INTRODUCTION

Biochemistry has become the foundation for understanding all biological processes. Cellular
metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life, it
involves complex sequences of controlled biochemical reactions. These processes allow organisms to
grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to environmental changes. The chemical
reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed into
another by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism and allow the fine regulation of
metabolic pathways to maintain a constant set of conditions in response to changes in the cell's
environment, a process known as homeostasis. Yeast is one of the simplest eukaryotic organisms but
many essential cellular processes are the same in yeast and humans. It is therefore an important
organism to study to understand basic molecular processes in humans. Baker’s or budding yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has long been a popular model organism for basic biological research. In the
lab it is easy to manipulate, can cope with a wide range of environmental conditions and controls cell
division in a similar way to our cells. Most metabolic and cellular pathways thought to occur in humans,
can be studied in yeast

Diffusion a process by which molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low
concentration. Osmosis is a type of diffusion that is usually related to cells, it is when a substance crosses
a semipermeable membrane in order to balance the concentrations of another substance.
There are three different types of solutions isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic. Different types of solutions
have different impacts on cells due to osmosis.("Osmosis and tonicity", n.d.) An isotonic solution has the
same concentration of solutes both inside and outside the cell, in a hypotonic solution, there is a higher
concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside the cell and in hypertonic solution there is more solute
outside the cell than inside it.

Surrounding every cell of our body, we have a phospholipid bilayer membrane known as a semi
permeable membrane that allows the movement of a certain molecule and prevents the movement of
other molecule across the cell membrane (Dechant, n.d.). In same homologous way, we can also build a
semi permeable membrane and we can use it in a process known as dialysis. Dialysis is one of the oldest
procedures applied to the purification and characterization of biomolecules, an operation used to separate
dissolved molecules on the basis of their molecular size. This technique involves sealing an aqueous
solution containing both macromolecules and small molecules in a porous membrane. This method can
be applied to the removal of buffer, known as desalting, or exchanging buffer molecules or ions from a
protein solution (Boyer, 2012).

Change in pH inside our body can lead to many different type of harmful reaction wherein it can
harm biological molecule inside our body. For our body cells to function effectively and efficiently there
must be a system in place that allows our body to regulate and prevent the drastic changes in pH. A
buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH and its ability is critical to all living systems. Many reactions
are affected by changes in pH. For example, strong acid and base solutions are harmful to living tissue
because they cause rapid hydrolysis of the bonds that hold living organisms together. That is, acidic or
basic solutions can speed up the reactions in which the bonds are broken (Chemistry LibreTexts, 2019).

In vitro, a Latin word which means within the glass (Boskey, 2019), these experiments are
commonly called "test tube experiments", while ex vivo studies are conducted on functional organs that
have been removed from the intact organism. One of the principle goals of the activity is to determine the
characteristics of ex vivo and in vitro chemical system and to discuss the importance of it in the data
collected upon the experiment done in the laboratory to understand biomolecule reactions.

1
 Overall, the experiment aims to satisfy the following objectives:

a. To identify key characteristics of cells, specifically that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a

model organism
b. To determine how solute concentration affects the morphology of a cell through osmosis
c. To explain the process of dialysis and to test for presence of solutes once dialysis has
taken place
d. To give the relationship between volume of cube and percent of decolorization and how
these are related to surface area and diffusion; and
e. To understand how buffer systems work in analysing pH resistance of egg white.

The significance of the study lies after its completion wherein the students are expected to
acquire competency skills in determining, defining and differentiating the different complex systems of
cells and their interactions among themselves. More than that, it is essential as well that the students
would gain the understanding through inferring possible mechanisms in living organisms represented in
each activity of the experiment. Data to be gathered in the experiment would serve as an aid important for
developing inferences about biomolecules and the chemical reactions they are involved in. It is significant
moreover that the students are able to provide limitations of such chemical systems to avoid misleading
and inaccurate inferences.

2
INFOGRAPHIC

3
FLOWCHART OF PROCEDURES

A. Characteristics of Cells: Saccharomyces cerevisiae as model organisms

Yeast suspension A Yeast suspension B

25 granules yeast + 15 mL 25 granules yeast + 15 mL water
water

Place 1 drop of each Boil for 5- 10 minutes

suspension in different slides

Stain each with methylene blue

After 5 minutes, take picture of result in LPO and observe the result.

