HEWLETT-PACKARD HP-16C Computer Scientist OWNER’S HANDBOOK Ce |—-4 we po Fe ; bin La Tate 96631180 Ey pe Perec ae aa Poe al Ea aerial ad Pere oer) FeLi Ake rebate sy ath} ape BalaNOTICE Hewlett-Packard Company makes no express or implied warranty with regard to the keystroke procedures and program material offered or their merchantability or their fitness for any particular purpose. The keystroke procedures and program material are made available solely on an “as is” basis, and the entire risk as to their quality and performance is with the user. Should the keystroke procedures or program material prove defective, the user (and not Hewlett-Packard Company nor any other party) shall bear the entire cost of all necessary correction and all incidental or consequential damages. Hewlett-Packard Company shall not be liable for any incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the furnishing, use, or performance of the keystroke procedures or program mate! HHKHKAVAVOVO909D9B99HTHHHHHNHNAAAA®i HEWLETT PACKARD HP-16C Computer Scientist Owner’s Handbook April 1982 00016-90001 Printed in U.S.A. © Hewlett-Packard Company 1982 OO COO OOD OIOIISISIdddddIntroduction Welcome to the world of the Hewlett-Packard Computer Scientist! You're in good company with HP—the calculator of choice for astronauts in the space shuttle, climbers on Mt. Everest, yachtsmen in the America’s Cup, and engineers, scientists, and students the world over. The HP-16C is a versatile and unique calculator, especially designed for the many professionals and students who work with computers and microprocessors—whether as programmers or designers. The HP-16C specialized design provides: e Integer arithmetic in four number bases (hexadecimal, decimal, octal, and binary), operating in 1’s or 2’s Complement or Unsigned mode. ¢ A variable word size, selected by the user, up toa maximum of 64 bits. © Logical operators and bit manipulations. © 203 bytes of user memory, providing up to 203 program lines. © Floating-point decimal arithmetic. © Continuous Memory, retaining data and program instructions indefinitely. * Extremely low power consumption and long battery life. This handbook is written with the professional in mind—someone already familiar with the principles of computer organization and binary operations. The handbook accommodates a wide range of expertise, however. For a quick overview of and reference to the calculator’s operations, use the Function Summary and Index—the blue-edged pages just in front of the Subject Index. Part I of the handbook, HP-16C Fundamentals, covers the specific operations of the HP-16C, as well as its RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) logic system. Part II, HP-16C Programming, is dedicated to keystroke programming methods and capabilities. Each pro- gramming section is structured to give first a general explanation 2 & o = = o o = = — a a -_ - — - - - = = = <= = |” os =posed ddd dd ddd Id II ddddIdIIS Introduction 3 of operations, then examples, then a more detailed look at certain features. This makes it easy for you to get a quick picture of how the system operates, if this is all you need. The functions discussed in sections 1 and 2 of part I and in part II (HP-16C Programming) are similar to those used in certain other HP calculators, while the features unique to the HP-16C are concentrated in sections 3 through 6. Before starting these sections, you can get a brief introduction to the capabilities of the HP-16C by working through the HP-16C: A Quick Look, starting on page 10. Finally, the appendices include details on error and flag conditions, lists of operations with special characteristics, and warranty and service information. The Function Summary and Index at the back of the handbook provides short descriptions of every key’s function, with page references to more comprehensive material within the handbook. It makes it easy to get the most from your HP-16C!Contents The HP-16C: A Quick Look . - 10 Keyboard Operation Integer Calculations Floating-Point Calculations . Programmed Solutions Part I: HP-16C Fundamentals Section 1: Getting Started Power On and Off Keyboard Operation .... Primary and Alternate Functions . 16 Clearing Prefix Keys . 17 The “CLEAR” keys .. 17 Display Clearing: (CLx]and [BSP 17 One-Number Functions 18 Two-Number Functions and [ENTER 18 Continuous Memory . 19 What is Retained 19 Resetting Continuous Memory 20 Section 2: The Automatic Memory Stack 21 The Memory Stack and Stack Manipulation . . 21 Stack Manipulation Functions . 22 The LAST X Register .. 23 Numeric Functions and the Stack . 24 Stack Movement . 24 Nested Calculations ........ . 25 Calculations With Constants . 26 Section 3: Number and Display Control ... 28 Integer Mode . 28 Number Base Modes .... . 28 Temporary Display (“SHOW’ 28 4 GHKNAKKHKAKEEAAE ELLE ECE He qa ggaggggg syContents 5 Complement Modes and Unsigned Mode . 29 1's Complement Mode .. 30 2's Complement Mode .. . 30 Unsigned Mode . 30 Word Size and Window Display . tees . 31 Word Size ........... . 32 Windows 33 Scrolling . The Display and Internal Representation Flags .eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees . dp. Machine Status ((STATUS Special Displays . Annunciators Error Display . Low-Power Indication. Section 4; Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions Carry and Out-of-Range Conditions Flag 4: Carry (C) Flag 5: Out-of-Range (G Arithmetic Functions Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Divison Remainder After Division and (RMD. Square Root Negative Numbers and Complementing Logical Operations . NOT .. EXCLUSIVE OR . Shifting and Rotating Bits Shifting Bits .. Rotating Bits . Setting, Clearing, and Testing Bits . Masking ..... Bit Summation . “Double” Functions Double Multiply Double Divide .... Double Remainder Example: Applying Double Divide .. es6 Contents Section 5: Floating-Point Numbers Converting to Floating-Point Decimal Mode . Conversion in the Stack Other Effects of Converting to Floating Point Mode . Digit Entry and Other Display Formats Returning to Integer Mode . Conversion in the Stack Other Effects of Converting to Integer Mode Floating-Point Arithmetic . Functions ............ cess The Out-of-Range Flag ............+. Functions Not Active in Floating Point Mode Digit Separators . Section 6: Memory and Storage Memory Allocation . Converting Storage Registers to Program Memory .. Converting Program Memory to Storage Registers . Storage Register Size Viewing the Status of Memory Allocation ( Storage Register Operations ............ Storing and Recalling Numbers Directly . Alteration of Register Contents .. Clearing Data Storage Registers . The Index Register Abbreviated Key Sequences Storing and Recalling Numbers in the Index Register . : Storing and Recalling Numbers Indirectly ...............- Part II: HP-16C Programming . 71 Section 7: Programming Basics .. . 72 The Mechanics . 72 Creating aProgram . . 72 Loading a Program . 72 Running a Program . sees . 75 Intermediate Program Stops .. . 7 Data Input . 76 Program Memory . 77 Program Instructions and Keycodes - Example ....... GQHOKKCACAELALADRELERAKCGHAKARKAKAgAgg sypO SSS SSSISHIH GES IGIESIIIdSS Contents 7 Further Information «0.0... ......00eceeeeeeeee ee Program Labels .............. Unprogrammed Program Stops Nonprogrammable Functions. Section 8: Program Editing , 82 The Mechanics 82 Moving to a Line in Program Memory . 82 Deleting Program Lines 83 Inserting Program Lines . 83 Example ......... 83 Further Information . 85 Line Position .. eeee . 85 Initializing Calculator Status . . 85 Section 9: Program Branching and Controls , 87 The Mechanics 87 Branching . 87 Indirect Branching Using the Index Register . 88 Conditional Tests Testing for Set Flags and Set Bits Loop Control with Counters: [DSZ Example .......... Further Information Subroutines .... Program Versus Keyboard Use of Appendix A: Errors and Flags Error Conditions Appendix B: Classes of Operations , Operations Terminating Digit Entry .. Operations Affecting Stack Lift . Disabling Operations Neutral Operations . Enabling Operations ... Operations Affecting the LAST X Register Operations Affecting Scrolling . Prefix Keys . Operations Not Active in Floating-Point Decimal Mode ....... 1018 Contents Appendix C: Battery, Warranty, and Service Information .........0..00.cseecseeeeeeeeeenes 102 Batteries Low-Power Indication 103 Installing New Batteries 104 Verifying Proper Operation (Self-Tests) . 106 Limited One-Year Warranty ........- 108 What We Will Do ... What Is Not Covered . Warranty for Consumer Transactions in the United Kingdom 108 Obligation to Make Changes . 109 Warranty Information 109 Service 110 Obtaining Repair Service inthe United States . 110 Obtaining Repair Service in Europe - 110 International Service Information . 111 Service Repair Charge 111 Service Warranty .. 112 Shipping Instructions 112 Further Information .. 113 Programming and Applications Assistance 113 Dealer and Product Information . . 113 Temperature Specifications . . 113 Potential for Radio and Television Interference (for U.S.A. Only)... 0. cece e eee e reer erence e eee 113 Appendix D: Programs for Format Conversion .. Function Summary and Index . . 120 (ON) 00.0... . 120 Clearing .. . ... 120 Digit Entry 120 Stack Rearrangement . 