (3) Flues shall be not less than 230 millimetres in diameters and a separate flue shall be provided for each fireplace. 100. Cooking facilities in quarters. (1) In the case of one room or two room quarters for labourers, artisans or servants, a kitchen not less than 2,32 square metres in floor area may be provided. Such kitchen shall be provided with a properly constructed fireplace, flue and chimney, and shall be adequately lighted and ventilated. (2) Where it is intended to instal in any residential building or floor in @ residential building as specified in by-law 99 gas, electric or oil cookers for cooking purposes and the plan for such building is endorsed accordingly, fireplaces, flues and chimneys shall not be required. 50(3) For the purposes of by-laws 99 and 100, the expression “properly constructed fireplaces” means a concrete slab not less than 80 millimetres. thick supported on brick or concrete piers with a smoke hood over such concrete slab constructed of incombustible materials at a height of 1.91 ‘metres from the floor to the lower edge of such smoke hood. The smoke hood shall project 230 millimetres on each side and in front of the slab and shall be constructed with an angle of inclination of not less than thirty degrees. 101. Boilers, fireplaces, forges and incinerators in factories, Boilers, fireplaces, furnaces, forges, incinerators and other similar heat ‘generating appliances used in buildings other than residential buildings shall be provided with adequate means for conveying the heat and fumes generated by such appliances so as to discharge into the open by means of properly constructed flues or ducts of fire resisting material of at least two hours rating in accordance with BS 476 Part 3. 102. Combustible materials adjoining smoke flues. Combustible materials used in the construction of the building shall be at least 80 millimetres clear of any casing to any flue required for the conveyance of smoke or other products of combustion. 103. Timber floors. (1) Where structural timber floors are permissible under these By-laws they shall be designed of hardwood or of species of timber treated with a suitable wood preservative. (2) All timber floors joists shall be designed in accordance with these By- laws. (3) All timber trimming joists shall be at least 25 millimetres thicker than the joist of the adjoining floor. 104, Bearing for, (1) All joists shall have at least 100 millimetres bearing on the walls and ‘where supported on corbelled brickwork, such corbelling shall be continuous over-sailing courses. Separate corbels shall not be allowed. (2) No joists shall be built into the thickness of any party wall unless there is at leas 100 millimetres of fire resisting material between the sides and end of such timbers. (3) All ends of joists built into walls shall be treated with wood preservative, 51105. Space below floors to be ventilated. Where the ground floor of any building is constructed with timber Joists and flooring boards, the space below the floor shall be adequately ventilated. 106, Dimensions of staircases. (1) In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180 millimetres and the tread shall be not Less than 255 millimetres and the dimensions of the rise and the tread of the staircase so chosen shall be uniform and consistent throughout. (2) The widths of staircases shall be in accordance with by-law 168. than the width of the stair- (3) The depths of landings shall be not less cases. 107, Handrails. (1) Except for staircases of less than 4 risers, all staircases shall be provided with at least one handrail. (2) Staircases exceeding 2225 millimetres in width shall be provided with intermediate handrail for each 2225 millimetres of required width spaced approximately equally. (3) In building other than residential buildings, a handrail shall be provided fon each side of the staircase when the width of the staircase is 1100 millimetres or more, (4) All handrails shall project not more than 100 millimetres from the face of the finished wall surface and shall be located not less than $25 millimetres and not more than 900 millimetres measured from the nosing of the treads provided that handrails to landings shall not be less than 900 millimetres from the level of the landing 108. Maximum flights. (1) In residential buildings, a landing of not less than 1,80 meters in depth shall be provided in staircases at vertical intervals of not more than 4.25 metres and in all other buildings there shall be not more than sixteen risers between cach such landing. (2) No partin any flight of any staircase shall have less than two risers. 109. Winders. (1) Subject to the provisions of Part VII and VII of these By-laws spiral staircases may be permitted as a secondary staircase in buildings where the topmost floor does not exceed 12.2 metres in height. 52(2) Winding staircase may be permitted where they are not used as a required means of egress. 110. No obstruction in staircases, (1) There shall be no obstruction in any staircase between the topmost landing thereof and the exit discharge on the ground floor. (2) There shall be no projection, other than handrails in staircases, in any corridor, passage or staircase at a level lower than 2 metres above the floor or above any stair. 111, Lighting and ventilation of st Al staircases shall be properly lighted and ventilated according to the requirements of the local authority. -ases. 112, Enclosure of staireases in a shop. Ina shop, the flight of stairs which has access direct from the street shall be enclosed with walls in incombustible material. 113. Use of timber statreases, (1) Timber staircases may be permitted for the following types of build- ings which are not more than three storeys in height: (a) detached residential buildings; (b) semi-detached residential buildings; (©) terrace houses; (@ in the upper floors of shophouses other than from the ground floor to the first floor provided that it is located within the protected area for its full height; and (6) other similar types of buildings of limited fire risk at the discretion of the local authority. (2) All other staircases shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than two hours. 114, Timber roots. (1) Structural timber for roof construction shall be designed and constructed of timbers of adequate sizes which shall either be in hard- ‘wood or, if in other species of timber, shall be treated by a suitable wood preservative. (2) All builtin or concealed roof timbers shall be coated with wood preservative. 33115, Roofs coverings and drainage. All roofs of buildings shall be so constructed as to drain effectually to suitable and sufficient channels, gutters, chutes or troughs which shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of these By-laws for recei ‘and conveying all water which may fall on and from the roof. 116, Accessible flat roofs, balconies, ete. Every flat roof, balcony or other elevated areas 1.8 metres or more above the adjacent area where normal access is provided shall be protected along the edge with suitable railings, parapets or similar devices not less than metre in height or other suitable means. 117. Access to roof space. (1) Where the space beneath a roof is enclosed by a ceiling, access to such space shall be provided by means of a trap door at least 0.75 metres in any direction, (2) No verandah-way shall be constructed except to levels approved by the local authority and shall have a cross-fall of 25 millimetres towards the road or drain, 118, Refuse chutes and alternate means for disposal of refuse. (1) All residential buildings which are four storeys and above shall be provided with refuse chutes unless alternate means for the disposal of refuse such as container-based systems, in-sink waste disposal units, Garchey system and one-site compression systems are installed. (2) Where such alternative means of refuse disposal are installed, they are subject to the approval of the local authority, (3) Where refuse chutes are to be provided, the number shall be deter- ‘mined by the local authority. (4) For non-residential buildings, no refuse chutes will be permitted. The removal of refuse and trash in such buildings shall be by way of the service lift or other means to the satisfaction of the local authority (5) In multi-purpose buildings containing residential accommodation, refuse chutes shall be provided for the residential portions running through the building, but no openings will be permitted where such chutes pass through the non-residential portions of the building. (6) Other alternate means for the disposal of refuse as stated in paragraph (1) to the approval of the local authority may be provided to serve the residential portions of the building. 