Physics Notes for Class 10th

By: Naveed Shah

CHAPTER # TEN: Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves.

DIFINITIONS OF SOME BASIC TERMS RELATED TO SHM AND WAVES .

Vibration:
One complete round trip of a body about its mean
position is called a vibration.

Time Period:
The time required to complete one vibration is called
time period. It is denoted by T. measured in seconds.
Frequency:
The number of vibrations completed by a body in one
second is called frequency. It is denoted by f. SI unit is
cycles/seconds. OR Hertz. The relation between frequency and
time period is given by f = 1/T.

Displacement:
It the distance of the vibrating body from the mean
position at any instant.Denoted by x.

Amplitude:
The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from
the mean position is called amplitude.

Wavelength:
In longitudinal waves it is the distance between two
consecutive compressions or rarefaction. In transverse waves it is
the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs. Denoted
by λ.

Crest:
In tranverse waves the portion of the wave which is
above the mean level is called crest.

1
 Physics Notes for Class 10th
By: Naveed Shah
CHAPTER # TEN: Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves

Trough:
In transverse waves the portion of the wave which is
below the mean level is called trough.

Compression:
In longitudinal wave the portion of the maximum
pressure is called compression.
Rarefaction:
In longitudinal waves the portion of the minimum
pressure is called rarefaction.

Velocity:
The velocity of the wave is defined as the distance
travelled by wave in unit time. V = S/t.
As the wave travels a distance λ so
V = λ/t OR V = 1/T λ
As f = 1/T so V = fλ

Comprehensive Questions.

Q (1): Define Simple harmonic Motion. Describe its Characteristic Features.

Answer:

Simple Harmonic Motion:

It is that Vibratory in which the acceleration is directly proportional to the
displacement from the mean position and is always directed towards the mean
position.
Mathematically
aα –x
this equation shows that acceleration is directly proportional to its distance from
the mean position and the negative sign shows that the acceleration is directed
towards the mean position.

2
 Physics Notes for Class 10th
By: Naveed Shah
CHAPTER # TEN: Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves.

Characteristics of Simple Harmonic Motion:

1: Vibratory Motion:
SHM is a vibratory motion in which the body repeats its motion after regular
interval of time.
2: Nature of Motion:
the Nature of the motion is always directed towards the mean position.
3: Direction of Acceleration:
The acceleration of the body performing SHM is always directed towards the mean
position.

4: Magnitude of Acceleration:
The magnitude of the acceleration of a body performing SHM is directly
proportional to the displacement from the mean position; it is maximum at the
extreme position and is zero at the centeri.e at mean position.

5: Velocity:
The velocity of the body performing SHM is zero at extreme position and is
maximum at the mean position.

6: Kinetic Energy:
In SHM the K.E of the body is zero at extreme positions and is maximum at the
mean positions.

7: Potential energy:
In a SHM the P.E of the body is proportional to the square of the distance from the
mean position.
P.E is maximum at the extreme positions and is zero at the centeri.e at mean
position.

8: Total Energy:
Law of conservation energy states that the total energy of the system remains
constant.
Loss in P.E = Gain in K.E
So in SHM the total energy remains constant.

3
 Physics Notes for Class 10th
By: Naveed Shah
CHAPTER # TEN: Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves.

Q2: Is Vibration of a Mass attached to Spring SHM??

Answer:
Consider a ball at point O. attached to a fixed support with the help of spring on a
frictionless horizontal surface. If we apply a force Fon the ball it is displaced
through a distance x to the point A. if the applied force is with in elastic limits then
an equal restoring force will act on the ball in the opposite direction. This restoring
force acting on the ball at point A is given by
F = -Kx
To bring the ball from point O to A, we do some work on it which is stored in it in
the form of potential energy. Now if the ball is released at point A, the restoring
force bring it towards the point O. when it reaches O all its potential energy is into
K.E.Due to inertia the ball continues to move towards left and reaches B. At point B
the spring is compressed and all its kinetic energy is converted into potential
energy. Again, the restoring force moves the ball towards right and it reaches
towards right and it reaches the point A, in this way the ball continues to vibrate
between the points A and B.