121 Number and Display Control Mathematics .. Bit Manipulation . Memory and Storage Index Register Control HHQKVNAKCVEAHEEETC HEHEHE HEH ANUGAKAKAAD SYpo Ss Ss ss sd hdd dd ddd ddddddddd Contents 9 Programming a se. 123 Conditionals .The HP-16C: A Quick Look The HP-16C Computer Scientist is a powerful problem solver, operating in either Integer mode or Floating-Point Decimal mode. In Integer mode you can perform integer binary arithmetic, number base conversion, bit manipulations, and logical opera- tions. In Floating-Point Decimal mode you can work out extensive floating-point calculations. Programming can be done in both modes. The HP-16C Continuous Memory retains data and program instructions indefinitely until you choose to reset it. An important feature of the HP-16C is its extremely low power consumption. This efficiency eliminates the need for a recharger and provides a lightweight, compact design. Power consumption in the HP-16C is so low that the average battery life in normal use is 6 to 12 months. In addition, the low-power indicator gives you plenty of warning before the calculator stops functioning. The HP-16C also conserves power by automatically shutting its display off if it is left inactive for a few minutes. Keyboard Operation Your Hewlett-Packard calculator uses Reverse Polish Notation (RPN), an operating logic that involves the use of the [ENTER] key. The use of eliminates the need for parentheses in calculations; instead calculations are performed using a memory stack, For example, let’s look at the arithmetic functions. With the calculator on (press [ON] if necessary), select a number base (hexadecimal, decimal, octal, or binary) in Integer mode by pressing the key marked (HEX), (DEC), (OCT), or [BIN]. This establishes the number base mode for the display, and is indicated by the presence of an h, 0, d, or b at the right of the display. The default mode (at initial turn-on or Continuous Memory reset) is Hexadecimal (Integer). You can clear the display to zero by pressing [9 )(CLx](a blue-printed function).* * Ifyou have not used an HP ‘calculator before, notice that most keys have three labels. To use the main function—the one printed in white on top of the key—just press that key. For those printed in gold or blue, press the gold [F) key or the blue (@) key first. 10 HKQHAKEGTYTE_RTERERLEPTETYEREYEREVLVYVG FPIF SSIS ISSEE ELSES SIEISIIISS The HP-16C: A Quick Look 11 To perform arithmetic, key in the two operands—separated by ENTER] —and then the operator. The function is executed when its key is pressed, and the result immediately appears. If you enter a digit incorrectly, press [BSP] to undo the mistake, then key in the correct digit. Integer Calculations When you set one of the number base modes, the calculator operates in Integer mode. To Compute* Press Display {in base 2) (S){cLx)] [BIN Ob 1111-1 1111 (ENTER) 1 [= 1110 b 111111 1111 (ENTER) 11 [x] 101101 b You can also calculate using a value already in the display: To Compute Press Display 101101 +10 10) 10110 b 10110 AND 1111 1117 ((AND 110 b (The ©) operation results in the display of a © annunciator, signifying that the carry flag has been set. Flags are explained on page 36. Press [9 (CF]4 to clear the flag and the annunciator.) Notice that in the four examples: ° Both numbers are keyed in before you press the operator key. © [ENTER] is used only to separate two numbers that are keyed in one after the other. ¢ Pressing a function key—in this case ©), (J, [=], or (AND]— executes the function immediately and displays the results. Floating-Point Calculations The HP-16C can perform floating-point decimal arithmetic when it is in Floating-Point Decimal mode. The [FLOAT] function will convert the calculator from Integer mode into Floating Point mode and display the specified number of decimal places. *The calculator should display 2-16-0000 when [f] [STATUS] is pressed. If it does not, refer to page 37.12 The HP-16C: A Quick Look To Compute Keystrokes Display (floating-point decimal) FLOAT] 4 (BSP. 0.0000 4976 4.9 (CHS)(ENTER]6 [=] -0.8167 60 60 Ge 7.7460 Programmed Solutions Writing a Program. The HP-16C is keystroke-programmable: you can program it simply by recording the same keystrokes you use to evaluate a problem manually. Example: Write an iterative pro- gram that adds 1 continually to a given number. Keystrokes Display* g)[P/R 000- Sets calculator to Program mode (PRGM annunciator on). Line 000. (CLEAR [PRGM 000- Clears program memory. (g){tBLJA 001-43,22, A Assigns this program label “A”. 1 002- 1 Line 002: 1. ) 003- 40 Line 003: adds 1 to whatever is in display when program is run. (SHOW BIN 004- 4226 Momentarily pauses and displays binary result. GTOJA 005- 22 A Continues execution ina loop. *The display includes line numbers and keycodes. Keycodes are two-digit numbers that indicate the row and column position of the key(s) pressed. LKROEOUVGERYERLPEECE_ EEE EEEEEPLPERGYY &peP PPh dds dd ddd ddd ddd ddddddd The HP-16C: A Quick Look 13/14 Keystrokes Display (a)(P7R) Returns calculator to Run mode; no PRGM annunciator. Display will show the result of the last calculation performed. Running the Program. Key the starting number (for example, zero) into the display. You do not need to use [ENTER] since starting the program will separate the two numbers to be added. The program above adds 1 to whatever number you key in. Keystrokes Display DEC Converts to Integer mode, base 10. (You can start in any number base; the program will display the numbers in binary.) 16 [#][WSIZE] Sets word size to 16. Initial number: 0. Addresses and starts a program with label “A”. The momentary displays are binary. 10 cooca 100 (R7S] 22 d__ Since this is an endless loop, stop program execution with (run/stop). The display shows the decimal equivalent of the binary value at the particular moment you press [R/S]. This introduction to the HP-16C should give you a feel for its operation. It is only a glimpse, however; for a look at the dozens of other powerful HP-16C functions, turn the page and explore Part I, HP-16C Fundamentals.POOVOVODEDDDDDIIIDDIDDVODYDPart I HP-16C FundamentalsSection 1 Getting Started This section provides a detailed orientation to general use of the HP-16C: digit entry, display clearing, the use of [ENTER] and RPN (Reverse Polish Notation), and Continuous Memory. Although the examples use Integer mode, all features operate identically in Integer and Floating-Point Decimal modes unless otherwise indicated. This material has been written primarily for those unfamiliar with these features of current Hewlett-Packard calculators. Power On and Off The (ON) key turns the HP-16C on and off.* To conserve power, the calculator automatically turns itself off after a few minutes of inactivity. Keyboard Operation Primary and Alternate Functions Most keys on your HP-16C perform one primary and two alternate (“shifted”) functions,' To select the primary function printed on the face of a key, press only that key. For example: [#]. To select the alternate function printed in gold above the key or in blue below the key, press the like-colored prefix key ([f] or [¢]) followed by the function key. For example: [f][XOR] and (9 J[DBL+]. + Note the [ON] key is lower than the other keys to prevent its being inadvertently pressed. ‘Throughout this handbook, we will observe certain conventions in referring to functions. References to the function itself will appear as just the function name in a box, such as “the [MEM] function.” References to using the key will include the prefix key, such as “press (9) (MEM].” References to the functions printed in gold under the beled “CLEAR,” “SET COMPL,” or “SHOW” wi receded by the word SET COMPL,” or “SHOW,” such as “the CLEAR junction” or “press (7) sHow (DEC).” When a prefix key can be followed by any of several keys, the reference will specify the possible keys in braces. For example, “press [f)[WiNDOW] {0 to 71” 16 KHKHHKUGHEPERELPEPEPREYERKCHKQUQCgygye syPPS SS GIS ASHI d dA IIIIILIdIddIdS Section 1: Getting Started 17 Notice that when you press the [f] or Oh (3) prefix key, an f or g annunciator ‘ appears and remains in the display until another key is pressed. Clearing Prefix Keys A prefix key is any key that must be followed by one or more additional keys to complete the key sequence for a function. There is a list of all prefix keys in appendix B. When any prefix key (such as [STO] or [f]) has been pressed, pressing [f] CLEAR [PREFIX] will clear that prefix key, leaving the calculator ready for a new keystroke. If you have mistakenly pressed [1] instead of (@] or vice-versa, you can correct it merely by pressing the other key. The “CLEAR” Keys The “CLEAR” operations are listed below. Clearing a register means to replace its contents with zero. Clearing Sequence Effect [CLEAR [PROM In Run mode: Repositions program memory to line 000. In Program mode: | Clears entire program memory. (f)CLEAR [REG Clears all data storage registers. (A)CLEAR (PREFIX Cancels any prefix from a_ partially entered key sequence. Display Clearing: [CLx]and [BSP The HP-16C has two types of display clearing operations: [CLx (clear X) and [BSP}(back space). In Run mode: e [Ctx]clears the display to zero. e [BSP]}deletes only the last digit in the display if digit entry has not been terminated. ({ENTER] and most other functions terminate digit entry so that the next digit keyed in becomes part of a new number.) You can then key in (a) new digit(s) to replace the one(s) deleted. If digit entry has been terminated, then (BSP) acts like (CLx].18 — Section 1: Getting Started Keystrokes Display [HEX] Hex mode. Display shows last result.* 1234 1234 h_ Digit entry not terminated. BSP 123 h_ Clears only the last digit. 