54119. Change of use of building. (1) When the use of a building is changed from non-residential to residential, refuse chutes or other alternate means for the disposal of refuse shall be provided to the satisfaction of the local authorit (2) Where the use of a building is changed from residential to non- residential, the openings into existing refuse chute serving the converted floors shall be sealed up. 120. Design and construetion of refuse chutes. ‘The design and construction of all refuse chutes shall conform to the following requirements: (a) the chute shall be vertical for the whole length and shall be constructed with a smooth-finished impervious inner surface; (®) the internal diameter shall not be less than 400 millimetres; (6) adequate ventilation atthe top of the chute shall be provided; (@ the chute shall discharge into a suitable metal receptacle or receptacles of not more than 0.95 cubic metre in capacity or as specified by the local authority; (©) openings into any refuse chute shall be fitted with a self-« and tight-fitting flap or hopper; and (D. openings into refuse chutes shall not be located in any stairway enclosure or corridor, nor ina stairway protected lobby. 121. Requirements for refuse receptacle chambers. All refuse receptacles shall be housed in a chamber which shall— (@) be provided with concrete curbs for the refuse receptacles to stand on; (&) be adequately fly and vermin proofed; (©) be connected to and drained by a foul water drain; @ opento the external air; (©) bellined throughout with glazed tiles; and (P_ be located near to a water point, 122, Access to refuse receptacle chambers. ‘The approach access to the loading point from refuse chute chambers for the removal of refuse by refuse vehicles shall be at gradient to enable the refuse vehicles to approach it and shall be to the approval of the local authority: 55Provided that where direct access to refuse chutes for refuse vehicles is not possible, specific points for storing refuse receptacles shall be provided to the satisfaction of the local authority. 123. Pipes and service ducts. (1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be— (@ adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and (b) sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated. (2) The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed. buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided. 125. Swimming pools. (1) The floor and wall surfaces of swimming pools shall be smooth and fice from cracks. (2) Swimming pools shall be completely surrounded by an overflow channel constructed so that— (@) the overflow and any matter floating therein cannot return directly to the swimming pool; (b) the arms or legs of swimmers cannot be trapped by the overflow channel; and (c)_ switrimers can take hold of the edge of the overflow channel but so that the depth of the overflow channel does not enable the bottom of the overflow channel to be touched with the fingers. 126. Steps and footway. (1) Steps shall be situated at the side walls near the ends of the swimming pool and shall be so arranged that they are not higher than the internal facing of the walls of the swimming pool, such steps being constructed of non-ferrous materials with a non-slip surface and provided with a handrail. (2) A footway with a non-slip surface shall be provided round every swimming pool, 56127, Openings into swimming pool. ‘The openings by which the water enters a swimming pool shall be distributed in such a manner that circulation of the water in the swimming pool is uniform and dead points of stagnant place avoided. 128. Depth of water, (1) Swimming pools shall have lines marked on the side walls of a swimming pool to indicate— (@ the depth of the water at the shallow and deep ends of the swimming pool; (©) the part of the swimming pool where the depth of the water is between 1.3 metres and 1.8 metres; and (©) the depth of the water shown in figures over the lines marked on the side of the swimming pool above the overflow channel of the swimming pool. (2) The water in swimming pools with diving boards or platforms shall have the following minimum depths as measured at any point within the swimming pool 1.53 metres from the free end of the diving boards or platforms: (@) for diving boards up to 3 metres above the level of the water, such tinimum depth shall be 3.3 metres; and (8) for platforms up to 9.7 metres above the level of the water, such minimum depth shall be 4.5 metres. 129. Location of diving boards. Diving boards, platforms and water chutes in the swimming pool shall be situated not less than 1.8 metres from the sides of the swimming pool or from any other diving board, platform or water chute in the swimming pool. 130, Changing rooms. (1) Swimming pools shall have separate changing rooms for each sex. 2) The flooring of such changing rooms shall be of a non-si impermeable material, easy to clean, and graded to drainage outlets sufficient to enable water used therein for cleaning purposes to be rapidly drained. (3) The walls of such changing rooms shall be smooth, impermeable, and easy to clean up to a height of 1.8 metres. 131, Foot-bath and shower. ‘These shall be provided around the swimming pool sufficient numbers of footbaths of not less than 0.9 metre each in any dimensions with a shower 37situated over the entrance thereto and such foot-bath shall be provided with running water, 132. Private, residential swimming pools. By-laws 125 to 131 shall apply to public and commercial swimming pools and not to private, residential or special purpose swimming pools, the approval of which shall be at the discretion of the local authority. Parr VIL FIRE REQUIREMENTS 133. Interpretation. In this Part and Part VIII unless the context otherwise requires — “automatic” means a device or system providing an emergency function without the necessity of human intervention; “balcony approach” means a balcony being an external approach to a ‘common staircase serving one or more occupancies; “boundary” in relation to a building, means the boundary of the land belonging to the building (such land being deemed to include any abutting part of a street, canal or river but only up to the centre line thereof); and boundary of the premises shall be construed so as to include any such part to the same extent; “circulation space” means any space which is solely or predominantly used as a means of access betwen a room and a protected shaft or between either a room ora protected shaft and exit from the building or compartment; “compartment” means any part of a building which is ‘separated from all other parts by one or more compartment walls or compartment floors or by both such walls and floors; and for the purposes of the Part, if any part of the top storey of a building is within a compartment, the compartment shall also include any room space above such part of the top storey; “compartment wall” and “compartment floor” mean respectively a wall and a floor which comply with by-law 148, and which are provided as such for the purpose of by-law 136 to divide a building into compartments for any purpose in connection with by-law 213 or 147; “D.G.FS.” means the Director General of Fire Services, Malaysia or the relevant Fire Authority; id” means an area from which escape is possible in one direction ‘an open plan includes any point from which the direct routes to alternative exists subtend an angle of less than 45°; 58“designated floor” means the floor level at which the fire brigade has access to the fire lifts and will normally be the floor level closest to the fire appliance access level; “direct distance” means the shortest distance from any point within the floor area measured within the external enclosures of the building of the relevant exit disregarding walls, partitions of fittings other than the enclosing walls or partition to protected staircases; “door” includes any shutter, cover or other form of protection to an opening in any wall or floor of a building, or in the structure surrounding a protected shaft, whether the doors is constructed of one or more leaves; “dry rising system” means a vertical water main which is normally dry, of appropriate size, and fitted with hydrant outlets which can be charged with water by the Fire Authority's pumps via a fire service inlet and shall comply with BS 3980 and BSCP 402.101; “element of