Add ½ tablespoon Store set-up Recording of

Fasten
sugar to each Yeast overnight observations
balloons at the
Suspension in
test tubes’
different test tubes

B. Osmosis

Prepare 10 mL 1.0M NaCl

for stock solution

CUP A CUP B CUP C

10 mL 1 M NaCl 10 mL 0.1M NaCl H2O

Yeast Solution + Yeast Solution + Yeast H2O + yeast

Suspension + Suspension + Suspension + suspension + slide
Slide Slide Slide

Observe in High Power Objective for 20 secs. 40 secs. 60 secs.

4
C. Dialysis

Prepare NaCl, In separate Tie the ends of Weigh each bag

starch, sucrose semi-permeable each plastic and record
and NaOH plastic bags, bag with a measurements
solutions pour each string
solution.

Immerse bags
Record Test for presence Remove from
in water
Observations of solutes in the water then dab
separately
water inside the the bags and
beakers weigh

D. Diffusion and Surface area

1 pack unflavoured Boil until Allow Pour mixture in a

gelatin + 237mL completely cooling to container with its depth at
water + 2.5 1% dissolved 50 degrees atleast 3 cm. Refrigerate
phenolphthalein + Celsius overnight
0.1 M NaOH

Slice out Collect Immerse Cut into the

Measure
decolorized part cubes cubes in a following
actual
of the gelatin and dab 0.1 M HCl estimated
volume
cubes. Compute with a solution for dimensions:
of sliced
percent of paper three 1cm , 2 cm , 3
3 3

cubes
decolorization. towel minutes cm3

E. Egg White as Buffer System

Obtain Separate Remove Place the Record

fresh egg white chalazae egg white in initial pH
medium- from egg cords if a beaker of the egg
sized egg yolk present white

This time, add 0.20 mL of

Obtain Add 2mL of 0.1N
0.1N HCl solution and
another egg NaOH to the egg
record pH. Repeat until the
white and white. Add NaOH
pH reaches 2
place in a until pH reaches 11
beaker

5
RESULTS AND FINDINGS

A. Characteristics of Cells: Saccharomyces cerevisiae as model organisms

Yeast Suspension A Yeast Suspension B

Appearance of cells Pale colored cells Dark colored cells

Response of cells to the Inhibition of stain uptake by live There is stain uptake by dead
stain cells cells

Budding Process Present Absent

Balloon inflation Positive Negative

Table 1. Comparison on cell characteristics of Yeast Suspension A and Yeast Suspension B

B. Osmosis

Slides After 20 seconds After 40 seconds After 60 seconds

Yeast suspension Round flat cells with thick Round flat cells with Round flat cell with thick
lining thick lining lining

Yeast suspension Deformed cell shape and Continuous Almost all of the cells shrunk
and 1M NaCl thin lining Deformation of cell, Deformed shape, almost
thinner lining transparent cells

Yeast suspension A little bigger than the Round flat cells with Almost similar to the cell of
and 0.1M NaCl cell size of pure yeast the same size pure yeast suspension
suspension

Yeast suspension Round flat with darker Increase in size, Bubble-like cells with thin
and distilled water lining cells thinner lining linings
Table 2. Morphology of cells at different time plots and different yeast suspensions

C. Dialysis

Solution Initial weight (g) Final weight (g)

Solution 1 25.58 25.08

Solution 2 15.42 17.03

Solution 3 28.71 37.61

Solution 4 27.77 26.31

Table 3. Initial and final weights of casing recorded before and after dialysis

6
 Solution Result

NaCl Positive

Starch Negative

Sucrose Positive

NaOH Positive
Table 4. Testing the presence of solutes in distilled water after dialysis

D. Diffusion and surface area.

Figure 1. Volume and percent of decolorization relationship.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME OF GELATIN

CUBE TO PERCENT DECOLORIZATION
100
90
Percent Decolorization (%)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1.17 1.184 1.584 1.716 1.872 4.59 5.67 6.137 6.46 6.84 23.808

Volume of Gelatin Cube (cm3)