1 1231 h ENTER 1231 h Terminates digit entry. Oh Clears all digits to zero. 12h Oh Clears display whether or not digit entry has been terminated. In Program mode: e (Clx] is programmable: it is stored as a programmed instruction, and will not delete the currently displayed instruction. e [BSP]is not programmable. It is used instead to delete program instructions. One-Number Functions A onenumber function performs an operation using only the number in the display (X-register). To use any one-number function, press the function key after the number has been placed in the display. Keystrokes Display 0 Oh (f)[NOT) FFFF h Two-Number Functions and [ENTER A two-number function must have two numbers present in the calculator before executing the function. [+], [=], [x], and [=] are examples of two-number functions. *The calcul: }-16-0000 when [7] [STATUS] is pressed. If it does not, 1x should displ refer to page 37. HACAACHHTTTCETETCE EERE ERK GHKY GY YFESOS SSS Hdd SES IdIIIIISIIISS Section 1: Getting Started 19 Terminating Digit Entry. When keying in two numbers to perform an operation, the calculator needs a signal that digit entry has been terminated for the first number. This is done by pressing ENTER] to separate the two numbers. If, however, one of the numbers is already in the calculator as the result of a previous operation, you do not need to use the [ENTER key. All functions except the digit entry keys themselves have the effect of terminating digit entry.* Chain Calculations. Long calculations do not require the use of parentheses. [ENTER] is used to separate two numbers sequentially keyed into the stack. Example: Calculate (6 + 7) x (9— 3) in base 10. Keystrokes Display Decimal mode. Display shows last result. 6 [ENTER] 6 d Digit entry terminated. 76 13d Thenumber 13is stored as an intermediate result. 9 (ENTER 9d 38 6 d_ Sixisalso stored as an intermediate result. {x] 78d (13X6)=78. Continuous Memory What Is Retained The Continuous Memory feature of the HP-16C retains the following information, even while the calculator is off: ¢ Number base or operating mode (Hexadecimal, Decimal, Octal, Binary, or Floating-Point Decimal). ¢ Arithmetic mode (1’s Complement, 2’s Complement, Unsigned). © Word size. “The digit entry keys are the digit keys and (BSP). Also—in Floating-Point Decimal mode only—(), (EEX], and [CHS]20 Section 1: Getting Started e Allstored numbers. e Allstored programs. e Position of the calculator in program memory. e Any pending subroutine returns. e Flag settings. © Scrolling of the display. e Type of digit separators. When the calculator is turned on, it always “wakes up” in Run (not Program) mode. Continuous Memory can be preserved for a short period while the batteries are removed. (The calculator must be off.) Refer to appendix C for instructions on changing batteries. Resetting Continuous Memory ‘To reset (entirely clear) Continuous Memory:* 1. Turn the calculator off. 2. Press and hold [ON], then press and hold [=]. 3. Release [ON], then [=]. (Steps 2 and 3 are represented in this manual as (ON]/[-].) Error Display. When Continuous Memory is reset, Pr Error (power error) is displayed. Press any one key to clear the display. Appendix A contains a list of error messages and the conditions that cause them. Default Conditions. When the calculator is initially turned on or Continuous Memory is reset, the following conditions are set by default: e Number base: Hexadecimal (Integer mode). © 2’s Complement mode. e Word size: 16 bits. e All flags cleared. e Program memory and all registers cleared. * If the calculator is dropped or otherwise mishandled, Continuous Memory may be reset. AKYNQCAKKHKHTEETET TTC ERRETEERGUGKHKGY | FpeP SSSI dd ddI IIIIIIIIIIIIIIS Section 2 The Automatic Memory Stack The Memory Stack and Stack Manipulation The HP-16C uses Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) to solve complicated calculations without parentheses and with a mini- mum of keystrokes. Using the memory stack and the [ENTER] key, the calculator automatically retains and returns intermediate results. This section discusses the operation of the calculator stack, which is fundamental to the use of the HP-16C in all modes, including programming. The Automatic Stack Registers x | on] Always displayed. LAST X The number that appears in the display is the number in the X- register—unless the calculator is in Program mode (PRGM annunciator displayed). Numbers in the stack are stored on a last-in, first-out basis. The three stacks drawn below illustrate the three types of stack movement. Assume that x, y, z, and t represent any numbers which may be in the stack, and that the calculator is in Binary mode. 2122 Section 2: The Automatic Memory Stack Stack Lift No Stack Lift or Drop lost Typically, one-number functions (as defined in the previous section) result in no stack movement, while two-number functions usually result in a stack drop. Notice the number in the T-register is regenerated when the stack drops, allowing this number to be used repetitively as an automatic constant. Stack Manipulation Functions Pressing [ENTER] separates two numbers keyed in one after the other. It does so by lifting the stack and copying the number in the display (X-register) into the Y-register. The number entered next then writes over the value in the X-register; there is no stack lift. The example below shows what happens as the stack is filled with the hexadecimal numbers 1, 2, 3, 4. (The shading indicates that the contents of that register will be written over when the next number is keyed in or recalled.) HHKKKKTYE REET EE EERE RERKEYVREany pee SPC OIISSSSIIISSIIIIISS Section 2: The Automatic Memory Stack 23 Keys® In addition to [ENTER], there are three other functions that rearrange the stack: © [R¥)(roll down) rolls the contents of the stack registers down one register. The number in the X-register rolls around into the T-register. © (R#) (roll up) rolls the stack contents up one register. The T-register contents roll around into the X-register. © [2x9] (X exchange Y) exchanges the numbers in the X- and Y-registers. The LAST X Register The LAST X register, another memory register, preserves the number that was last in the display before execution of a numeric operation.* Pressing [@] (LAST X) places a copy of the contents of the LAST X register into the display (X-register). *For a complete list of operations which save x in the LASTX register, refer to appendix B.24 Section 2: The Automatic Memory Stack The ([Stz] feature allows you to reuse a constant value without re-entering it (as shown under Calculations with Constants, page 26). It can also assist you in error correction by recovering the number that was in the calculator before the last numeric operation. For example, suppose you mistakenly entered the wrong addend (10 instead of 11) in a chain calculation: Keystrokes Display BIN Binary mode. Display shows the last result. 1010 [ENTER 1010 b 10[* 1100 b Oops! The wrong number was keyed in. (@)tstx) ‘10 b_ Retrieves from LAST X the last entry to the X-register (the incorrect addend) before executed. 5 1010 b_ Reverses the function that produced the wrong answer. 1101 b Thecorrect answer. Numeric Functions and the Stack Stack Movement When you want to key in two numbers, one after the other, you must press [ENTER] between entries of the numbers. However, when you want to key in a number immediately following any function (including stack manipulations such as (R¥#]), you do not need to use (ENTER). Executing most HP-16C functions has this additional effect: © The automatic memory stack is lift-enabled; that is, the stack will lift automatically when the next number is keyed in or recalled from storage into the display. ¢ Digit entry is terminated, so the next number starts a new entry. HOYAKKKKLTRETT TT EL ETFT RL ERGELK EESpeso ddddddddddddddddddddddd Section 2: The Automatic Memory Stack 25 There are two functions, [ENTER] and [CLx], that disable stack lift— that is, they do not provide for the lifting of the stack when the next number is keyed in or recalled.* Following the execution of either of these functions, a new number will simply write over the currently displayed number instead of causing the stack to lift. (Although the stack lifts when [ENTER] is pressed, it will not lift when the next number is keyed in or recalled.) (g)[Clx A + LASTX> Ley As you can see, when an arithmetic operation is performed with operands (Ag and 3;¢) in the X- and Y-registers, the stack drops and the result (Dj¢) is left in the X-register. For a complete listing of how functions affect stack lift (enabling, disabling, and neutral) and digit entry, refer to appendix B. Nested Calculations The automatic stack lift and drop make it possible to do nested calculations without using parentheses. Intermediate results are automatically saved in the stack and used as needed. A nested calculation is solved simply as a series of one- and two-number operations. If you begin your calculation at the innermost number or pair of parentheses and work outward (as you would when working with pencil and paper), you will rarely need to store intermediate results in a storage register. * (BSE) will also disable stack lift and clear the display (just as [CLz] does) if digit entry has been terminated. Otherwise, it is neutral to stack lift—that is, it neither enables nor disables stack lift.26 Section 2: The Automatic Memory Stack For example, consider the (integer decimal) calculation 3[4 +56 +7)]. Keystrokes Display DEC Display shows last result. 