structure” means— (@) any member forming part of the structural frame of a building ‘or any other beam or column (not being a member forming part of aroot structure only); (®) a floor, including a compartment floor, other than the lowest floor of a building; (©) anexternal wall; (a) aseparating wall; (e) acompartment wall; (f)_structure enclosing a protected shaft; (g) aload-bearing wall or load-bearing part of a wall; and (h) agallery: “emergency lighting” means the illumination obtained through either fan independant or secondary source of electricity supply such as trickle charged accumulators or separate generators to the normal or duplicate lighting; “exit discharge” means a door from a storey, flat, or room which door srives access from such storey, flat or room on to an exit route; “exit door” means a door from a storey, flat, or room which door gives access from such storey, flat or room on to an exit route; “exit route” means a route by which persons in any storey of a building may reach a place of safety outside the building and may include a room, doorway corridor, stairway or other means of passage not being a revolving door, lift or escalator; 39“externally non-combustible” means externally faces with, or otherwise ‘externally consisting of non-combustible material; “final exit” means a point of discharge for the escape route from a building providing direct access to the street, passage-way or open steps sited to enable the evacuation of persons from the vicinity of a building so that they are safe from fire or smoke; “fire alarm installation” means an installation capable of warning persons of an outbreak of fire. Such installation must have detectors conforming to the Rules of the Fire Officers’ Committee for Automatic Fire Alarm Installation, and installed in accordance with BSCP 1019; “fire appliance access level” means the level at which fire appliances can approach the building for purposes of fire fighting or evacuation of occupants; “fire fighting access level” means the highest level that a fire appliance ladder may be brought against a building for purposes of fire fighting and ‘evacuation; “fire fighting access lobby” means a lobby separated from the storey it serves by construction of a FRP of at least half hour, directly accessible from a fire fighting staircase and a fire lift and containing a dry or wet riser, “fire fighting staircase” means a staircase designated as a recognised ‘means of access into the building for firemen in the event ofa fire; “fire hydrant” means an installation of pipes, water tanks, pumps and hhydrant outlets in a building to provide a ready means by which a jet of water can be delivered in any part of the building for the purpose of fire fighting and to comply with BSCP 402.101; “fire lifts” means lifts capable of being commandered for exclusive use of firemen in emergency; “firemen’s switch” means a switch located adjacent to the fire lift by the designated floor to enable the fire brigade to gain control ofthe fire lifts; “fire resistance” has the meaning ascribed to it in by-law 221; “fire resistance period” means the period for which an element will meet the requirements in respect of transmission of heat or resistance to collapse with passage of flame when tested in accordance with BS 476; Part 1: 195: “fire resisting” means the construction so designated, including doors, has a minimum standard of fire-resistance of not less than half hour in accordance with the relevant Schedules of these By-laws or which achieves such standard when tested in accordance with BS 476: Part 8: 1972 except that, in the case of the doors— 0(@) the rabbets to the door frame or the door stops whichever may be are not less than 18 millimetres deep; and (®) the door is hung on metal hinges having a melting point of not less than 800°C, and (©) the door is rendered self-cl Bi “fire stop” means a barrier or seal which would prevent or retard the passage of smoke or flame within a cavity or around a pipe or duct where it passes through a wall or floor or at a junction between elements of structure; “F.O.C.” means Fire Officers’ Committee of the United Kingdom; “RP” means fire resistance period; “height” of a building” has the meaning ascribed to it in by-law 13: “horizontal exit” is a means of egress from a compartment or building to an adjacent compartment ot building on approximately the same level and thence to a protected staircase or final exit either direct or via a protected corridor; “hose reel installation” means an installation of pipes, watertanks, pumps and hose reels in a building to provide a ready means by which a jet of water can be delivered in any part of the building for the purpose of fire fighting and to comply with BSCP 402.101; “interior finish” means the exposed interior surface of buildings including, but not limited to fixed or movable walls, partitions, columns and ceilings; “non-combustible” shall apply to materials as specified under BS 476; Part 4 (1970); “permitted limit of unprotected areas” means the maximum aggregate area of unprotected areas in any side or external wall of a building or compartment, which complies with the requirements as set out in the Sixth ‘Schedule to these By-laws for such building or compartment; “protected corridor” means a corridor separated from the building it serves by partitions having FRP of not less than half hour and which partitions have all openings therein fitted with fixed lights and self-closing doors each having a FRP of not less than half hour; “protected lobby” means a lobby enclosed throughout by partitions having an FRP of not less than half hour and has all openings therein fitted with fixed lights and self-closing doors having an FRP of not less than half hour; “protected shaft” means a stairway, lift, escalator, chute, duct or other shaft which enables persons, things or air to pass between different compartments; and which complies with the requirements of by-law 150; 61“protected staircase” means a staircase separated from the building it serves by partitions having an FRP of not less than half hour and which has all openings in such partitions fitted with fixed lights and self-closing doors each having an FRP of not Jess than half hour; “protecting structure” means any wall or floor or other structure which encloses a protected shaft other than— (@) a wall which also forms part of an external wall, separating, wall or compartment wall; or (®) a floor which is also a compartment floor or a floor laid directly on the grounds; or (©) aroof, “relevant boundary” in relation to a side or external wall of a building or ‘compartment, means that part of the boundary of the premises or the notional boundary as prescribed in by-law 146 which is adjacent to that side or wall and either coincides with, is parallel to or is at an angle of not more than 80° with that side or wall; “separating wall” means 4 wall or part of a wall which is common to two adjoining buildings, “smoke lobby” means a protected lobby being the approach toa star-case and which acts as 4 fire and smoke check between a storey and the staircase; “smoke stop door” means a door or pair of doors which when fitted in a frame satisfies the requirements of Section 7 of BS 476: Part 8: 1972 asto— (a) freedom from collapse for not less than thirty minutes; and (8) resistance to the passage of flame and hot gases for not less than twenty minutes, ‘and which is fitted so that the clearance between the leaf and frame and in the case of double doors also between the two leaves, is as small as is reasonably practical, and except in the case of doors hung to open in both directions, is provided with a rabbet to the door frame or with a door stop, which in ‘either case is not less than 25 millimetres deep; “sprinkler installation” means an installation of water supplies, pump, pipes, valves and delivery points so arranged as to automatically detect a fire and attack it with water, sound an alarm and installed in accordance with the current edition of the F.0.C. Rules for Automatic Sprinkler Installations or other approved standards; “staircase external” means a staircase which is completely open to the external air on at least two sides from the level of the top of the balustrade to the underside of the flight of stairs immediately above; 62“staircase internal” means a staircase enclosed on all sides by partitions of walls and which has all openings in the external walls glazed or otherwise protected from the weather; “storey exit” means a fire rated door to a protected staircase or a