7
E. Egg White as Buffer System

1. Egg White
Figure 2. Egg white’s pH levels in relation to NaOH and HCl added.

EGG WHITE
12

11

10
-4 1 6 11 16 21
pH of Egg White

3
Volume of Volume of HCl (mL)
NaOH (mL)

2. Distilled Water
Figure 2. Distilled water’s pH levels in relation to NaOH and HCl added.

DISTILLED WATER

12

11

10
pH of Distilled Water

-1.5 -0.5 7 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5

6

2
Volume of Volume of HCl (mL)
NaOH (mL)

8
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
A. Characteristics of cells: Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism
Table 1 shows the different mechanisms exhibited by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, utilized as a
model organism for describing the characteristics of cells. Processes include staining uptake which
involves active transport, budding or cell reproduction and inflation of balloon which talks about
fermentation. For the process of staining reaction, yeast suspension A showed the colorless appearance
or absence of stain while yeast suspension B has a dark blue appearance or the presence of stain.
The use of methylene blue allowed the differentiation of live and dead cells in the uptake of dye. Active
enzymes within the live cells process (reduce) the dye and make it colorless. In contrast, dead cells still
do not have enough active enzymes left in them to reduce the dye hence the uptake of the stain
rendering them darker (BKYeast, 2014). In the actual experiment, unanticipated results were reported in
which the colorless appearance and value of the color of both suspensions were not observed
accordingly due to random errors such as incorrect manipulation of the microscope and prolonged
immersion of live cells in the water.

Live yeast cells are peculiar in that they divide asymmetrically via a mechanism for asexual
reproduction, known as budding (JoVE Science Education Database, 2019). Budding is the reproduction
of cells through mitotic cell division wherein the new cells remain attached as buds until the cells splits
becomes independent. Since yeast suspension B has the absence of budding because of its dead cells
due to the presence of heat during the experiment, budding is observed in yeast suspension A which has
contains the active yeast cells.

The final mechanism observed in this experiment is fermentation of the S. cerevisiae which is
reflected in through the inflation of the balloon in the yeast suspension A set-up.
Since active yeast cells are present in yeast suspension A, the sugar added will become the source of its
energy. And because yeast feeds on sugar, it breaks it down and consumes it for the process of
metabolism. After metabolizing the food from the sugar, the waste is produced by releasing carbon
dioxide, and the production of carbon dioxide causes the balloon to inflate.

B. Osmosis

From the actual data gathered, yeast cells were used to show the process of osmosis which is
related to osmolarity with the terms such as hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic. In this experiment, yeast
suspension with the presence of 1M NaCl, 0.1 NaCl and distilled water were observed under the
microscope with the time frame of 20 seconds, 40 seconds and 60 seconds. Osmosis is the net
movement of water across semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower concentration to a higher
solute concentration in order to balance the concentration on each side of the membrane.

Results were shown describing the characteristics of cells such as their size and shape in each
sample. Solute concentration certainly affects the morphology of the yeast cells. Yeast suspension
without the presence of sodium chloride and distilled water shown same characteristics or no changes
from 20 seconds to 60 seconds. With the presence of 1M of NaCl, results shown that almost all of the
cells shrink showing the characteristics if hypertonic where the extracellular fluid has higher osmolarity
than the cell making the water move out of the cell causing now the cell to shrink. With the presence of
0.1M of NaCl, the cells were almost similar to the cells of pure yeast suspension showing the
characteristics of isotonic where extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the cell. And with the
presence of distilled water, from round and flat darker lining of the cell, it turned out to be a bubble-like
cell with thinner lining or the enlargement of the cell showing the characteristics of hypotonic where the
extracellular fluid has a lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell making the water flow into the cell
causing the cell to swell.

9
 C. Dialysis

As presented in Table 3, the results from the immersion in water were presented through the
initial and final weight of the prepared solution. There was an increase weight after the immersion in water
and it is due to the characteristics of semi-permeable membrane used in each solution. In this
experiment, the process of dialysis through a semi-permeable membrane allows the unequal rates of
distribution by letting some particles to pass through, making the final weight higher than the initial weight.
Unexpected results happen in solution 1, it can be observed the decrease in final weight. Since the plastic
used was not actually solid sheets, it can be assumed that tiny holes from the semi-permeable membrane
slightly enlarged when immerse in water. Considering the results of other solutions, dialysis is present
and this is further supported in testing for the presence of solutes in distilled water.
Table 4 shows the result in testing the presence of solute where all solutions showed positive
results except for starch. In the test for NaCl, the use of AgNO3 as the reagent formed a white precipitate
of AgCl confirming the presence of the solute which has passed through and out of the casing. The
formation of precipitate is indicated in this chemical reaction
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ---> AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Using iodine to test for the presence of starch is a common experiment. A solution of iodine (I2)
and potassium iodide (KI) in water has a light orange-brown color. Lugol's solution will stain starches due
to iodine's interaction with the coil structure of the polysaccharide. If it is added to a sample that contains
starch, the color changes to a deep blue. The expected outcome after putting 2 to 3 drops of Lugol’s
solution should be bluish purple in color, but the result during the experiment showed a brown solution.
Because of the properties of starch, it should be heated first before putting Lugol’s solution to obtain the
bluish-purple color. Thirdly, the presence of caramelization indicates that sucrose is small enough to pass
through the membrane of the casing.
Finally, upon testing the pH of water after the casing of NaOH was immersed to it, it was found
out that the pH level reported to be slightly alkaline. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is a soluble base, also
known as an alkali. An alkali is just a soluble base that can dissociate in water (Tumtums, 2018). This
infers that sodium hydroxide has the capability to pass through a membrane also given that there is a
presence of a gradient.