6 (ENTER) 7 [+ 13d Intermediate result. 5k 65 d Intermediate result. 4 69 d Intermediate result. 3h) 207 d_ Final result. This example shows that the stack automatically drops after each two-number calculation and lifts when a new number is subsequently keyed in. Calculations With Constants ‘There are two ways (without using a storage register) to perform repeated calculations with a constant: © Use the LAST X register. © Load the stack with the constant prior to doing the computations. Example: Remove the upper four bits and preserve the lower four bits from the following 8-bit binary numbers: 10001001, 10101111, and 11110101. The constant value 1111 will be used as a mask. Using the LAST X Register. Make sure to calculate with the constant in the X-register (rather than the Y-register) so that it will always be saved in the LAST X register. Retrieve the constant by pressing [9 ][LSTx]. Keystrokes Display BIN Binary mode. Display shows previous rsult. 10001001 [ENTER] 10001001 b_ First number. 1111 1111 b The mask (the constant). (Q[AND 1001 b Lower four bits. AQ UKHKKKHKHFEPERYERHHKHKEKKUHKHHGADYposs ddd ddd ddddddddddddddddd Keystrokes 10101111 9 )(USTx (F)[AND) 11110101 (a )(tstx AND Section 2: The Automatic Memory Stack 27 Display 10101111 1111 1111 1111 101 vooos Second number. Retrieves the constant. Lower four bits. Lower four bits. Using the Stack. Load the stack with a constant by keying it in and pressing (ENTER three times. After each operation (here: [AND]), the stack drops (making the constant available in the Y-register) and the constant value is regenerated in the T-register. By using BSP] or [CLx] to disable the stack, the new, variable numbers entered will “write over” the previous result, thus preserving only the constant in the stack. Keystrokes 1111 (ENTER ENTER](ENTER] 10001001 [F][AND- BSP. 10101111 (A)(AND: 11110101 [AND Display 1111 1111 1001 oO 1111 101 c The mask (the constant). Fills the stack with 1111. Lower four bits of first number. Stack lift disabled. Lower four bits of second number. Stack lift disabled. Lower four bits of third number.Section 3 Number and Display Control Number representation in the HP-16C is much more versatile than in other calculators. This section will discuss the different aspects of integer number use and display: number bases, word size, complements, number ranges, and the resulting displays. (Floating-point format is described in section 5, Floating-Point Numbers.) The formats you specify are preserved by Continuous Memory. Integer Mode The number base modes ({HEX), [DEC], [OCT], and [BIN}) operate strictly in Integer mode (that is, using integers only). Fractional decimal numbers can be used in Floating-Point Decimal mode, described in section 5. Pressing any of the four number base keys establishes Integer mode. Number Base Modes There are four number base modes used by the HP-16C in Integer mode for purposes of display and digit entry: Hexadecimal (base 16), Decimal (base 10), Octal (base 8), and Binary (base 2). An h, d, 0, or b to the right of the eight-digit display indicates the present number base mode. The calculator defaults to Hexadecimal mode when first turned on or when Continuous Memory is reset. Pressing (HEX), (DEC), [OCT], or [BIN] converts the display to that number base in a right-justified, integer format. Digit keys pressed are interpreted accordingly: the calculator will not respond if you attempt to enter an inappropriate digit (such as a “3” in Binary mode). In addition to the digit keys (0] to (9), Hexadecimal mode uses the keys (A) to [F], appearing in the display as A, b,C,d, E, andF. 28 AVQCAHHKYFYRYREEELELHERKHKGKYLGSSFG GSH dd ddd dddddddddddddd Section 3: Number and Display Control 29 Note: Regardless of the current number base mode, the internal representation of numbers is always binary. Switching between number modes changes the display only, not the calculators internal representation of the value.* Temporary Display (‘“SHOW’’) To temporarily view the displayed value in another base, press }. The converted form of the number will be shown as long as you hold down the number base key. Keystrokes Display HEX) F Fh BIN 1111 b [f] SHOW [OCT] (hold) 17 0 (release) 1111 b Complement Modes and Unsigned Mode The HP-16C provides three conventions for representing numbers: 1's Complement mode, 2's Complement mode, and Unsigned mode. The 2’s Complement mode is the default mode when the calculator is first turned on or after Continuous Memory is reset. Once a mode is set, it remains in effect until you change it or until Continuous Memory is reset. (All examples in this handbook use 2’s Complement unless otherwise indicated.) In the binary representation of a signed number, the leftmost or most significant bit with respect to word size serves as the sign bit: 0 for plus and 1 for minus. In Decimal mode, a negative number is displayed with a minus sign. * The keystroke sequence on page 35 shows how number base mode, word size, and complement mode affect the display without affecting the caleulator’s internal binary representation of a number in Integer mode.30 Section 3: Number and Display Control 1’s Complement Mode Pressing [f] SET COMPL [1's] will set 1’s Complement mode. When you press [CHS] (change sign) in 1’s Complement mode, the 1’s complement of the number in the X-register is formed by complementing all bits. One’s Complement accommodates an equal number of positive and negative numbers, but has two representations for zero: 0 and -0. 2's Complement Mode Pressing (2’s} will set 2s Complement mode. The CHS] function will take the 2’s complement of the number in the display (that is, it complements all the bits in the X-register and adds 1). In 2’s Complement there is just one representation for zero, but there is always one more negative number than positive number represented. Unsigned Mode Pressing [Ff] SET COMPL will set Unsigned mode, which uses no sign bit. The most significant bit adds magnitude, not sign, so the largest value respresented by an 8-bit word is 255; instead of 12710. Changing signs in Unsigned mode has no meaning. If you press [CHS]in Unsigned mode, the result will be the 2’s complement of the number in the X-register. Flag 5 (signified by the G annunciator) is set as a reminder that the true result is a negative number, which is outside the range of Unsigned mode. The following table summarizes how the complement modes affect the decimal interpretation of all possible 4-bit patterns (word size 4). QHEYQLQKKKAHAHAHFHTTETHEFYERKHERRKHY YSpeS SAIS Add dd ddd ddd SdddIIIIS Section 3: Number and Display Control 31 Decimal Interpretation of 4-Bit Binary 1's Complement Mode 2's Complement Mode Unsigned Mode Binary 0111 0110 0101 0100 5 4 0011 L 3 2 1 0 Nielalaloa 0010 0001 0000 | m1 | -0 -1 | 15 1110 -1 -2 14 C 1101 -2 -3 13 1100 -3 -4 12 1011 -4 -5 11 1010 5 -6 10 1001 -6 7 9 1000 -7 L -8 8 Word Size and Window Display The HP-16C will work with words (data units) up to 64 bits long. The default word size when you first turn on the calculator or reset Continuous Memory is 16 bits. The display window shows eight digits at a time; leading zeros are not displayed.* A period is placed on the left and/or right side of the h, d, 0, or b to indicate the presence of more, undisplayed digits to the left or right of the currently displayed portion of a number. TIT * Setting flag 3, as explained later in this section (page 36), will cause all leading zeros to. be included in the display32 Section 3: Number and Display Contro Word Size To specify a word size, first place the desired word size (19 to 64,9) in the X-register, then press [f][WSIZE]. The absolute value of the number is used; a zero is interpreted as 64. After [WSIZE]is executed the stack drops. A current word size smaller than 8 will limit the size of the number you can enter to stipulate a new word size; but you can always enter 0 [f) [WSIZE] to set a word size of 64. (You can then set any word size.) Error 2 results if you attempt to specify a word size larger than 64.