corridor protected with a fire resisting structure in accordance with the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws and in the case of ground floor accommodation storey exit means 2 door leading direct to a place of safety outside the building; “travel distance” means the distance required to be traversed from any point in a storey of a building to either— (@) the fire-resisting door in the staircase enclosure; or (b) ifthere is no such door, the first stair tread of the staircase; “unprotected area” in relation to an external wall or side of a buildi ‘means (@) a window, door or other opening; (6) any part of the wall which has fire resistance less than that specified by this Part for the wall; and (©) any part of the external wall which has combustible material more than 1.5 millimetres thick attached or applied to its external face, whether for cladding or any other purpose; “‘wor-tedig eystom? menue efiy petmanenily charged vertical water main installed for fire-fighting purposes, of an appropriate size and fitted with connections suitable for use by the Fire Authority and to comply with the requirements of BSCP 402.101 134, Designation of purpose groups. For the purpose of this Part every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its usé"or intended use as falling within one of the purpose groups set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and, where a building is divided into compartments, used or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each compartment shall be determined separately: Provided that where the whole or part of a building or compartment, as the ‘case may be, is used or intended to be used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which purpose group it falls. 135. Rules of measurement. In this Part— (a) the height of a building; or of such of a building as described in by- law 215 means the height of such building or part, measured from 6the mean level of the ground adjoining the outside of the external walls of the building to the level of half the vertical height of the roof of the building or part, or to the top of the walls of the parapet (if any), whichever is the higher; @® theareaof— any storey of a building or compartment shall be taken to be the toal area in that storey bounded by the finished inner surfaces of the enclosing walls or, of any side where there is no enclosing wall, by the outermost edge of the floor on that side; any room or garage shall be taken to be the total area of its floor bounded by the inner finished surfaces of the walls forming the room or garage; (ii) any part of a roof shall be taken to be the actual visible area of such part measured on a plane parallel to the pitch of the roof; (©) the cubic capacity of a building or compartment shall be ascertained by measuring the volume of space contained within— @ the finished inner surface of the enclosing walls or, on any side where there is no enclosing wall, a plane extending vertically above the outermost edge of the floor on that side; the upper surface of its lowest floor; and in the case of a building or of a compartment which extends to a roof, the under surface of the roof or, in the case of any ‘other compartments, the under surface of the ceiling of the highest storey within the compartment, including the space occupied by any other walls, or any shafts, ducts or structure within the space to be so measured. di) 136. Provision of compartment walls and compartment floors. Any building, other than a single storey building, of a purpose group specified in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and which has— (@) any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of that purpose group and height; or (®) a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant shall be so divided into compartments, by means of compartment walls, (of compartment floors or both, that— (@) no such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds the area specified as relevant to that building; and (i) no such compartment has a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant to that building: 64Provided that if any building is provided with an automatic sprinkler installation which complies with the relevant recommendations of the F.O.C. Rules for Automatic Sprinkler Installation, 29th edition, this by-law has effect in relation to that building as if the limits of dimensions specified are doubled. 137, Floor in building exceeding 30 metres in height to be constructed as compartment floor. In any building which exceeds 30 metres in height, any floor which is more than 9 metres above ground floot level which separates one storey from. another storey, other than a floor which is either within a maisonette or a ‘mezzanine floor shall be constructed as a compartment floor. 138, Other walls and floors to be constructed as compartment walls or compartment floors. The following walls and floors in buildings shall be constructed as compartment walls or compartment floors: (a) any floor in a building of Purpose Group II (Institutional); (b) any wall or floor separating a flat or maisonette from any other partof the same buildi (©) any wall or floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same building which is used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose falling within a different purpose group as set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws; and (@) any floor immediately over a basement storey if such basement storey has an area exceeding 100 square metres. 139. Separation of fire risk areas, ‘Thié following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the local authority based on the degree of fire hazard (a) boiler rooms and associated fuel storage areas; (®) laundries; (©), repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials; (@) storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous; (©) liquified petroteum gas storage areas; (P) linen rooms; (g) transformer rooms and substations; (A) flammable liquids stores 65140, Fire appliance access. All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire ide appliances. The proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale: Volume of building Minimum proportions of in cubic meter perimeter of building 7000 to 28000 one-sixth 28000 to 56000 one-fourth 56000 to 84000 one-half 84000 to 112000 three-fourths 112000 and above island site 141, Separating walls. (1) Subject to the exceptions specified in paragraph (2) no openings shall be made in any separating wall which forms a complete vertical wall separating any buildings. (2) Nothing in this by-law shall prohibit— (@) the passage through a separating wall ofa pipe, if the pipe— @ isnot a flue pipe; (Gi) has a diameter not exceeding 25 millimetres if it is made of combustible material or 150 millimetres, if it is made of non-combustible material; and (iii) is fire stopped where it passes through the wall; or () an opening in a separating wall which is necessary as a means of escape from fire, if the opening is fitted with a door which has in respect of separating walls FRP of not less than that required in this Part (3) Any separating wall which forms, a junction with a roof shall be carried above the upper surface of the roof to a distance of not less than 225 ‘millimetres measured at right angles to such upper surface. 142. External walls. (2) If any external wall is carried across the end of a separating wall, such external wall and separating wall shall be bonded together or the junction of such walls shall be fire-stopped, (2) Subject to the provisions relating to small garages and open car parks, any side of a building shall comply with any relevant requirements relating to the permitted limits of unprotected areas specified in the Sixth Schedule to 66these By-laws unless the building is so situated that such side might consist entirely of any unprotected area, (3) Any external wall which constitutes, or is situated within a distance of 1 metre from any point on the relevant boundary or is a wall of a building which exceeds 15 metres in height shall— (a) be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials apart from any external cladding which complies which by-law 144 or any internal ining which complies with these By-laws; and (8) be so constructed as to attain any FRP required by this Part with- out assistance from any combustible material permitted by this Part— Provided that the requirements of this Part shall not apply to— i) an external wall of a building which is within the limits of size indicated by the letter “x” in Part | of the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws or an external wall ofa building which is not divided into compartments and is within the limits of size indicated by the letter “2” in Part 2 of the Ninth Schedule if, in either case, that building does not exceed 18 metres in height; and Gi) an external wall of a building or part of Purpose Group Ill which consists of flats or maisonettes if that building has ‘not more than three storeys or that part is separated as described in by-law 135 and does not exceed 18 metres in height. 