D. Diffusion and Surface Area

Figure 1 presents how the volume of the gelatin cubes is related to its percent of decolorization.
The general trend supposedly shown in the graph is, as the volume of the cube increases, its percent of
decolorization decreases. The irregular trend was due to random (human) errors. In conducting the
experiment, the students did not slice the decolorized part of the cube simultaneously thus resulting to a
prolonged decolorizing effect of the hydrochloric acid to the other gelatin cubes hence the inconsistent
data recorded.

As observed in the experiment, after having the gelatin cubes immersed in the hydrochloric solution,
there was presence of decolorized portions found on the superficial parts the cubes. This occurrence is
due to the process of diffusion. As generally described, diffusion is a physical process that refers to the
net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration. In the case
of the laboratory experiment, the high concentration of hydrochloric molecules in the solution diffused into
the gelatin cube. This is evident as the superficial parts of the cubes turned clear. The gelatin cubes
initially contained phenolphthalein, which turns colourless upon introduction of an acidic medium
(hydrochloric acid).

There are different factors affecting diffusion. As per Libretext (2019), greater differences in
concentration, lighter molecules, higher temperatures, lower density and shorter travel distances result to
a more rapid diffusion. In the experiment, the students are concerned with how surface area and diffusion
are related to each other. Results show that increasing the size of the cube, or having a smaller surface

10
area to volume ratio, results to the decrease in the percent of decolorization. This simply implies that
larger cubes have lower percent of decolorization as compared to smaller cubes with relatively high
percentages of decolorization. In a similar experiment performed by Branagan (2016), it was concluded
that as the gelatin cubes were cut smaller, the ratio of surface area to volume became larger and hence it
affected the diffusion rate by making it faster. Another experiment conducted by Iyer (2018) arrived at
results where agar blocks of 1 cm dimensions have the highest percentage of diffusion that is 16.7% and
the agar blocks with 3 cm dimensions have lowest rate of diffusion that is 14.3%.

Despite not arriving at a clear trend, there still lies a conclusion from the results of the experiment
that as the size of a cube increases, the surface area to volume ratio decreases therefore the percent of
decolorization decreases as well. Furthermore, the percent of decolorization is a representation of
diffusion, an important process especially observed in small organisms in which they utilize this as an
efficient way for transporting substances in and out of their system. In contrast, it may not be as efficient
for larger organisms to do so due to the fact that their surface area may not support transport of
substances through diffusion.

E. Egg white as Buffer System

As presented in table E.1 and table E.2, data shows how much of NaOH and HCl are needed to
bring about drastic changes in the pH of egg white and distilled water, separately. Amounts of NaOH and
HCl used to change the pH of the egg white posed greater volumes compared to the amounts used to
change pH of distilled water. The results provide evidence of the egg white to act as a buffer system.

Buffer systems are solutions that generally resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added.
Their ability to resist pH is due to the presence of two components, a conjugate acid and conjugate base,
both of which are available in appreciable amounts at equilibrium and have the capability to neutralize
small amounts of other acids and bases (in the form of H 30+ and OH-) upon addition to the solution
(LibreTexts, 2019). Two types of buffer systems are categorized- an acidic buffer solution is simply one
which has a pH less than 7, made from a weak acid and one of its salts - often a sodium salt (Clark,
2019). An alkaline buffer solution on the other hand has a pH greater than 7 and is commonly made from
a weak base and one of its salts. In the experiment, the egg white which is used as a buffer is an alkaline
type having a pH of 7.52. The reason for using fresh eggs in the experiment is to prevent an initial pH that
could reach 9.0 which is too alkali and may bring erroneous results.