* Keystrokes Display DEC) 16 [f](WSIZE) Base 10; word size 16. (FSET COMPL [2's] Sets 2’s Compl. mode. 32767 (ENTER 32767 d Largest positive 2’s complement number with a word size of 16. WSIZE -1 d Number changes from OLLLLILL 11111111, (16 bits) to 11111111, (eight bits) 16 (f)(WSIZE 255 d Number changes from 11111111, to 00000000 111111115. Note: A change in word size might not preserve numerically equivalent values stored in the memory stack. Going to a smaller word size will truncate a word, leaving the least significant bits. Going to a larger word size will not preserve the sign bit of a negative number. If the original word size is restored, the original stack contents are not restored. (The effect on storage registers is different and is discussed on page 67.) *It is possible (in 1's or 2's Complement mode) to obtain a negative number if you try entering a number larger than the largest positive number that can be represented within the current word size. This occurs when the most significant bit (the sign bit) becomes I (negative), as shown at the end of the keystroke sequence on page 36. If the word size is 3 or less, attempting to initially enter a digit that is legal in the current number base mode but is too large for the given word size will result in the entry of a zero. HRYACKHKH EYRE RCECTETC EET ET ERRLIUEKCTRESSI IISIIISI IES SddIIIIIISISS Section 3: Number and Display Control 33 Windows The display can be considered a window showing up to eight digits of the number in the X-register. The X-register—like all registers— can hold up to 64 binary digits, depending on the word size. What you normally see is window 0, the eight least significant digits of the number in the X-register. As you key in more than eight digits, the most significant digits move off the left end of the display and into window 1. Pressing WINDOW] {0 to 7} will display different eight-digit portions of the word in the X-register. The display returns to window 0, the eight least significant digits of the word, with each new entry into the X-register. The highest window number is 7 since the maximum word size is 64. (With smaller word sizes or smaller numbers, the higher windows will be blank.) Error 1 results if you specify a window number greater than 7. Example: The 16-digit hexadecimal value FF00 FF00 FF00 FF00 has a 64-digit binary representation (eight 1’s alternating with eight 0’s). In Binary mode, you can view the entire number by executing [f] (WINDOW) 0 through [f)[ WINDOW] 7. x [aqi1141417 ooooooon |... \aara1411 [co0000000] (default) Window > 7 6 ve 1 0 most significant <«—_—— —_———+» least significant Scrolling Scrolling with the (<) and (] keys allows you to move different parts of a number into the display, one digit at a time. This does not change the number itself, only what part of the number you see. The location of the period tells you where to look for the rest of the number in the X-register. For instance, if the period is on the left of the base indicator (.b), then there are more digits to the left of the current display. Pressing will scroll the number to the right,34 — Section 3: Number and Display Control bringing these “hidden” digits into view. A period can appear both on the left and right sides of the base indicator if the current window is not at one end of the number. Window> 1 0 1 0 1 Oo Example: The following scrolling and (WINDOW) functions can be used to view the entire X-register contents. The word size used is 16 bits. Keystrokes Display [BIN] Sets Binary mode. 11111111 (ENTER 11111111 b Display filled (eight digits). 1 00000000 .b _—_— Period on left side, so number continues to the- left. g\[> 10000000 b. Scrolls number one digit to right (period shows number now continues to the right). (f)window) 1 1b. Thecontents of window 1; the most significant digit. WINDOW] 0 00000000 .b Window 0: the least significant digits. Scrolling is “reset” —that is, the display is reset to window 0—when a bit manipulation or mathematical function is executed. A complete list of functions that do not reset the display to window 0 is included in appendix B. HACK KHHKEKLECTLTETLET TLE TT ETEKCKarerePII dG Ad ddd dddddddddddddddd Section 3: Number and Display Control 35. The Display and Internal Representation The following keystrokes illustrate how various functions (number base, word size, complement mode) alter the calculator’s display in relation to the internal binary representation. Keystrokes HEX WSIZE [BSP] 62 OCT BIN, (DEC) 62 Oct 62 [HEX] [Ase CHS. OCT (BIN) DEC (set comet (1's) [f]SET COMPL[UNSGN (fJSeT COMPL [i's] CHS Display oO 62 142 1100010 98 62 76 62 32 32 CE 316 11001110 -50 -49 206 49 Fsrsroonacsoss aaco Internal Binary Representation 00000000 01100010 01100010 01100010 01100010 00111110 00111110 00110010 00110010 00110010 11001110 Negative number in 2’s Compl., word size 8. 11001110 11001110 11001110 11001110 Internal representation does not change. 11001110 11001110 In 1’s Compl. this is interpreted asa negative number. 0011000136 — Section 3: Number and Display Control Internal Binary Keystrokes Display Representation 2 2d 00000010 5 25 d = 00011001 4 -001 d= 11111110(Corresponds to-1,in 1’s Compl. Zeros are placeholders for purposes of digit entry correction.) (HSET COMPL(UNSGN) 254d 11111110 Flags The HP-16C has three user flags (0, 1, and 2), which can be used to control program execution, and three system flags (3, 4, and 5), which are used to indicate system status ‘The use of flags in programming is discussed in section 9, Program Branching and Controls. Flags 3, 4, and 5 are simply status indicators and have no effect on calculator operation (unless you choose to use them to control program execution): © Flag 3 controls the display of leading zeros. When it is set, zeros to the left of the highest nonzero digit are displayed. When it is clear (the default condition), the display of leading zeros is suppressed. (Note that leading zeros are always suppressed in Decimal and Floating-Point Decimal modes.) e Flag 4 is set (and the C annunciator appears) when a carry has occurred. e Flag 5 is set (and the G annunciator appears) when the returned value is out-of-range (Greater than the largest representable number or not representable in the current mode). Section 4 includes a discussion of how the carry condition and out-of-range condition are generated. AKLKAULHERLETCTTETET ET ETT TAEKCnarePOIISIIIIIIE SIS SSIS SdIIIIIS Section 3: Number and Display Control 37 All flags can be set, cleared, and tested as follows:* © (Q)[(SF)n will set flag number n (0 to 5); © (S)(CF)n will clear flag number n; and © (Q)F)n will check if flag n is set. A flag’s status and associated annunciator, if any, are retained until changed by: ¢ Resetting Continuous Memory. e Executing a function which affects that flag (flags 4 and 5 only). © Clearing the flag with [CF] or setting it with [SF]. In programming, flags are generally used to record the result of a test for future use. Section 9 describes the use of flags in conditional branching. Machine Status (|STATUS |) Pressing (f) (STATUS) will temporarily show (1) the current complement mode, (2) the current word size, and (3) which flags are set other than flags 4 and 5 (which display annunciators C and G when set). The display remains as long as you hold down the STATUS] key. To alter machine status, refer to page 30 (complement modes), page 32 (word size), or page 36 (flags). Initial [STATUS] Display t 2-16-0000 Complement Mode 4 t A Flag Indicators (3, 2, 1, 0) Word Size (base 10) *Press the decimal representation for the flag number. Note that the flag number does not enter the stack. When the calculator is first turned on or after Continuous Memory is reset.38 Section 3: Number and Display Control Complement Status. The Complement mode is 0 (Unsigned), 1 (1's), or 2 (2's). Flag Status. The display portion for flag status shows four places held by zeros or ones. The flags are numbered from the right from zero to three; a place occupied by 1 represents a set flag. For example, consider the following flag portions of [STATUS] displays: 3 3210 -0100 Flag 2 set. -1101 Flags 0, 2, and 3 set. Special Displays Annunciators The HP-16C display contains six annunciators that indicate the status of the calculator for various operations. The meaning and use of these annunciators are discussed on the following pages: * Low-power indication, page 38. fandg _ Prefixes for alternate functions, page 17. c Flag 4 (carry) set, page 39. G Flag 5 (out-of-range) set, page 40. PRGM Program mode, page 72. Error Display If you attempt an improper operation—such as specifying a word size larger than 64—an error message will appear. For a complete listing of error messages and their causes, refer to appendix A. To clear the Error display and restore the calculator to its prior condition, press any key. You can then resume normal operation Low-Power Indication A flashing asterisk in the lower left-hand corner of the display indicates low battery power. At this point, however, you still have operating time remaining: at least 15 minutes if you run a program continuously, or at least an hour if you do calculations manually. (Certain batteries provide more time.) Refer to appendix C (page 102) for information on replacing the batteries. HAKCKKKCHEKKTKTEEHKHTTKTKERKGTHKKK TEPPI IIIdddddddddddddddddddd Section 4 Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions Integer arithmetic operations and bit manipulation functions can only be performed in Integer mode. Since these functions are subject to carry and out-of-range conditions, an explanation of these conditions precedes the discussion of the functions themselves.* Floating-point decimal arithmetic and other capabilities of Floating-Point Decimal mode are discussed in section 5, Floating- Point Numbers. Carry and Out-of-Range Conditions The execution of certain arithmetic and bit manipulation operations can result in a carry and/or an out-of-range condition. These conditions set flags (that may be tested) and display annunciators (for visual indication). The definitions for “carry” and “out-of-range” depend on the particular function executed. Section 3, under Flags (page 36), explains how to manually set and clear these (and other) flags. Flag 4: Carry (C) The shifting, rotating, and arithmetic operations listed below will set or clear flag 4 and the C annunciator whenever they are performed in Integer mode. Flag 4, the carry flag, is set if the carry bit is 1, and cleared if the carry bit is 0. SL RL Rin *)(carry) SR RLC RLCn. =](borrow) ASR (RR ARN (2) (remainder # 0) RRC RRCn DBL+](remainder # 0) (&] (remainder # 0) (These functions are described later in this section.) * Appendix A includes a table of the relevant functions and how they affect the carry and out-of range flags. 