143, Beam or column, Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, and extemal wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible ‘materials shall comply with the provisions of paragraph (3) of by-law 142 as tonon-combustibility 144, Cladding on external wall, (2) Any cladding on any external walls, if such cladding is situated less than 1.2 metres from any point on the relevant boundary, shall have a surface complying with the requirements for Class 0 specified in by-law 204, (2) Any cladding on any external wall situated 1.2 metres or more from the relevant boundary shall, if the building is more than 18 metres in height, have « surface complying with the requirements specified for Class 0 in by-law 204 except that any part of such cladding below the height of 18 metres from the ground may consist of timber of not less than 10 millimetres finished thickness or of a material having a surface which, when tested in accordance with BSD 476: Part 6: 1968, has an index of performance not exceeding twenty. 67145. Reference to Sixth Schedule, For the purpose of by-law 142 of 146— (@ any part of a roof shall be deemed to be part of an extemal wall or side of a building if it is pitched to an angle of 70° or more to the horizontal and adjoins a space within the building to which persons have access not limited to the purposes of maintenance or repair; and . () any reference to the Sixth Schedule to these By-laws shall be construed as referring to the provisions of Part I of the Schedule {together with, at the option of the persons intending to erect the building, either the provisions of Part Il, Part III or Part IV of the Schedule. 146, Relevant boundary. If any building is to be erected on land occupied with any other building, or two or more detached buildings are to be erected on land in common ‘occupation and either of those buildings is within Purpose Group I or II, other than a detached building which consists only of a garage or of an open car park, in the application of the provisions of this Part to any external wall of any building to be erected which faces an external wall of such other building— (@) the relevant boundary shall be a notional boundary passing between those buildings and such boundary must be capable of being situated in such a position as to enable the external walls of those buildings to comply with the requirements of this Part; and (b) if such other building is an existing building it shall be deemed to be (a building to be) erected on the site which it occupies, being of the same purpose and having the same unprotected areas and fire resistance as the existing building, 147, Construction of separating wall. (2) Any separating wall, other than a wall separating buildings not divided into compartments within the limits of size indicated by the letter “x” in Part I of the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws, shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials, excluding any surface finish to a wall which complies with the requirements of these By-laws and the required ERP for the wall shall be obtained without assistance from such non- combustible material. (2) Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, a separating wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible ‘materials shall itself comply with the requirements of paragraph (1) as to ‘non-combustibility 8148, Special requirements as to compartment walls and compartment floors. (1) No opening shall be made in any compartment wall or compartment floor with the exception of any one or more of the following: (@) an opening fitted with a door which complies with the require- ‘ments of by-law 162 and has FRP which is not less than— (i) in the case of a wall separating a flat or maisonette from any space in common use giving access to that flat or maisonette, half hour; or ii) in any other case, the FRP required by the provisions of these By-laws in respect of the wall or floor, (B) an opening for a protected shaft; (©) an opening for a ventilation duct, other than a duct in, or consisting of, a protected shaft, if any space surrounding the duct is fire- stopped and the duct is fitted with an automatic fire damper i accordance with Australian Standard 1682 and 1668 Part 1 — 1974 or its equivalent where it passes through the wall or floor which fire damper shall have not less than the required FRP of the material of the compartment wall or floor through which it passes; (@) an opening for a pipe which complies with the requirements of paragraph (2) of by-law 141; (©) an opening for a refuse chute having a FRP of at least one hour and having a close-fitting door situated in an external wall of the chamber having a FRP of half-hour. (2) Where a compartment wall or compartment floor forms a junction with any structure comprising any other compartment walls, or any external wall, separating wall or structure enclosing a protected shaft, such structures shall be bonded together atthe junction or the junction shall be fire-stopped. (3) Where any compartment wall forms a junction with a roof, such wall shall be carried to the under surface of the roof covering, (4) Where any chimney, appliance ventilation duct or duct encasing one ‘or more flue pipes passes through a compartment floor or compartment wall— (@) any flue in the chimney; or (8) the passage in the appliance ventilation duct; or (0) the space within the duct encasing the flue pipe or pipe, shall be separated from that compartment floor or that compartment wall and from each compartment adjoining that wall or floor by non-combustible construction having FRP of not less than half the minimum FRP required by 69these By-laws in respect of that compartment wall or compartment floor through which such chimney, duct or pipe passes. (9) If any chimney, appliance ventilation duct or duct encasing one or more flue pipes forms part of a compartment wall— (a) any flue in the chimney; or (b) the passage in the appliance ventilation duct; or (c)_ the space within the duct encasing the flue pipe or pipes, shall’ be separated from any compartment adjoining that wall by non- combustible construction which will, at any level, have PRP of not less than half the minimum FRP required by these By-laws in respect of the ‘compartment wall at that level. (© Any compartment wall or compartment floor which is required by these By-laws to have FRP of one hour or more shall, excluding— (@ any floor finish; (b) any surface finish to a wall or ceiling which complies with the requirements of by-law 204; or (©) any ceiling which complies with the descriptions specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws, be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials and, apart from any ceiling, the required FRP of the wall or floor shall be obtained without assistance from any non-combustible material. (7) Any beam or column forming part of, and structure carrying, any compartment wall or compartment floor which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials, shall itself comply with the provisions of paragraph (6) as to non-combustibility 149, Horizontal and vertical barriers at the external walls. Openings in: external located vertically above one another shall be protected by approved flame barriers either extending 750 millimetres beyond the exterior wall in the plane of the floor or by vertical panels not less than 900 millimetres in height. 150. Protected shafts. (J) No protected shaft shall be constructed for use for any purposes additional to those specified in this Part other than for the accommodation of any pipe or duct, or as sanitary accommodation of washrooms, or both. (2) Subject to the provisions of this Part, any protected shaft shall be completed enclosed. 