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Principles of Heat Flow

1. Heat transfer occurs between two fluids separated by a solid wall in heat exchange equipment. Heat can be transferred sensibly via temperature change or latently via phase change like condensation. 2. Common heat exchange equipment includes heat exchangers, coolers, condensers, chillers, heaters, and reboilers which use various fluids and processes to transfer heat between process streams. 3. Energy balances must be performed accounting for enthalpy changes of inlet and outlet streams. For a condenser, the heat lost by the condensing vapor equals the heat gained by the cooling fluid.

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47 views

Principles of Heat Flow

1. Heat transfer occurs between two fluids separated by a solid wall in heat exchange equipment. Heat can be transferred sensibly via temperature change or latently via phase change like condensation. 2. Common heat exchange equipment includes heat exchangers, coolers, condensers, chillers, heaters, and reboilers which use various fluids and processes to transfer heat between process streams. 3. Energy balances must be performed accounting for enthalpy changes of inlet and outlet streams. For a condenser, the heat lost by the condensing vapor equals the heat gained by the cooling fluid.

Uploaded by

praveen4ubvs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principles of Heat Flow

Introduction

• Heat transfer from a warmer fluid to a cooler fluid, usually through a solid wall
separating the two fluids, is common in chemical engineering practice. The heat
transferred may be
• latent heat accompanying a phase change such as condensation or vaporization or
• sensible heat from the rise or fall in the temperature of a fluid without any phase
change.
Typical Examples:
• Reducing the temperature of a fluid by transfer of sensible heat to a cooler fluid,
the temperature of which is increased thereby; condensing steam by cooling
water; and vaporizing water from a solution at a given pressure by condensing
steam at a higher pressure.
• All cases require that heat be transferred by conduction & convection.
Principles of Heat Flow 2
Typical Heat Exchange Equipment

• Heat Exchanger: A heat exchanger is a device used to exchange heat between


two fluids that are different temperatures or it is a device in which thermal energy
is exchanged between two fluids.

• Cooler: It is a heat exchange equipment employed to cool a process fluid by


means of water or atmospheric air. It involves the removal of sensible heat from
the process fluid.

• Condenser: It is a heat exchange equipment employed to condense a vapor or a


mixture of vapours. It involves removal of the latent heat with the help of a
suitable cooling medium.

Principles of Heat Flow 3


Typical Heat Exchange Equipment (Contd…)

• Chiller: It is a heat exchange equipment employed to cool a process fluid to a


temperature below that can be obtained by using water as a cooling medium. It
employs a refrigerant such as Ammonia or Freon as the cooling medium.

• Heater: It is a heat exchange equipment which imparts sensible heat to a process


fluid (steam). Condensing steam or dowtherm may be employed as the heating
medium.

• Reboiler: It is a heat exchange equipment employed to meet the latent heat


requirement at the bottom of distillation column. The heating medium may be
either steam or hot process fluid.

Principles of Heat Flow 4


Counter Current and Parallel Flow

𝑇ℎ𝑎 and 𝑇𝑐𝑎 = Temperature of entering hot and cold fluid


𝑇ℎ𝑏 and 𝑇𝑐𝑏 = Temperature of leaving hot and cold fluid
Principles of Heat Flow 5
Energy Balances

• In heat exchanger there is no shaft work, mechanical, potential and kinetic


energies are small in comparison with the other terms in the energy balance
equation.
𝑚 𝐻𝑏 − 𝐻𝑎 = 𝑞
– 𝑚 = flow rate of stream
𝑄
– 𝑞= = rate of heat transfer into stream
𝑡
– 𝐻𝑎 , 𝐻𝑏 = enthalpies per unit mass of stream at entrance and exit, respectively
• With suitable insulation, heat transfer to the surroundings is neglected when
compared to the heat transfer from one fluid to another within.

Principles of Heat Flow 6


Energy Balances (Contd…)

• With the above assumption


• for hot fluid:
𝑚ℎ 𝐻ℎ𝑏 − 𝐻ℎ𝑎 = 𝑞ℎ
• for cold fluid:
𝑚𝑐 𝐻𝑐𝑏 − 𝐻𝑐𝑎 = 𝑞𝑐
• where
– 𝑚ℎ , 𝑚𝑐 = mass flow rates of cold and warm fluid
– 𝐻𝑐𝑎 , 𝐻ℎ𝑎 = enthalpy per unit mass of entering cold fluid and entering warm fluid, respectively
– 𝐻𝑐𝑏 , 𝐻ℎ𝑏 =enthalpy per unit mass of leaving cold fluid and entering warm fluid, respectively
– 𝑞𝑐 , 𝑞ℎ = rates of heat addition to cold fluid and warm fluid, respectively

Principles of Heat Flow 7


Energy Balances (Contd…)

• The sign of 𝑞𝑐 is positive and the sign of 𝑞ℎ is negative because warm fluid loses,
rather than gains, heat.
• The heat lost by warm fluid is gained by the cold fluid.
𝑞𝑐 = −𝑞ℎ
𝑚ℎ 𝐻ℎ𝑎 − 𝐻ℎ𝑏 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐻𝑐𝑏 − 𝐻𝑐𝑎 = 𝑞
• If only sensible heat is transferred and constant specific heats are assumed, the
overall enthalpy balance for a heat exchanger becomes
𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ 𝑇ℎ𝑎 − 𝑇ℎ𝑏 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 𝑇𝑐𝑏 − 𝑇𝑐𝑎 = 𝑞
• Where 𝐶𝑝𝑐 = specific heat of cold fluid , 𝐶𝑝ℎ = specific heat of hot fluid

Principles of Heat Flow 8


Enthalpy Balances In Total Condenser

• For a condenser
𝑚ℎ 𝜆 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 𝑇𝑐𝑏 − 𝑇𝑐𝑎 = 𝑞
where 𝑚ℎ = rate of condensation of vapor and
𝜆=latent heat of vaporization of vapor
• The assumption for the above equation is that the vapor enters the condenser as
saturated vapor (no super heat) and the condensate leaves at condensing
temperature without being further cooled.
• If the sensible heat effects are to be considered, for example, if the condensate
leaves at a temperature 𝑇ℎ𝑏 that is less than 𝑇ℎ , the condensing temperature of
the vapor must be written as:
𝑚ℎ [𝜆 + 𝐶𝑝ℎ 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇ℎ𝑏 ] = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 𝑇𝑐𝑏 − 𝑇𝑐𝑎
• where 𝐶𝑝ℎ = specific heat of the condensate
Principles of Heat Flow 9
Heat flux

• The rate of heat transfer per unit area is called as heat flux. The flux varies with
temperature drop ∆𝑇. Where ∆𝑇 is overall local temperature difference
• Δ𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐
• Where
• 𝑇ℎ = average temperature of the hot fluid
• 𝑇𝑐 = average temperature of the cold fluid

Principles of Heat Flow 10

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