3940 Section 4; Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions Example: The following simple additions set and then clear the carry flag (4). Keystrokes Display ({STATUS]: 2-16-0000)* (HEX) FFFF [ENTER FFFF h Hex mode. 1 Oh Cannunciator: carry occurred and flag 4 set. Ti+ 1h Carry flag cleared because no carry occurred. Flag 5: Out-of-Range (G) Flag 5 and the G annunciator are set if the correct result of an operation cannot be represented in the current word size and complement mode. For the [+] and (=) operations, this corresponds to the “overflow” condition on most computers. The functions below either set or clear flag 5 and the G annunciator whenever they are performed in Integer mode: f = w = ABS CHS (DBxX)' (oBLs)t In addition, the arithmetic operators (+), (=), [x], and [+] will affect flag 5 in Floating-Point Decimal mode. The [FLOAT] function also affects flag 5. Refer to section 5 for details. When a result is out-of-range, the lower bits (as many as fit in the given word size) of the full answer will be returned. If the operation was [x]or (Jin 1’s or 2’s Complement mode, the most significant bit (sign bit) returned will match the sign bit of the full answer. * Throughout this manual, this status display is used to indicate what the machine status (as explained on page 37) must be for the examples to work as shown. t Always clears flag 6. HAECKCUUEKCKTCKCTLTLCTL TTT KT THKaggerrePIII IdIdIIISddIIIdIIISIId Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions 41 Keystrokes Display ({STATUS]}: 2-16-0000) DEC] 32767 (ENTER 32767 d 2f 32766 dG annunciator displayed and flag 5 set; overflow. Leading binary digit is zero; number is positive. 32766 d_ Clears flag 5. Flag 5 can also be set in the course of a running program; this will not halt program execution. Arithmetic Functions Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division The arithmetic operations (+), [=], [x], and (=) can be performed using integers in any of the four number bases. The operands, which can be entered in different bases, must be in the Y- and X-registers. After the operation is performed, the stack drops and the result is placed in the X-register. In Integer mode, (] performs an integer division. The fractional part of the quotient is truncated. All the arithmetic operators except [x] will set or clear flag 4 and flag 5 whenever executed. [x] affects flag 5 only. Example: Find (5A0j¢) + (177764,). Keystrokes Display ([STATUS]: 2-16-0000) HEX] 5A0 (ENTER 5A0 h_ Enters first number. (OCT) 177764 177764 0 Changes to Octal; keys in second number. 177610 o Result in base 8. Sincea carry was not generated, the result is exact. HEX FF88 h Converts to base 16. Addition and Subtraction in 1’s Complement Mode. In 2’s Complement and Unsigned modes, the result of an addition or subtraction is simply the sum or difference of the two bit patterns in the X- and Y-registers. In 1’s Complement mode, however, the42 Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions result of an addition is affected by the occurrence of a carry, and the result of a subtraction is affected by the occurrence of a borrow. If a carry out of the most significant bit occurs, 1 is added to the result. If a borrow into the most significant bit occurs, 1 is subtracted from the result. Both cases set flag 4. ( [STATUS]; 1-04-1000) Carry tit No Carry -I 1110 -3 1100 +(-!) +1110 +3 +0011 -219 1100 -% 11119 +1 11015 Borrow No Borrow t 3 011 o o1xb -4 —0100 -5 —0101 -ho un "wo 00012 1110) The Carry Flag During Addition. The carry flag (flag 4, C annunciator) will be set whenever a binary addition results in a carry “out of” the most significant bit. If an addition does not result in such a carry, the carry flag is cleared. This is the same for all complement modes. ( [STATUS]: 2-04-1000) Carry Set Carry Cleared -6 'yo10 6 0110 +4) +1100 +! +0001 Sto 0110, io O11, (incorrect, so out-of-range flag set also) VVVKAAHKHERFRHETHTT HEHEHE RK KAKQgngaggeddd ddd ddd ddddddddadddada Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions 43 The Carry Flag During Subtraction. The carry flag (flag 4, C annunciator) will be set whenever a binary subtraction results in a borrow into the most significant bit. Otherwise, the carry flag is cleared. This is the same for all complement modes. (Note that subtraction in the HP-16C is not computed as the addition of a negative number; this affects how carry generation occurs.) ([STATUS]}: 2-04-1000) Carry Set Carry Cleared -6 4010 e 0170 -G4) —1100 -4 -0001 210 1110 50 0101, The Out-of-Range Flag. Arithmetic results that cannot be shown in the current word size and complement mode set the out- of-range flag. For [+], this occurs only in 2’s Complement mode when the largest possible negative number is divided by —1. Example: With a word size of 4 bits, calculate (7 + 6) in base 2 and observe the effect on flags 4 and 5. Keystrokes Display ({STATUS): 2-04-0000) BIN Binary mode. 111 (ENTER 1b 7. 110 110 b 6. © 1101 b -3. Flag 5 (out-of-range) set; flag 4 (carry) cleared. Remainder After Division and [RMD In division, only the integer portion of the result is returned to the X-register. If the remainder is not zero, flag 4 (carry) and the C annunciator are set. If the remainder is zero, flag 4 is cleared. To obtain the remainder instead of the quotient, press [f] [RMD instead of [=]. This calculates |y] MOD |x|. The sign of the result matches the sign of the dividend (that is, the sign of y).44 Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions Keystrokes Display ({[STATUS}: 2-16-0000) HEX] 66 [ENTER] 66 h Hexadecimal mode. 7E — h Cannunciator; flag 4 set. 66/7 leaves a remainder. 28) 7h Noannunciator; flag 4 cleared. E/2 leaves no remainder. 3h Remainder of 7/4. Square Root The [iz] function calculates the square root of the number in the X-register. The fractional part of the square root is truncated. If this fraction is not zero, flag 4 (carry) is set; otherwise, flag 4 is cleared. Negative Numbers and Complementing Changing Signs. The function (change sign) will change the sign, forming the complement (1’s or 2’s) of the number in the X-register. If the X-register holds the largest possible negative number in 2’s Complement mode, the only effect of pressing [CHS will be to set flag 5 (out-of-range). In Unsigned mode, forms a 2’s complement and sets flag 5 (G annunciator) as a reminder that a negative number is outside the range of Unsigned mode. To key in a negative number, press (CHS) after its digits have been keyed in. (CHS] terminates digit entry in Integer mode. Absolute Value. Pressing [9] [A8S) converts the number in the X-register to its absolute value, forming the 1’s or 2’s complement of a negative number. There is no change if the calculator is in Unsigned mode or if the number is positive. If the X-register holds the largest possible negative number in 2’s Complement mode, the only effect of [ABS] will be to set flag 5 (out-of-range). Logical Operations The logical (Boolean) operations NOT, OR, AND, and EXCLU- SIVE OR return the results of a bit-by-bit analysis of a binary number. The functions [OR], [AND], and [XOR] operate on the bits in VhVCKCYUERET TELE LTE Tega gnngnnadeAIdIISdIdddddddddIdddIIIS Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions 45 corresponding positions of the words in the X- and Y-registers; the stack then drops and the result is placed in the X-register. The operator [NOT] acts only upon the word in the X-register; the stack does not drop. NOT The [NOT] function inverts the values of all bits in the binary number in the X-register. It is equivalent to forming the l’s complement, that is, using [CHS]in 1’s Complement mode. Only the X-register is affected. Keystrokes Display ({STATUS}: 2-16-1000) BIN)11111111 11111111b Binary mode. (Q(NoT 00000000.b__1’scomplement of (window) 1 11111111 b, 00000000 11111111) is 11111111 00000000,. AND The [AND] function (the logical product) compares each corre- sponding bit in two words. Each resulting bit is 1 only if both corresponding operand bits are 1; otherwise, it is 0. The use of | is illustrated under Masking, page 51. OR The [OR] function (the logical sum) compares each corresponding bit in two words. Each resulting bit is 0 only if both operand bits are 0’s. Example: Perform a logical OR to determine which bits are zero in both 10101) and 100119. Keystrokes Display : 2-16-0000) 10101 [ENTER 10101 b 10011 10011 b (f)[oR] 10111 b Bit3 (represented by the zero) and all bits to the left of bit 4 are zero in both of the given words.46 = Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions EXCLUSIVE OR The function (the logical difference) compares the corre- sponding bits in two words and yields a 1 only if two corresponding bits are different. Example: Use the [XOR] function to determine if two binary quantities (01010101, and 01011101,) are the same. A 1 in the result signifies that the two quantities are different at those bit position(s). Keystrokes Display ((STATUS]: 2-16-0000) 1010101 [ENTER 1010101 b 1011101 1011101 b (oR) 1000 b The two numbers differ in the fourth bit from the right. Shifting and Rotating Bits Shifting and rotating operations cause the bits of a word to be moved left or right. The fate of the bit moved off the end of the word, and the value of the bit entering the vacated position, depend upon the type of shift or rotate performed. Flag 4 (carry) is set or cleared by any shift or rotate function, left justify), as shown in the diagrams below. Shifting Bits The HP-16C can perform two types of shifts on the contents of the X-register: a logical shift or an arithmetic shift. The latter preserves the sign bit. The HP-16C can also left-justify the contents of the X-register. Logical Shifts. Pressing [f](SL] (shift left) or [1] shift right) moves all the bits of the word in the X-register one bit to the left or right. Bits shifted out of the word are shifted into the carry bit, and the previous state of the carry bit is lost. The new bits generated at the opposite end of the word are always zeros. ae O-———.