70(3) Any protecting structure which is required to have a FRP of one hour ‘or more, and any beam or column forming part of that structure and any structure carrying such protecting structure shall be constructed of non- ‘combustible materials throughout, with the exception of any external surface finish which complies with the requirements of by-law 204 relating to wall surfaces. (4) Any wall, floor or other structure enclosing a protected shaft but not being a protecting structure may contain such openings as shall be in accordance with other provisions of these By-laws. (5) There shall be no opening in any protecting structure other than any ‘one of more of the following: (@) an opening fora pipe; (®) an opening fitted with a fire-resisting door which complies with the provisions of by-law 162; (©) iif the protected shaft contains a lift, an opening which complies with the provisions of by-law 162; (@) if the protected shaft serves as, or contains a ventilating duct, an inlet to or outlet from the duct or an opening for the duct. (©) Any opening for a pipe shall be effectively fire-stopped. 151, Ventilation to lift shatts. ‘Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as forthe lift shaft. 152. Openings in lift shafts. (1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved bytheD.GFS (2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour (3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre. n() Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 millimetres in diameter, (5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by ‘means of an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lft car. 153. Smoke detectors for lift lobbies. (1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. (2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam ccauses the door to close within a preset time. 154, Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure. (1) On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open, (2) Afier all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume ‘normal operation: Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this mode of operation need not apply. 155, Fire mode of operation. (1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually. (2) If mains power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open. (3) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman’s switch, (4) Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154. (5) In the event of mains power failure, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor and operate under emergency power as described under paragraphs (2) to (4). n156. Protected shafts as ventilating duct. (1) Ifa protected shaft serves as, or contains, a ventilating duct— (@) the duct shall be fitted with automatic fire dampers together with oor without subducts as Australian Standard 1668: Pt. 1:1974, so Constructed at such intervals and in such positions as may be necessary to reduce, so far as practical, the risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment, or such other provision shall be made as will reduce such tisk so far as practicable; and () the duct shall not be constructed of, or lined with, any material which substantially increases such risk. 2) In addition, in the case of a protected shaft containing a ventilating duct, the shaft shall be so constructed with additional barriers to fire between the duct and the shaft as may be necessary to reduce so far as practicable the risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment, 157. Protected shafts consisting of stairease. A protected staircase or a protected shaft containing a staircase shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilating duct other than duet serving only that staircase or shaft. 158, Stages in places of assembly. (1) In places of assembly, other than schoo! halls or other similar falls where stage scenery is infrequently used, capable of seating more than 400 Persons and in which stage scenery may be used, the stage shall be separated from the auditorium by a proscenium wall of not less than 225 millimetres brickwork or other material of equivalent FRP, carried down to a solid foundation and up to at least 0.92 metres above the roof level unless the roof is constructed of materials having the FRP as specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws. 2) No more than three openings inclusive of the proscenium opening shall be provided in the proscenium wall. (3) No opening additional to the proscenium opening shall be more than 0.61 metres above the level of the stage nor shall such additional opening have an area exceeding 1.858 square metres and each such additional opening shall be fitted with a door constructed of materials having the FRP as specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws. 159. Open stages. Open stages without proscenium walls may be permitted provided Suitable protection devices to the satisfaction of the D.G.F'S. are installed. B160. Fire precaution in air-conditioning systems. (1) All air-conditioning ducts, including framing therefor, except ducts in detached and semi-detached residential buildings shall be constructed entirely of non-combustible materials and shall be adequately supported throughout their lengths. @) No air-conditioning ducts shall pass through fire walls unless as provided for by-laws 148 and 156, (3) The air intake of any air-conditioning apparatus shall be situated such that air shall not be recirculated from any space in which objectionable quantities of inflammable vapors or dust are given off and shall be so situated sto minimise the drawing in of any combustible material. 161. Fire-stopping. (1) Any fire stop required by the provisions of this Part shall be so formed and positioned as to prevent or retard the passage of flame. (2) Any fire stop shall— (@) if provided around a pipe or duct or in a cavity, be made of non-combustible material or, if it is in a floor or wall constructed of combustible material, of timber not less than 37 millimetres thick; and (©) if provided around a pipe or duct, be so constructed as not to restrict essential thermal movement. (3) Any fire stop formed as a seal at the junction of two or more elements of structure shall be made of non-combustible material. (4) Any cavity in an element of structure which— (@) is continuous through the whole or part of such element; and () has a surface of combustible material exposed within the cavity which is of a class lower than Class 0 in by-law 204 shall be fire stopped— i at any junction with another element of structure or with a ceiling under a roof; and Gi) in such a position that there is no continuous cavity without a fire stop which in one plane exceeds either 7.625 metres in a single dimension or 23.225 square metres in area; but nothing in this by-law shall prohibit the insertion of combustible fii in acavity. 162. Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls. (1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided. 4(2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws: (3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour. (4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour. (S) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951 163, Half hour and one hour doors. Fire doors conforming to the method of construction as stipulated below shall be deemed to meet the requirements of the specified FRP: (@) doors and frames constructed in accordance with one of the following specifications shall be deems to satisfy the requirements for door having FRP of half-hour: (@ a single door 900 millimetres wide x 2100 millimetres high maximum or double doors 1800 millimetres x 2100 millimetres high maximum constructed of solid hardwood core of not less than 37 millimetres laminated with adhesives conforming to either BS 745 “Animal Glues”, or BS 1204, “Synthetic resin adhesives (phenolic and aminoplastic) for wood" Part 1, “Gap-flling adhesives”, or BS 1444, “Cold- setting casein glue for wood”, faced both sides with plywood to a total thickness of not less than 43 millimetres with all edges finished with a solid edge strip full width of the door. The meeting stiles of double doors shall be rabbeted 12 millimetres deep or may be butted provided the clearance is kept to a minimum; Gi) doors may be double swing provided they are mounted on hydraulic floor springs and clearances at floor not exceeding 4.77 millimetres and frame and meeting stiles not exceeding 3 millimetres; Gii) a vision panel may be incorporated provided it does not exceed 0.065 square metre per leaf with no dimension more than 1370 millimetres and it is glazed with 6 millimetres Georgian Wired Glass in hardwood stops; iv) doors constructed in accordance with BS No, 456: Part 3: 1951 Fire Check Flush Doors