During this vibratory motion, when the ball is at distance x from the mean position
O, the restoring force acting on it is given by
F = -Kx ……………………..(1)
Let “a” be the acceleration produced in the ball by the force F at that instant.
Then by Newton 2nd Law of motion
F = ma ……………………..(2)
Comparing (1) and (2), we get
ma = -Kx
K
a = - m x …………… (3)
K
Here is constant.
m

Therefore
a = - (Constant)x
Or a α– x

m
Time period of this system is given by T = 2 π
√
k
This equation shows that acceleration is directly proportional to its distance from
the mean position and the negative sign shows that the acceleration is directed
towards the mean position O. which shows that motion of the spring mass system
is a Simple Harmonic Motion.

4
 Physics Notes for Class 10th
By: Naveed Shah
CHAPTER # TEN: Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves.

Q3: Simple pendulum:

Answer:

Construction:
The simple pendulum consists of a small bob suspended from a
frictionless support by a light inextensible string.

Working:
Consider a pendulum of length l with its mean position at A.
When we bring the ball to the point B and leave it, it starts its vibration between
two extreme points B and C.
At B all its energy is P.E which is equal to the amount of work done in bringing the
bob from point A to point B. at point B the restoring force acts on it, and it starts its
motion towards the mean position A. At A all its P.E is converted into K.E. Due to
inertia it continues its motion towards left and reaches the point C. At C all its K.E is
again converted into P.E. At C Restoring force again acts on it and its starts its
motion towards the point B. in this way the bob of the pendulum continues to
vibrate between two extreme points b and C.

To Show that pendulum motion is SHM:

Consider the pendulum at the point B during its vibratory motion, let mbe
the mass of the bob and x is the displacement from the mean position. Two forces
re acting on the bob at this position.
1: the weight mg of the bob acting vertically downward.

5
2: the tension T of the string along BO.
Physics Notes for Class 10th
By: Naveed Shah
CHAPTER # TEN: Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves.

Weight W(W = mg) can be resolved into two rectangular components as follows.
1: component of the weight along the stringi.e mgcos∅
2: component of the weight perpendicular to the string. i.e mgSin ∅
As there is no motion of the bob along the string therefore
T = mg cos∅
Thus the component mgsin∅ is the only responsible force for the motion of the bob
towards the mean position. This components is equal to the restoring force acting
on the bob and is written as
F = - mg Sin∅ …………….. (1)
The negative sign shows that this force is directed towards the mean position.
If a is the acceleration of the bob at point B then according to Newton 2ndlw of
motion
F = ma …………………. (2)
Comparing (1) and (2), we get
ma = -mg Sin∅
a = - g sin∅ ……………….. (3)
when∅ is very very small, then sin∅ = ∅

we know that
Perpendicular Side P
sin∅ =
base
=b

x
Here P = x and b = l so sin∅ =
l
Putting this value in equation (3)
x
a=-g( )
l
g
a = - ( )x
l
g
here ( ) is a constant. Therefore
l
a = -(Constant) x
so
aα –x
this shows that the motion of simple pendulum is SHM

6
 Physics Notes for Class 10th
By: Naveed Shah
CHAPTER # TEN: Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves.

Q4: Wave and its types

Answer:

Wave:
The agent which carry disturbance in a medium is called wave. OR
The moving disturbance in a medium is called wave.
Wave motion:
The process of transmitting waves is called wave motion. OR
The mechanism by which energy id transferred from one point to another in the
form of waves.
There are three kinds of waves:
1: Mechanical waves
2: Electromagnetic waves
3: Matter waves

1: Mechanical Waves:
The waves which require a material medium for their propagation
are called mechanical waves. For example sound waves, waves on water surface
and waves in a string.
There are two types of mechanical waves.