Egg whites primarily consist of a major proportion of water (90%) and a minor proportion for proteins
(10%) (Hosen & Saha, 2013). These proteins act as a protein buffer system and play a role in consuming
small amounts of acid or base. Specifically, the protein albumin exhibits acidic and basic properties due to
the presence of amino acids which act both as hydrogen ion acceptors and donors. Histidine, an amino
acid present in albumin, has a pK of 7.3 which makes it a significant buffer group. Boulanger (2014)
supports the fact that protein, especially albumin, accounts for great proportions of non-bicarbonate
buffers.

Recalling the Le Chatelier’s principle, adding a strong acid to an equilibrium mixture of a weak acid
and its conjugate base shifts the equilibrium to the left. Coversely, if a strong base, is mixed in the
solution, the hydrogen ion concentration decreases by less than the amount expected for the quantity of
+
base added. This is because the reaction shifts to the right to accommodate for the loss of H in the
reaction with the base (Lumen Learning, 2013). In the experiment, HCl, a strong acid, and NaOH, a
strong base, were utilized so as to test the property of the egg white to act as a buffer system. To
summarize, the egg white has proteins which contain conjugate acids and conjugate bases for
neutralization of the solution hence identifying it as a buffer system.

11
Conclusion

Active yeast cell depicts the biochemical process happens inside the body. Active transport
mechanism was observed during the activity that justify the capability of active yeast cell to inhibit staining
for maintenance of the constancy of the cell’s original composition. In osmosis, to equalize the
concentration of ions inside the cell and the outside environment, the cell will undergo osmosis and
eventually will lead to shrinkage. Dialysis allows the movement of outside molecule to go through inside
the cell via osmotic pressure that diluted the concentration of the cell’s inside environment that cause it to
become heavier. Furthermore, diffusion contributes to the elimination of waste product inside the cell. It
best explain during the activity on why the gelatines decolorized. Lastly, egg white as a buffer system that
prevents the change in pH despite of the dramatic changes in its component. All the experiment
performed showcase the primary functions and characteristics of cell inside our body. It recognized the
effort of every single cell to maintain the homeostasis of our body.
In vitro chemical system, the organism component that gather to seclude from its original
environment to undergo more detailed and convenient analysis under controlled environment. While ex
vivo chemical system are the organism component taken and cultured for observation in a laboratory
apparatus without any alteration in the environment. Furthermore, in vitro that performed within the
laboratory glassware reveals the result faster compared to ex vivo that reacts slower that observed during
the procedure of inflating the balloon. The central importance of understanding the concept of in vitro and
ex vivo, is to easily identify which type of procedure to be used depending on what the situation ask.

12
REFERENCES
BKYeast. (2013). Dyeing Yeast Cells: Life vs Death. Retrieved from
https://bkyeast.wordpress.com/2013/01/26/dyeing-yeast-cells-life-vs-death/

Boyer, R. (2012). Biochemistry Laboratory. United States of America. Pearson education, Inc.

Bonskey, E. (2019). What In Vitro Means in Research Studies. Retrieved from

https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-in-vitro-biological-3132872 on August 27,2019.

Boulanger. (2014). Buffer systems and their roles in regulating the ph of body fluids . Retrieved
from http://edusanjalbiochemist.blogspot.com/2012/11/buffer-systems-and-their-roles-
in.html

Branagan, C. (2016). An experiment to investigate the effect of surface area : volume ratio on
the diffusion rate. Retrieved from https://branagan12.weebly.com/blog/an-experiment-to-
investigate-the-effect-of-surface-area-volume-ratio-on-the-diffusion-rate

Clark, J. (2019). Buffer Solutions. Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/S
upplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-
Base_Equilibria/7._Buffer_Solutions

Chemistry Libretext (2019). Buffered System. Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_CLUE_(Cooper_and_Kly
mkowsky)/9%3A_Reaction_Systems/9.2%3A_Buffered_Systems

Falconer, H. (2015). “Diffusion I” Visionlearning Vol. CHE-3 (4), Retrieve from

https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Chemistry/1/Diffusion-I/216

Goedecke, C. (2016). Why does iodine turn starch blue? Retrieve from
https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/10128441/Why_Does_Iodine_Turn_Starch_.Bl
ue.html
Hosen, S. M. Z., & Saha, D. (2013). Artificial and Fake Eggs: Dance of Death. Retrieved from
http://www.hrpub.org/download/201308/app.2013.010103.pdf

