Permanent contraception 

Sterilization is considered a permanent method of birth control that a man or woman may choose. Although

sterilization, or a tubal ligation, for women and vasectomy for men can sometimes be reversed, the surgery is much

more complicated than the original procedure and may not be successful. Thus, when choosing a sterilization

method, you should be certain you do not desire future pregnancies.

PROCEDURE DESCRIPTION

Tubal Ligation ● Surgical female sterilization, a 30 minute outpatient surgical procedure; patient

usually goes home same day.

● Fallopian tubes are surgically closed to prevent eggs from leaving ovaries; may be

done after giving birth or at other times.

● <1% failure rate but rarely reversible.

● Expensive but permanent (insurance may cover).

● Does not protect against STDs.

Essure/ Tubal ● Non-surgical sterilization procedure (outpatient).

Implant ● Small metal coil (tubal implant) inserted into each fallopian tube, scar tissue grows

over implant to block tube; must use additional form of birth control for 3 months; at

3 months have an x-ray to confirm tube closure.

● <1% failure rate but rarely reversible; expensive but permanent (insurance may

cover).

● Some women report temporary, mild cramping during or after procedure; does not

protect against STDs.

● Vas deferens cut to prevent sperm from traveling into semem; sperm count required

at check-up to confirm success of procedure.

● <1% failure rate but rarely reversible.

● Expensive but permanent (insurance may cover).

● Does not protect against STDs.

In females 

Female sterilization permanently prevents women from becoming pregnant. There are two different procedures to

achieve this goal: tubal ligation and tubal implants. They both work by blocking the fallopian tubes (tubes that lead

from a woman’s ovaries into the uterus or womb) so that sperm cannot meet with and fertilize an egg. Because these

methods cannot be undone, they are only recommended for women who are sure that they do not want to have any

children in the future

 
Tubal ligation: ​This is a form of female sterilization. The surgeon will cut, block, or burn the fallopian tubes, or a

combination of these methods, to seal them and prevent future fertilization. With this method, very tiny cuts (called

incisions) are made in the abdomen or belly. Tubal ligation prevents pregnancy immediately.

Essure or Tubal implant​: A very small spring-like coil is placed in the female's fallopian tubes. Tissue grows around

it, blocking the tubes. This method does not involve cuts or incisions. Instead, a healthcare provider uses a thin tube

to thread the small coils through the vagina and uterus into the fallopian tubes, where the coils will remain.It may take

up to three months for the scar tissue to fully block the tubes. After three months, your healthcare provider will do a

confirmation test (an x-ray) to check that the coils are in the correct place and the scar tissue is blocking the fallopian

tubes.

Effectiveness in Preventing Pregnancy 

less than one may become pregnant

Advantages of Female Sterilization

● Female sterilization is a safe and highly effective approach to preventing pregnancy.

● It lasts a lifetime, so you do not need to worry about birth control ever again.

● Recovery is quick.

● There are usually no significant long-term side effects.

● It is private. It is your choice if your partner knows about it.

Drawbacks of Female Sterilization

● Female sterilization does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV. Always

use a condom to reduce the risk of STDs.

● There is some risk of infection, pain, or bleeding.

● In the case of tubal ligation, very rarely, the fallopian tubes can grow back together. When this happens,

there is a risk for pregnancy—in some cases, this leads to a pregnancy outside of the uterus (called an

ectopic pregnancy), which is a life-threatening condition.

● Some women later wish they could have a child or additional children, and may regret their decision to

sterilize.

● With tubal implant, if you have a nickel allergy, an autoimmune disease, or a pelvic infection, you may be at

a higher risk of chronic pain in your pelvis with the flexible coils that were placed into the fallopian tubes.

In males 
Male sterilization, or vasectomy, is a procedure performed on a man that will permanently keep him from being able

to get a woman pregnant. This procedure keeps a man’s sperm from going to his penis, ensuring that his ejaculate

does not have any sperm in it that can fertilize an egg.

Vasectomy​: This is surgery to make a man sterile. The tubes through which sperm pass into the ejaculate are cut or

blocked. It is sometimes reversible, but with a higher abundance of abnormal sperm, possibly resulting in lower

fertility or birth defects.

healthcare provider makes tiny cuts (incisions) in the scrotum, the sac that holds the testes or “balls.” The vas

deferens—two tubes that carry sperm to the penis—are then cut, tied, or blocked.

Some men receive a no-scalpel vasectomy where, instead of cutting the skin of the scrotum, very tiny holes are

made. The tubes that carry sperm are pulled through the holes and tied off and cut. A no-scalpel vasectomy does

not require stitches.

After a vasectomy, a man will still produce semen (the fluid that comes out of his penis when he has sex). A man

will need to return to his healthcare provider about three months after the vasectomy for testing to ensure there

are no sperm in his semen. It takes about three months to completely clear the sperm out of the man’s

reproductive system. A man should use another type of birth control (like a ​condom​) until his healthcare provider

tells him there are no longer any sperm in his semen. 

Effectiveness in Preventing Pregnancy 

It is over 99 percent effective. Out of 100 women each year whose partner has had a vasectomy, less than one may

become pregnant.

Advantages of Vasectomy

● Vasectomy is a safe and highly effective approach to preventing pregnancy.

● It is permanent, so there is no need to worry about birth control again.

● The procedure is simple to do and usually involves only a small amount of discomfort.

● There is a short recovery time after the procedure.

● It is the most cost-effective of all birth control methods.

● It is private. It is your choice if your partner knows about it.

● Vasectomy does not provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV. Always

use a condom to reduce the risks of STDs.

● It requires a visit to a clinic or medical office.

● There is a risk of swelling, bruising, and tenderness for a short time after the procedure.

● Very rarely, the tubes that carry sperm can grow back together; when this happens there is a risk of

pregnancy.

● Some men, or their partners, later change their minds and wish they could have a child or additional

children.
REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/162762.php

https://www.hhs.gov/opa/pregnancy-prevention/sterilization/female-sterilization/index.html

https://www.hhs.gov/opa/pregnancy-prevention/sterilization/male-sterilization/index.html

https://www.emedicinehealth.com/birth_control_permanent_methods/article_em.htm#vasectomy

https://www.drugs.com/article/permanent-birth-control.html