7
a: Compressional OR longitudinal waves:
The waves in which the particles of the medium vibrate about their mean
position along the direction of propagation of the waves are called longitudinal
Physics Notes for Class 10th
By: Naveed Shah
CHAPTER # TEN: Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves.

waves. These waves have compressions and rarefaction. So they are also called
compressional waves, for example sound waves.

b: Transverse waves:

The waves in which particles of the medium vibrate about their mean positions
perpendicular to the direction of the propagation of wavs are called transverse
waves. For example waves on water surface and in string.

2: Electromagnetic waves:
The waves which do not require a material medium for their
propagation are called electromagnetic waves. For example light waves, heat
waves and Radio waves.
3: Matter Waves:
The waves which are associated with the moving particles are called
matter waves. For example a fast moving electron behaves as a wave.

Q: Properties of wave??
There are three properties of waves.
1: Reflection of waves:
Waves are reflected when they hit a rigid barrier. The reflected waves make
the same angle to the barrier as the incident waves.

2: Refraction of waves:
The speed of waves is different in different mediums. Greater in rare
than a denser medium. When they enter from medium to another medium then
they bent away from their straight path, such bending of waves is called Refraction
of waves.

3: Diffraction of waves:
When the waves are passing through a slit between two obstacles
the waves can be noted spreading in every direction and changing to circular
waves , this bending of waves around the corner of an obstacle is called diffraction.

8
 Physics Notes for Class 10th
By: Naveed Shah
CHAPTER # ELEVEN: Sound

Short Questions
Q1: Why sound produced by simple pendulum not heard?
Ans:
This is because humans have a specific range of hearing that is 20 Hz to
20,000 Hz, sound having a lower frequency than 20 Hz is not audible. The
frequency of the vibration of the pendulum is very low that's why we r not able to
hear the sound of a pendulum.

Q2: why does the school bell produce a loud sound?

Ans:
Loudness depends on the surface area. School bell produces a loud sound
because the area in contact is greater.

Q3:Why is the sound produced by a dhool is louder than that osdholak?

Ans:
Loudness depends upon the amplitude of vibration. Greater the amplitude
of vibration greater will be the loudness. And also loudness depends upon the
surface area. Dhool has large surface area whereas dhoolac has smaller surface
area.

Q4: in which medium air or water, an acho is heard sooner and why?
Ans:
Echo will be heard sooner in Water because Sound travels about 1,500 m/s in
water and only about 330 m/s in air, so your echo will come back about five times
faster than in air.

Q5: what is the difference between ultrasonic and infrasonic?

Ans:
Sound waves with frequencies below 20hertz are called infrasonic, while
those with frequencies above20000 hertz are called ultrasonic.

Q6:if a ringing bicycle bell is held tightly by hand, it stops producing sound, why?
Ans:
We are ringing bell in bicycle, therefore it vibrates to makes sound. If we
stop the vibration by holding a hand on it, itcan’t vibrate. So it does not make the
sound.When we hold the bell tightly, thevibrations produced by the ringing
areblocked. This causes the ringing sound to become feeble.

9
 Physics Notes for Class 10th
By: Naveed Shah
CHAPTER # ELEVEN: Sound

Q7: what is the nature of sound waves in air?

Ans:
Sound waves are longitudinal in nature and they require medium for
propagation.it means they can't travel in vacuum.Let us begin by the phenomenon
with which sound waves reach us or we are able to hear ‘sound’

First of all a source producing sound should be there. It could be anything like a
vibrating vocal cord of the person, or vibrating tuning fork etc.

This vibrationdisturbed the 1st particle of the medium. If it is air, then the first air
molecule starts vibrating on receiving the wave, the energy is passed to the next
molecule and so on.

Hence we see that a material medium is a pre requisite for sound waves to travel

Q8: why sound cannot travel through vacuum?