JoVE Science Education Database. (2019). Yeast Reproduction. Retrieved from

https://www.jove.com/science-education/5097/yeast-reproduction
Iyer, H. (2018). Decolorizing Agar Cubes with NaOH | Experiment. Retrieved from
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/decolorizing-agar-cubes-naoh-5453.php

LibreTexts. (2019). Diffusion. Retrieved from

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book:_General_Biology
_(Boundless)/5:_Structure_and_Function_of_Plasma_Membranes/5.2:_Passive_Transport/5.2C:
_Diffusion

LibreTexts. (2019). Introduction to Buffers. Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/S
upplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/Introduc
tion_to_Buffers

Lumen Learning. (2013). Preparing a Buffer Solution with a Specific pH. Retrieved from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/preparing-a-buffer-solution-with-a-
specific-ph/

13
 DOCUMENTATION

A. Charateristics of Cells: Saccharomyces cerevisae as

model organisms

YEAST SUSPENSION A YEAST SUSPENSION B

STAINING

DEAD AND ALIVE YEAST CELLS

14
INFLATION OF BALLOON NO INFLATION OF BALLOON

15
 B. Osmosis
st
1 Slide

Yeast Cells

16
 nd
2 Slide

Yeast Cells and with the presence of 1M of NaCl

17
 rd
3 Slide

Yeast Cells and with the presence of 0.1 M of NaCl

18
 th
4 slide

Yeast Cells and Distilled Water

19
C. Dialysis

INITIAL WEIGHT OF SOLUTIONS

20
21
TEST FOR PRESENCE OF SOLUTES

22
FINAL WEIGHT OF SOLUTIONS

23
D. Diffusion

IDENTIFICATION OF %DECOLORIZATION

24
E. Egg as Buffer System

MEASURING OF pH

25
 COMPUTATIONS

Dialysis

Preparation of solutions

C1V1= C2V2

Solution 1: prepare 5% NaCl; 30 mL from the stock solution of 2M NaCl

MW NaCl = 58 g/mol

( ) ( )

12.9315 mL NaCl

12.9 mL NaCl + 17.1 mL distilled water

Solution 3: prepare 40% Sucrose; 30 mL distilled water

x = 12 g

26
ANSWERS TO RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Why should you be careful in interpreting results of in vitro or ex vivo activities in

studying biochemistry? It is important to be careful in interpreting results of in vitro and ex vivo
activities because over interpretation of results can lead to erroneous conclusions about
organismal and system biology. Since the process or procedure of the activities only involve a
single part of a living organism, the outcome even if it is successful in the experiment it may not
work inside a living organism because of different components that may affect the expected
results. With this being said, careful interpretations of in vitro and ex vivo activities could also lead
to an innovative era of transformation in how cells are utilized throughout the biomedical
community (Aswad & Lim, 2010). In vitro studies consist in subjecting cells or tissues to low
frequency electric and magnetic fields. Ex Vivo, on the other hand, refers to Outside of the living
body a medical procedure in which an organ, cells, or tissue are taken from a living body for a
treatment or procedure, and then returned to the living body. However, they also have a major
disadvantage: cells or tissues are removed from their natural environment, thereby eliminating the
interaction and protection mechanisms otherwise available from the donor organism. Moreover,
the fields used are generally stronger than the fields to which the population or workers are
exposed. This can result in effects that do not exist with low field values thus, interpreting of
reaults required specefic procedures for analysis in the reaction that occur. (Belm, 2017)

2. Why is there a need for the circulatory system, instead of relying on diffusion, to distribute
nutrients and oxygen to different part of the body? Circulatory system is the primary
distributor of oxygen and nutrients as well as the function of waste removal in the different parts
of the body.(Pittman, 2011) It also contain series of blood vessel networks that effectively
transport the oxygen and nutrients. Unlike in diffusion a slow, passive transport process where
the rate of oxygen must be carefully observe with the rate of diffusion across the membrane. It is
highly dependent on diffusion if the cells were large or thick to be able to adequately provide
enough oxygen quickly for the cell, it (diffusion) is an important process because a number of
naturally occuring body activities rely on it such as respiration that involves the diffusion of gasses
into and out of the blood carrying oxygen and nutrients however we should not rely on it alone, for
the circulatory system handles heavier load than just a diffusion of gasses. Blood moves through
it by being pumped out of the heart. Diffusion is important for the circulatory system to work
through the blood carrying the oxygen from the exchange of gases. Both of the processes are
complementary to each other. We should not depend on just one.

27