-. Carry X-Register a es ee Cc VHC VVVTT TR ETE TET T TEA gngngnnanry| PISISSIIIIId dS ddI ISISIISSI, Section 4; Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions 47 Left-Justify. To left-justify a bit pattern within its word size, press (@](LJ). The stack will lift, placing the left-justified word in the Y-register and the count (number of bit-shifts necessary to left- justify the word) in the X-register. The carry flag is not affected by Example: Left-justify the binary value 1111 in a word size of eight. Keystrokes Display 1111 1111 b @Mts 100 b The count: four bit-shifts to left-justify the word. Ry 11110000 b__Left-justified word. Arithmetic Shift Right. Pressing [9] [ASR] (arithmetic shift right) will move the contents of the word in the X-register one bit to the right, as does [SR]. However, instead of placing a zero into the new place at the left of the word, the sign bit is regenerated. (In Unsigned mode, which has no sign bit, [ASR] operates like [SR].) The carry bit is set if a 1 is shifted out of the X-register and cleared if Ois shifted out. ea QS) —- Sign Bit Unchanged Example: Shifting a positive binary number to the right n places is equivalent to dividing it by 2". Since it regenerates the sign bit, an arithmetic shift also can be used to divide an even negative integer by 2.* Divide 01111111 (word size 8) by 2°, then divide 10000000 by 2°. Keystrokes Display ([STATUS}: 2-08-0000) (a)[sF}3 Allows display of leading zeros. 1111111 01111111 b *For odd negative integers in 2’s Complement mode, [ASR] gives a result one less than division by 2.48 Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions Keystrokes (f] SHOW [DEC (A(SR) (SR) (SR (F] SHOW [DEC] (hold) (release) 10000000 [F] SHOW [DEC] 9 )(ASR] (9 ][ASR a [ASR (] SHOW (DEC (release) Rotating Bits There are three general types of rotate functions on the HP-16C, encompassing eight different functions. © Rotate left and right (RL), [RR]). © Rotate left and right “through the carry bit” ((RLC), (RAC). Display 127 00001111 15 00001111 10000000 -128 11100000 11110000 -16 11110000 d coaccao a ([STATUS]: 2-08-0000) ([ENTER]is not needed because this function terminates digit entry.) Each shift performs an integer divide by 2 and sets flag 4 because a 1is shifted into the carry bit. Sign bit is regenerated and carry flag is cleared with each shift. © Rotate n places ((RLn], [RRn]J, [RLCn], [RRCn]). Rotation. Pressing [1] RL] (rotate left) or RR] (rotate right) causes the contents of the X-register to rotate (or “circularly shift”) one bit to the left or right. Bits shifted out of the word re-enter it at the other end. The carry flag is set if a 1 bit is rotated around the end, and is cleared if a zero is rotated around the end. c | a O-————, “X._ EO fa) S] —+L] “NEO c HRYACKAQCHHKHGKC HK TT TTT GKgggaggagnagePISS SISIIdIdddIdIIdSIIIISIS Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions 49 Rotation Through the Carry Bit. The [RIC] and [RRC] (rotate left through carry and rotate right through carry) functions respectively load the leftmost or rightmost bit of a word into the carry bit, and move the carry bit into the other end of the word. BRE —-O “ Rotating More Than One Bit at a Time. Given a bit pattern in the Y-register and n in the X-register, pressing [F)(RLn), [f](RAn], [9] RLCh], or (9) [RACh) will rotate the pattern |n| bits. The stack drops, placing the result in the X-register. The status of the carry flag (flag 4) is the same as if (RL), (RR), (RUC), or [RRC] were performed |n| times. For instance, executing [RRn] with n= 3 will set the carry flag only if the third bit from the right (bit 2) is 1. Example: Develop a keystroke sequence that will serve to rotate left as one word a 16-bit word divided into two separate 8-bit words held in two separate registers. For instance, with a word size of eight bits, rotate the word 00011100 11100111. Keystrokes Display ((STATUS]: 2-08-1000) 11100 00011100 b High order portion of 16-bit word. (St) 00111000 b Moves most significant bit into carry bit. o)(CSTx, 00011100 b Recovers high-order portion. 11100111 11100111 b — Low-order portion of 16-bit word.50 Section 4; Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions Keystrokes Display ({STATUS]: 2-08-1000) 9 J[RLC 11001110 b Carry bit (most significant bit of high- order portion) moves into least significant bit position of low-order portion. (zy) 00011100 b Switches X- and Y-registers. g J[RLC 00111001 b C cleared: carry bit moved into first part of word and zero moved into carry bit. (ez) 11001110 b New word is 00111001 11001110. 9 |(ce]}3 11001110 b Suppresses leading zeros. Setting, Clearing, and Testing Bits Individual bits in a word can be set to 1 or cleared to 0 using the [SB (set bit) and (CB) (clear bit) functions. In a manner analogous to flag-testing, you can also test for the presence of a set bit with [B?]. If executed in a program, the result affects program execution. To set, clear, or test a specific bit in a word: © The word containing the specific bit must be in the Y-register. * The magnitude of the number in the X-register specifies the number of the bit to be set, cleared, or tested. When the key ((SB) or (CB)) is pressed, the stack drops and the word affected returns to the X-register. Bits are numbered from zero to one less than the word size, with the least significant bit as bit number 0. Keystrokes Display ([STATUS]: 2-16-0000) 11111111 [ENTER] 11111111 b Enters quantity and copies it into the Y-register. VW 11 b- Bitnumber3. cB 11110111 b — Stack drops; resulting word is in X-register. HOKKKAKHKAATAETTT HE HHA QggagnangarSSddddddddddddddddddddd ddd Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions 51 Testing for the presence of a given bit ((#](B2)) is a conditional test useful in programming: a decision for program execution can be based on the bit pattern of a number. (The X- and Y-registers must contain the proper parameters, as noted above.) Section 9 describes conditional branching. Masking The (mask left) and [MASKR] (mask right) functions create left- or right-justified strings of 1 bits. The magnitude of the number in the X-register is used to determine how many 1’s will comprise the mask. Upon execution, the mask pattern is placed in the X-register (the stack does not move). You can create a mask as large as the word size. To place a mask in the middle of the field of a number, use a shift function in conjunction with [MASKL] or [MASKR]. Example: The ASCII representation of a two-digit number occupies 16 bits—eight bits per digit. Given an ASCII “65” (0011 0110 0011 0101), extract the high-order digit (6), thereby converting half of this ASCII code to binary coded decimal. 0011 0110 0011 0101 ASCII “65” (3”, “6”, “3”, “5”). 0000 1111 0000 0000 Mask. 0000 0110 0000 0000 The extracted, high-order digit (“6”). You can save keystrokes in this example by shifting the digits into position before masking. Keystrokes Display ((STATUS]: 2-16-0000) HEX] 3635 [ENTER 3635 h 8 [F][RRn) 3536 h Rotates word eight bits to the right to right- justify the desired hex digit (6). 4 [f)[MASKR) Fh Rightjustifies a mask of four 1 bits (1111) in the 16-bit word. ([AND, 6h Extracts the rightmost four bits (6).52 Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions Bit Summation Pressing (9](#B] (number of bits) sums the bits in the X-register and returns that value to the X-register. The bit pattern is saved in the LAST X register. No stack lift occurs. (In word sizes 1 and 2, the result must be interpreted in Unsigned mode.) “Double”’ Functions The HP-16C provides several “double” functions: (DBLX] (double multiply), [DBL+] (double divide), and [DBLR] (double remainder). These functions allow the exact calculation of a product double the given word size and the exact calculation of a quotient and remainder from a dividend of double word size. To obtain meaningful double numbers as results in Hexadecimal and Octal modes, the word boundary (which is based on the numbers of bits) must not “split” a digit. Therefore, you should specify a compatible word size: a multiple of four in Hex mode and a multiple of three in Octal mode.* Double Multiply The function multiplies two single-word quantities in the X-and Y-registers to yield a double-word result in the X- and Y- registers. (The stack does not drop.) The result is right-justified, with the least significant bits returned in the Y-register and the most significant bits returned in the X-register. The stack contents during this operation are shown below. The stack is filled with the values ¢, z, y, and x, each register holding one word. T [| z = | Y multiplicand | product x multiplier J (high order bits in X) Keys® 9 )(DBLX “Section 7 (Programming Basics) includes a program for using with Decimal mode. Refer to page 78, {AAKAAHKHKHKGKHTT TET HET HEKQggagngagngagrsCSS ddd ddddddddddddddddd ddd Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions 53 Example: To illustrate double multiplication, the calculation of (7X6) in binary with word size 5 and 2’s Complement is shown below. 