Ans:
Sound or Sound Waves, are mechanical energy, and require a mechanical medium
to propagate (or travel). That means that the medium must behave or respond in
some mechanical way to conduct sound. Air or any liquid or solid will respond
mechanically to the compression and refraction of a Sound Wave.
In a vacuum, there is no Mechanical Medium and so Nothing to be compressed, so
no sound will travel.
So sounds cannot travel in a vacuum because they have no medium in which they
can travel through.

Q9: why a sound cannot be heard on moon?

Ans:
Sound can't be heard on the moon because sound needs a medium to travel
and particles to collide each other in order to travel. Since on a moon you do not
have air, meaning no particles, sound can't be heard on the moon.

Q10: distinguish between noise and musical sound?

Ans:
Noise: A sound which has a displeasing effect on our ear is called noise. For
example sound of a horn, roar of traffic, sound of firing a bullet.

Music: the sound which has pleasant effect on the human ear is called musical
sound. For example sitar, piano, guitar, drums.

10
 Physics Notes for Class 10th
By: Naveed Shah
CHAPTER # ELEVEN: Sound

Q11: when the wire of the sitar is plucked what type of waves are produced in the
air?
Ans: Longitudinal waves are produced.

Q12: why bats are able to fly ……

Ans:
Bats can fly in the darkness without hitting things because they use sonar to
navigate. The bat sends out a call and then listens for the echo, from the time
between when it sent out the call to when the echo arrives it can work out how far
away things are and so avoid them from hitting.

Comprehensive Questions

Q:1 How sound is produced and how it propagate?

Ans:
Sound:
Sound is a kind of energy which is produced by a vibrating body. In other
words, sound is a sensation which is produced in the ear by a vibrating body and
then reaches the brain.
Three things are necessary for the production of sound.
1: Vibrating Body
2: A Material Body
3: A receiver

1: Vibrating Body:
A body can produce sound only when is it vibrating. So a vibrating body is
necessary to produce sound. You can feel the vibration of your throat during
speech.Also place hand on TV, Mobile speaker you will feel the vibration.

2: A Material Medium:
Sound waves are mechanical and longitudinal waves. Therefore they
require a material medium like air for their transmission.
During vibrations the particles of the medium vibrates To and Fro, producing
compressions and rarefactions.

3: A Receiver:
A receiver like ear is necessary to hear sound. The copmressions and
rarefaction of medium produces vibrations on the ear drum, which is felt by brain.

11
 Physics Notes for Class 10th
By: Naveed Shah
CHAPTER # ELEVEN: Sound

Q2: Define Loudness, Intensity, Pitch and quality of sound.

Ans:

Loudness:
The magnitude of auditory sensation produced by sound is called Loudness.
In other words, It is that property of sound by which a loud and feeble sound can
be distinguished. It is denoted by L. It depends upon the following factors:
A: Amplitude of the vibrating body:
if the vibrating body has a large amplitude then the loud sound will be
heard and if the amplitude is small then feeble sound will be heard. for example if
we beat a drum with greater force its membrane will vibrate with a large
amplitude and it will produce a loud sound.
B: Area of the vibrating body:
If the area of the vibrating body is large then its loudness will be large. For
example a large bell of school has greater loudness than a small bell of bicycle.
C: Distance from a sound producing body:
If we are near a sound producing body then we hear a loud sound. Also we
go away from it its loudness goes on decreasing. For example a train at a large
distance has feeble sound, as the train comes nearer, its loudness increases.
D: Direction of air:
The sound has greater loudness in the direction of the wind than against it.
E: Density of the medium;
If the density of the medium is large than the sound produced in, it will be
loud.

Intensity:
Sound energy falling or transmitting per second per unit area is called
intensity. Mathematically
Unit of intensity:
I = E / At, J/ m 2.Sec, J/sec.m 2., watt/m 2.