and Wood and Metal Frames (Hialf-Hour Typey; 15(¥) timber frames for single swing half-hour fire doors of overall width of 60 millimetres including 25 millimetres rabbet ‘and depth to suit door thickness plus 34 millimetres stop; (vi). metal frames for half-hour fire doors shall be of sheet steel not lighter than 18 gauge of overall width 50 millimetres including 18 millimetres rabbet and depth to suit the door thickness plus 53 millimetres stop; (vii) timber or metal frames for double swing doors shall be as specified above with minimum clearances between frame and door; () doors and frames constructed in accordance with one of the following specifications shall be deemed to satisfy the require- ‘ments for doors having FRP of one hour: (a single door not exceeding 900 millimetres wide x 2100 ‘millimetres high or double doors not exceeding 1800 millimetres x 2100 millimetres high constructed as for specification (a) for half-hour door but incorporating on both faces either externally or beneath the plywood faces a layer of asbestos insulating board to BS 3536 (not asbestos cement) not less than 3 millimetres thick; (ii) doors may swing one way only and double doors shall have 12 millimetres wide rabbet at the meeting stiles; a vision panel may be incorporated provided it does not exceed 10 square metres per leaf with no dimension more than 300 millimetres and it is glazed with 6 millimetres Georgian Wire Glass in hardwood stop; iv) doors constructed in accordance with BS 459: Part 3: 1951: Fire Check Flush Doors and Wood and Metal Frames (One Hour Type); (¥) frames for one hour doors shall be as for half-hour doors except that timber frames shall be pressure impregnated with 15% to 18% solution of monoammonium phosphate in water. 164. Door closers for fire doors. (1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope ‘and weight type in the case of sliding doors. (2) Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with co- ordinating device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence. (3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices 16shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircases, 165. Measurement of travel distance to exists. (1) The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any comers or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit, Where measurement includes stars, it shall be taken in the lane of the trend noising. (2) In the case of open areas the distance to exits shall be measured from the most remote point of occupancy provided that the direct distance shall not exceed two-thirds the permitted travel distance, G) In the case of individual rooms which are subject to occupancy of ‘not more than six persons, the travel distance shall be measured from the doors of such rooms: Provided that the travel distance from any point in the room to the room door does not exceed 15 metres, @) The maximum travel distances to exists and dead end limits shall be as specified in the Seventh Schedule of these By-laws, 166. Exists to be accessible at all times. (1) Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exists as may be necessary. (2) The exists shall be sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times, 167. Storey exits. (1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every compartment shall be Provided with at least two storey exits located as far as practical from each other and in no case closer than 4.5 metres and in such position that the travel distances specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are not exceeded. (2) The width of storey exits shall be in accordance with the provisions inthe Seventh Schedule to these By-laws. 168. Staircases. (D Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have ‘means of egress via at least two separate staircase. n(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws. (3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres. (4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings, (5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing. 169. Exit route, No exit route may reduce in width along it storey exit to the final exit. path of travel from the 170, Egress through unenclosed openings. Where unenclosed openings are permitted between floors and for a mezzanine floor, egress may be by way of an open staircase to an adjacent floor and thence to a story exit: (@) the layout is such that a fie originating anywhere within the compartment will be obvious to the occupants of all commu- nicating levels or areas; (©) the travel distances specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are not exceeded; (©) only 50% of the occupants of a floor are assumed, to use the open staircase and storey exits are provided at every level to accommodate the other 50% of the occupants of that level in accordance with the provisions of the Seventh Schedule to these by-laws; and (@) the storey exits on the principal floor through which other levels discharge are designed to handle the occupants of that floor plus 50% of the occupants from the adjacent levels discharging through it. 171. Horizontal exists. (1) Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits. 8(2) Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exit widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building, (3) For institutional occupancies the total exit capacity other than horizontal exits shall not be reduced by more than one-third that would otherwise be required for the entire area of the building. 172, Emergency exit signs. (1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment. (2) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent. (3) Bvery exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide. The lettering shall be in red against ablack background. (4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy, (5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not Jess than fifteen watts each 173, Exit doors. (2) All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of akey or any special knowledge or effort. 2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm. 174, Arrangement of storey exits. (1) Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than 5 metres apart measured between the nearest edges of the openings. (2) Bach exit shall give direct access to— (@) afinal exit (0) a protected staircase leading toa final exit; or (©) anexternal route leading toa final exit 79(3) Basements and roof structures used solely for services need not be provided with alternative means of egres, 175. Calculation of occupant load. Calculation of occupancy loads and capacity of exits shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws. 176, Computing storey exit widths, To compute the required exit width from individual floors of a build- ing— (@) calculate the floor area net or gross whichever is applicable; (®) determine the allowable occupancy load factor from Table; (©) divide the floor area by the number of square metre per person to determine the number of persons for which exits must be provided for that floor; (@) determine from the table the capacity of the type of exit to be used for the purpose group being designed; and (@) calculate the number of units of exit width for each type of exit used based upon the capacity. 177, Computing number of staircases and staircase widths. ‘The following factors shall be used in computing the exit widths: (@) in a multi-storeyed building if x units of exit width are required from each floor the staircases serving those floors do not need to be x times the number of floors served in units of exit width. The staircases need be only wide enough to serve each floor but not less than the minimum width allowed and in every case one of the protected staircases shall be assumed to be inaccessible and the remaining protected staircase shall be of sufficient width and ‘number to accommodate the relevant occupancy; (©) depending on the occupancy, street floor exits have to be sized to handle not only the occupant load of the street floor but also a percentage of the load of the exits discharging to the street floor from floors above and below; (©) exits should never decrease in width along their length of travel and, if two or more exits converge into a common exit, the common exit should never be narrower than the sum of the width of the exits, converging into it (@ except as provided in these By-laws, the minimum number of exits is two;(©) at least one of the staircases should be a minimum of two units width except that 900 millimetres may be allowed where total ‘occupancy ofall floors served by staircases is less than 50; and (D there should be no decrease in width along the path of travel of a staircase, 178. Exists for institutional and other places of assembly. In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a Street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom. 179, Classification of places of assembly. Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its capacity as follows: Class A — Capacity 1,000 persons or more ClassB—Capacity —.., 3000 1,000 persons ClassC—Capacity —..,, 1000300 persons 180. Space standards for calculating occupancy loads. The occupancy load permitted in any place of assembly shall be determined by dividing the net floor area or space assigned to the use by the ‘square metre per occupant as follows: (a) assembly area of concentrated use without fixed seats such as an uditorium, places of worship, dance floor and lodge room — 0.65 ‘quate metre per person; (®) assembly area of less concentrated use such as a conference room, ining room, drinking establishment, exhibit room, gymnasium, or lounge — 1.35 square metre per person; (©) standing room or waiting space —3 square metres per person; @ the occupancy load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined by the number of fixed seats installed, Required aisle space serving the fixed seat shall not be used to increase the ‘occupant load. 181, Width of means of egress. Means of egress shall be measured in units of exits width of 552 millimetres. Fractions of a unit shall not be counted, except that 300 millimetres added to one or mote full units shall be counted as one half of a unit exist width and no individual access to exit shall be less than 700 millimetres. 81182, Rate of discharge. The rate of travel per floor of persons shall be sixty persons per minute through doors or along level passage ways and forty-five persons per minute down stairs, 183. Exit details for places of assembly. Every place of assembly, every tier or balcony and every individual room used as a place of assembly shall have exits sufficient to provide for the {otal capacity thereof as determined in accordance with by-law 180 and as follows: (@) no individual unit of exit width shall serve more than one hundred persons; (6) doors leading outside the building at ground level or not more than three risers above or below ground one hundred persons perexit unit; (6) staircases or other types of exit not specified in by-law 177 above seventy-five persons per exit unit; (d) every Class A place of assembly (capacity one thousand persons ‘or more) shall have at least four separate exits as remote from each other as practicable; (©) every Class B place of assembly (capacity three hundred to one thousand persons) shall have at least two separate exits as remote from each other as practicable, and if of a capacity of over six hundred at least three such exits; (every Class C place of assembly (capacity one hundred to three hundred persons) shall have at least two means of exit, consisting, of Separate exits or doors leading to a corridor or other space giving access to separate exists in different directions. 184, Seating. (1) (@) The spacing of rows of seats from back to back shall be not less than 825 millimetres, nor less than 675 millimetres plus the sum of the thickness of the back and inclination of the back. (b) There shall be a space of not less than 300 millimetres between the back of one seat and the front of the seat immediately behind it as measured between plumb-lines, (e) Rows of seats between gangways shall have not more than fourteen seats. (d) Rows of seats opening on to a gangway at one end only shall have not more than seven seats. (c) Seats without dividing arms shall have their capacity determined by allowing 450 millimetres per person, 822) (@) With Continental scating the spacing of rows of unoccupied seats shall provide a clear width between rows measured horizontally as follows (automatic or self-rising seats shall be measured in the seat-up position, other seats shall be measured in the seat-clown position): 450 millimetres clear width between rows of 18 seats or less; 500 millimetres clear width between rows of 35 seats or less; 525 millimetres clear width between rows of 45 seats or less; 550 millimetres clear width between rows of 46 seats or less; (2) With continental seating, the number of intervening seats betwen any Seat and a gangway may be increased to 49 where exit doors are provided along each side gangway of the row of seats at the rate of 1 pair of exit doors for each 5 rows of seat, Such exit doors shall provide a minimum clear width of 1680 millimetres, 185. Gangways in places of assembly. (1) A clear gangway not Jess than 1200 millimetres in width shall be provided around the stalls and balcony in a place of assembly leading to exit doors there Provided that if the gangways in the balcony lead to exit doors not less ‘than 1200 millimetres in width the rear gangway may be omitted, (2) Gangways not less than 1200 millimetres wide running parallel to the rows of seating in a place of assembly shall be provided where required by the local authority. (3) All floors of balconies or tiers in a place of assembly shall be constructed entirely of reinforced concrete. (4) Steps shall not be used to overcome differencies in level in a gangway in a place of assembly unless the slope of such gangway exceeds one in ten. (5) Where steps of a pitch exceeding 30° or ramps of a slope exceeding one in ten are provided in gangways flanking the seating in a place of assembly, suitable handrails shall be provided. (6) The treads of steps in gangways in a place of assembly shall have a ‘non-slip surface and the edges of such steps shall be illuminated at step level. (7) In circles and gallaries or areas where the incline exceeds 15°, guard rails not less than 1050 millimetres above floor level shall be provided at the foot of gangways in places of assembly. 186, Exit doors in places of assembly. (1) All doors used by the public as exit door from any part of the place of assembly or leading to the open air, shall open only in the direction of exit 83(2) In a place of assembly all exit doors and doors through which the public pass on the way to the open air shall be without lock, bolts or other fastenings while the public are in the building: Provided that doors used for exit only may be fitted with panic bolts. (3) Panic bolts fitted to doors in a place of assembly shall be not less than 750 millimetres or more than 1100 millimetres above the floor. (4) Turnstiles, if installed in a place of assembly, shall be arranged clear of the line of exit, and shall not be included in the calculation of exit width, (5) Ina place of assembly every external door used by the public and every collapsible gate shall be capable of being locked in the fully open position in such a way that a key is required to release such door or gate from such open position. 187. Notice affixed to door of gate. A notice of notices so arranged as to be visible from both sides of the door, gate or shutter whether the door, gate or shutter is in the open or in the closed position shall be affixed to, or in position adjacent to every door and gate referred to above, such notice bearing the words “This gateldaar is required to be kept open and locked in that position during the whole time the audience/gathering is in the building”. The height of the lettering for such notice shall not be less than 75 millimetres. 188. ‘Travel distance in place of assembly. Exits in any place of assembly shall be arranged that the travel distance from any point to reach an exit shall not exceed 45 metres for unsprinkled buildings and 60 metres for sprinkled buildings. 189. Enclosing means of escape in certain buildings. (1) Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building of four storey or more, or in a building where the highest floor level is more than 1200 millimetres above the ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to be used as an alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting materials, (2) Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for the purpose of this by-law include walls to air-wells, in the length of such staircase shall be provided with self-closing doors constructed of fire-resisting materials. 190, External staircase, Any permanently installed external staircase is acceptable as a required exit under the same condition as an internal staircase: 84
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