7 00111 Five bits in Y. xo X_00110 Five bits in X. 42,6 00001 01010, Ten-bit representation of 4219 ————— split between X- and Y-registers. x Y Keystrokes Display ({STATUS]: 2-05-1000) BIN] 111 (ENTER 00111 b_ Binary mode. 110 [9 )(DBLX 00001 b Most significant bits are putin X. ey) 01010 b___ Least significant bits are putin Y. Result is therefore 00001 010105. Double Divide The (DBL) function computes the quotient of a dividend of double word size in the Y- and Z-registers—the most significant bits of which are in the Y-register—divided by a single-word divisor in the X-register. The stack drops twice, placing the single-word result in the X-register. Error O occurs if the answer cannot be represented in a single word size. Flag 4 (carry) is set if the remainder is not equal to zero. The stack contents during this operation are: dividend (high order bits in Y) divisor quotient (o) pat)54 Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions Example: The calculation of (-88 + 11) in binary with word size5 and 2’s Complement mode is shown below. x -8 x 11000, Five-bit result in X. /{[-88 910111 11101 01000 —_Ten-bit representation of 88,9 split between Y- and Y 4% “registers. Keystrokes Display ((STATUS]: 2-05-1000) 1000 [ENTER 01000 b Least significant bits of 10-bit dividend go into Z- register. 11101 (ENTER 11101 b Most significant bits of 10-bit dividend go into Y- register. 1011 (9) (DBL+ 11000 b Quotient. (a)(cr)3 11000 b_ Restores suppression of leading zeros. Double Remainder The [OBLR] function operates like (DBL+] except that the remainder is returned instead of the quotient. If the quotient exceeds 64 bits, Error 0 results. The remainder is determined as for the [RMD] function (page 43), with the sign of the result matching the sign of the dividend. Example: Applying Double Divide ST14AF2i6 7E14684)¢ Although the result is a fraction, this problem can be solved in Integer mode by first finding the integer quotient of 16 zeros. 5714AF 2000 7E 14684), Compute the quotient of to 16 hexadecimal places. and then placing a decimal point to the left of the result (thereby dividing the result by 24). Use [BBL] to accommodate a numerator this large. HRAKHKAAKACTTTT TTT TEKH agegagngaggags¢pS PSO d ddd dd dddddddddddddddd Section 4: Arithmetic and Bit Manipulation Functions 55 Keystrokes HEX [FSET COMPL[UNSGN O(ENTER 5714AF2 [ENTER] 7£14684 (a) (@lwinoow) 1 Display Oh 5714AF2 h TE985d8C .h bOdOGF6A h. } (STATUS ]: 2-64-0000) Hex mode. Unsigned mode allows a larger result, thereby pre- venting an out-of-range result. Double-sized dividend is BT14AF2 x 254, Carry bit set. Result is BODO6F6A 7E985D8C 6, 80 answer to original problem is 0.BODO6F6A 7E985D8Cj¢.Section 5 Floating-Point Numbers To cover other aspects of computing, the HP-16C was designed to perform floating-point decimal arithmetic also. In Floating-Point Decimal mode, numbers are left-justified and the word size is automatically set to 56 bits. Note: Numbers in Floating Point mode and Integer mode are represented in two different, incompatible formats.* There- fore, any values stored in the storage registers in one format are not meaningfully converted when the calculator switches to the other format. Their integrity is retained, however, when the calculator is restored to the original mode. Converting to Floating-Point Decimal Mode The [FLOAT] (floating point) function establishes Floating-Point Decimal mode and converts the contents of the X- and Y-registers (as explained below) to a floating-point decimal number. Pressing [Ff] [FLOAT] {0 to 9, [-}} will set Floating-Point Decimal mode. The number you specify determines how many decimal places will be displayed; specifying [) will set scientific notation. (If the calculator is already in Floating Point mode, no further conversion of the stack takes place.) Conversion in the Stack When you make the conversion to Floating Point mode, you might want to be able to retain a certain number for further use. The HP-16C provides a conversion routine that allows you to retain and reuse a value from Integer mode when the calculator switches to Floating Point mode. Upon executing [FLOAT] in Integer mode, the numbers in the Y- and X-registers are converted to the floating- point decimal equivalent of (y)(2*), which is then placed into the X-register. The Y-, Z-, and T-registers are cleared.” *Ploating Point mode in BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) form and Integer mode in binary form. + Appendix D provides a program for a conversion between the proposed IEEE floating: point binary format and HP-16C floating-point decimal format. 56 HHQCKAKKACHKHFHTHTHEHRFHFEHKHHHKHKHAAHAHAHAHYSection 5: Floating-Point Numbers 57 T z Y x Keys > (H[FLOAT)}4 If y-2* is greater than 9.999999999 x 10, flag 5 (out-of-range) is set and the overflow display (all 9's) results. If there is no overflow, flag 5 is cleared. Example: Convert 25E47,, to a decimal, floating-point format. Keystrokes Display ([STATUS]: 2-64-0000) HEX Hex mode. 2547 (ENTER) 25E47 h = Mantissa. 0 Oh Exponent of 2. (H(FLoaT) 2 155,207.00 Sets Floating-Point Decimal mode and a display of two decimal places. The number is equivalent to (25E47,) - 2, Other Effects of Converting to Floating Point Mode Switching from Integer mode (Hexadecimal, Decimal, Octal, or Binary mode) into Floating-Point Decimal mode also sets the following conditions: © The word size is set to 56. ° The stack (except the X-register) and the LAST X register are cleared. Stack lift is enabled. * The storage registers are not cleared. However, an attempt to recall register contents (including the Index register) that were not stored in Floating Point mode usually will result in an Error 6.* * Refer to page 68 for details. CSS ddd ddddbddddddIddddAISS 7 <58 Section 5: Floating-Point Numbers ¢ The complement mode functions remain active, but will not affect the arithmetic functions or number representations. The complement mode will affect the conversion of the X-register when the calculator returns to Integer mode. Digit Entry and Other Display Formats Changing Signs. Pressing [CHS] (change sign) will reverse the sign of the displayed number. To key in a negative number, press CHS] after its digits have been keyed in. This does not terminate digit entry in Floating Point mode. Scientific Notation. Pressing [f) (FLOAT) () sets Floating Point mode and sets scientific notation display format. Numbers will be displayed with six decimal places. Exponents. Numbers with exponents are entered using [EEX] (enter exponent). First key in the mantissa, then press [f)[EEX] and key in the exponent. (For a negative mantissa, press [CHS] before pressing [EEX].) For a negative exponent, press [CHS] after keying in the exponent. Digits from the mantissa that spill into the exponent field will disappear from the display when [EEX] is pressed but will be retained internally.* Mantissa Display. Regardless of the display format in Floating- Point Decimal mode, the calculator internally represents each number as a 10-digit mantissa with a two-digit exponent of 10. If you want to view the full 10-digit mantissa of a number in the X-register, press CLEAR (PREFIX). The full mantissa will be displayed as long as the [PREFIX] key is held down. Keystrokes Display ((STATUS): 2-56-0000) (f) FLOAT) 3 45 (9)(4) 6.708 (A) CLEAR [PREFIX (hold) 6708203932 (release) 6.708 *To prevent a misleading display, [EEX] will not operate with a number having more than seven digits to the left of the decimal point, nor with a mantissa smaller than 0.000001, To key in such a number, use a form having a greater exponent value (whether positive or negative) HRYLCKC UTR ETH TTT THE LCT EK Qngaggre”COSG Ad dd bb bbbddbdbAdbLSdAS SIS Section 5: Floating-Point Numbers 59 Overflow and Underflow. When the result of a floating-point calculation in the X-register is a number with a magnitude greater than 9.999999999 x 10%, +9.999999999 x 10% is placed in the affected register (the last three digits of the mantissa are not displayed). Flag 5 (out-of-range) is set and the G annunciator displayed. If the result of a floating-point calculation in the X-register is a number with a magnitude less than 1.000000000 x 10-%, that number will be replaced by zero. Overflow and underflow do not halt program execution. Returning to Integer Mode Integer mode is restored (and Floating Point mode exited) when you set one of the number base modes. Conversion in the Stack When exiting Floating Point mode, the X- and Y-registers undergo the reverse of the conversion when Floating Point mode is set. Considering the number in the X-register to be in the form (y)(2*), an integer y is placed in the Y-register and a power x of 2 is placed in the X-register. The value for y is defined such that 23! <|y| < 2% unless y = 0. That is, y, the mantissa, is rounded to a 32-bit integer. The value for x, the exponent, is determined by y such that (y)(2*) equals the value in the X-register before mode conversion. The new x- and y-values will be expressed in the number base mode specified. (In Unsigned mode, the absolute values of x and y are placed in X and Y.) The conversion of an integer pair y, x from Integer mode into Floating-Point Decimal mode and back to Integer mode generally will not restore the original pair y, x, but an equivalent one. Example: Convert 1.284 x 10°!” to a decimal integer multiplied by a power of 2. Keystrokes Display ( {STATUS}; 2-56-0000) 1.284 1.284 (A [EEx 1.284 oo 17 [CHS 1.284 -17