Pitch of sound:
Pitch is that quality of sound by which a shrill sound cab be
distinguished from a grave a flat sound. Pitch depends upon the frequency of
sound. Higher the frequency, higher is the pitch. For example: woman, children,
small birds, cats etchave high pitch and therefore have shrill sound.

Quality of sound:

12
 Quality is that property of sound by notes of same pitch and
loudness, produced by different musical instruments can easily be distinguished.
Quality depends upon the harmonics. For example: Note played on piano can be
easily distinguished from a note on violin of the same pitch and loudness.
Physics Notes for Class 10th
By: Naveed Shah
CHAPTER # ELEVEN: Sound

Quality depends upon the waveform of the sound wave.

Q: Write note on decibel scale and explain intensity level?

Ans:
Weber Frencher law:
This law states that loudness of a sound is directly proportional to the
logrithem of its intensity. Mathematically:
L ∞ Log I
L = K log 10 I
Here K is the constant of proportionality and its value depends upon the system of
units.

Intensity Level:
The difference in loudness of two sounds when one of them is faintest
audible sound is called intensity level.
If I 0 and I represents the intensities of two sounds having loudness L0 and L
respectively, then
L0 = K log 10 I 0
L = K log 10 I
Here I 0 is the intensity of fainest audible sound and I is the intensity of the given
sound. Then
Intensity level = L - L0 =K log 10 I - K log 10 I 0
∆L= K (log 10 I-log 10 I 0 )
∆L=- K log 10 (I/ I 0)
Therefore
Intensity Level = - K log 10 (I/ I 0)

Unit of Intensity Level:

The unit of intensity level is bel, named after Alexender Graham Bel.
Bel:
If the intensity of the given sound is I = 10 I 0 , then its intensity level is
onebel and so
Intensity Level = K log 10(10 I 0 / I 0)
= K log 10 (10) = 1
If we measure intensity level in bel, then K = 1
Hence intensity level = 1 bel
The bel is a larger unit so generally a smaller unit called decibel (db) is used.
forr it k = 10, therefore
1 bel = 10 decibel.
Intensity level of ordinary sound:

13
 The intensity of faintest audible sound = I 0 = 10−12watt/m2 .
And the intensity of the ordinary conversation = I = 10−6 watt/m 2 .
So the intensity level of ordinary conversation is given by
Intensity level = - K log 10 (I/ I 0)
Physics Notes for Class 10th
By: Naveed Shah
CHAPTER # ELEVEN: Sound

Here K = 10 decibel. I = 10−6 watt/m 2and I 0 = 10−12 watt/m 2 .

Therefore ∆L =- 10log 10 (10−6 /10−12)
= -10log 10 (10−6 ) As log mn=n logm
So =-10×-6 ( log¿ ¿10 10)¿ as log 10 10 = 1
So =60 (1)
Intensity Level = 60 db

Q: Ultrasonic:
Ans: Ultrasonic:
Those sounds whose frequencies are greater than 20 KHz are called
ultrasonic or ultrasound. They are produced by vibration of quartz crystal
electrically.
Ultrasonic of frequency of order 109 Hz can be produced. Intensity I of these
ultrasonics is given by
I = 2 π 2 f 2 A 2V

Uses of Ultrasonic:

I. Breaking of kidney stones: High power ultrasonic re focused on stones in

kidneys. The stone is broken down into smaller pieces which is then
excreted with urine, safer than any operation.
II. Ultrasonic are used to checking inside of human body.
III. Quality control: it is used in mills which prepare thin sheets of metals. It
checks the uniformity of width of sheet.
IV. Material Testing: High quality materials are required for airplanes, rockets,
space crafts and space shuttles. To ensure good quality of materials and to
detect holes and cracks, ultrasonic are used for detection.
V. SONAR: SONAR stands for Sound navigation and Ranging. It is an
instrument which send high power ultrasonic and register their echo after
reflection. They are used to measure the depth of oceans.
As we know that velocity of sound in water is 1450m/sec.
S = Vt, so noting one sided time we can find the distance.

14