50 Simple L.E.D.

Circuits

R.N. SOAR

r de Historie v/d Radi

 OTH'IEK

50 SIMPLE
L.E.D. CIRCUITS

by

R. N. SOAR

BABANI PRESS
The Publishing Division of
Babani Trading and Finance Co. Ltd.
The Grampians
Shepherds Bush Road
London W6 7NI-
England
 Although every care is taken with the preparation of this book, the
publishers or author will not be responsible in any way for any errors
that might occur.

© 1977 BA BAN I PRESS

I.S.B.N. 0 85934 043 4

First Published December 1977

Printed and Manufactured in Great Britain by

C. Nicholls & Co. Ltd.

f t* -i. •
 v /“
..... tr>
CONTENTS U.V.H.R*
Circuit Page
No.
1 LED Pilot Light......................................... 7
2 LED Stereo Beacon.................................... 8
3 Stereo Decoder Mono/Sterco Indicator . . . 9
4 Subminiature LED Torch........................... 10
5 Low Voltage Low Current Supply............ 11
6 Microlight Indicator .................................. 12
7 Ultra Low Current LED Switching Indicator 13
8 LED Stroboscope....................................... 14
9 12 Volt Car Circuit Tester........................... 15
10 Two Colour LED......................................... 16
11 12 Volt Car “Fuse Blown” Indicator.......... 17
12 LED Continuity Tester............................... 17
13 LED Current Overload Indicator.............. 18
14 LED Current Range Indicator................... 20
15 1.5 Volt LED “Zener”................. '............ 22
16 Extending Zener Voltage........................... 22
17 Four Voltage Regulated Supply................. 23
18 PsychaLEDic Display.................................. 24
.19 Dual Colour Display.................................... 25
20 Dual Signal Device....................................... 26
21 LED Triple Signalling.................................. 27
22 Sub-Miniature Light Source for Model Railways . . . . 28
23 Portable Television Protection Circuit . . 29
24 Improved Portable TV Protection Circuit 30
25 LED Battery Tester............................... 31
26 Simple LED Timer.................................. 32
27 LED Logic Probe.................................... 33
28 Flashing LED Display........................... 34
29 Experimental Unijunction LED Flasher. 35
30 Audio Frequency Zero Beat Indicator. . 37
31 Simple Transistor Tester........................ 37
32 Simple NPN/PNP Transistor Tester. . . . 38
33 Very Low Current LED on/off Indicator 39
34 Binary Demonstrator............................. 40

>
35 LED Nighdight.............................................. 42
36 IC LED Flasher.............................................. 43
37 Automatic Mains/Battery Switch................. 44
38 Voltage Comparator....................................... 45
39 LED/Zener Voltage Measuring........ 46
40 LED/Zener Voltage Range Measuring Circuit 47
41 Constant Current Charger............................. 48
42 Multizener....................................... 49
43 Dual Voltage Regulator................. 51
44 Low Voltage Tester........................ 53
45 Optically Isolated Variable Resistance.......... 54
46 Three LED Preset Station Indicator............ 55
The 707 Common Anode Display................. 57
47 Random Number Display............................. 57
48 ' Legend Display ............................................... 59
49 “Roman” 1,2, 3 Display............................. 60
50 Numerical Display......................................... 61
 INTRODUCTION

Light emitting diodes or LLDs are semiconductor devices

made from materials such as gallium arsenide or gallium
arsenide phosphide. The light is produced by electron/hole
recombination when the diode is UNDER FORWARD
BIAS, i.e. for light production the diode anode is positive
with respect to the cathode. A current limiting resistor must
always be included in series with the LED to control the
current and prevent the LED from being damaged due to
overheating. The light output increases with current but the
current should not be allowed to exceed 20mA for a normal
diode.

LEDs are now available in several colours - red, green,

orange and yellow. The red LED is the most efficient, green
LEDs require a much higher operating current for a comparable
light output. Most of the circuits featured in this book are for
red LEDs, as these are the most efficient and also cheaper than
the other varieties.

Some of the circuits use red LEDs for voltage measurements,

this depends on the constant voltage drop across a diode,
green LEDs should not be substituted as the characteristics
are very different. The circuits at the end of the book are for
red LED seven segment common anode displays.

Various encapsulations are used for LEDs but the most

common one has a cathode lead which is slightly longer than
the anode lead. A flat on the encapsulation also indicates
cathode.

Red LEDs are available in several sizes - 2mm, 3mm and

5mm. 5mm red LEDs were used in most of the prototype
circuits.

5
 Anode

\ Flat
\

T.Cathode
Anode
lead
__ Cathode
lead

CIRCUIT SYMBOL ENCAPSULATION

If the connection details of a LED are not known adopt the

following procedure. Connect the LED WITH A 1K£2
RESISTER IN SERIES to a 9 volt battery, if the LED does
not glow reverse connections. With the LED glowing the lead
connected to the negative pole of the battery is the cathode.

=
6
■
 CIRCUIT ONE

LED PILOT LIGHT

A LED makes a useful pilot light indicating that a piece of

equipment is switched on. Most LEDs can be fitted with a
plastic mounting bush, most retailers can supply these, so that
the LED can be simply clipped into a hole drilled into the
equipment front panel. Suitable values for the LED series
resistor arc shown in diagram (1). Green LEDs are much less
efficient than red LEDs and so require a higher operating
current and hence a lower value for the series resistor. The
values shown give a reasonable brightness, if a very bright
glow is required the values of resistance should be halved.

+ 18-24 V

4 7 K XL

\
\

-ve —ve

DIAGRAM 1.

7
 CIRCUIT TWO

LED STEREO BEACON

A red LliD makes an excellent stereo beacon for an I.C. stereo

decoder such as the Motorola MCI 310 or the Texas SN76115;
the SN761 15 is an exact replacement for the MC1310, the
connection details are identical.

Notch
V +
C 1 14 □
□ □
4 7 XU c □
□ MC1310 □
\ a D
X *— qe 3
Pin 6
MC1310
c7 e □

DIAGRAM 2.

The LED is connected to pin 6 of the MC1310 (or SN761 15)

and to the positive supply line (9-12 volts) via a 4.7K12 ViW
resistor. The MC1310 switches from mono to stereo operation
automatically and when operating in the stereo mode the LED
will glow. The fact that the LED is glowing indicates that the
phase lock loop circuit has 'locked on’ to the 19KHz pilot tone
it does NOT indicate stereo reception as such. Most stations
continue to broadcast pilot tone during mono items especially
on record shows. If the beacon is glowing but the sound is not
stereo it is probably because the station is playing a mono
record. If the beacon does not glow at all during a broadcast
which is definitely stereo it is probably due to insufficient
signal reaching the decoder. The MCI310 has a threshold level
8
for stereo operation, if the signal level is very low the circuit
will not switch over to stereo, this is likely if the receiver has
an inadequate aerial. If the LED flickers this means that the
MCI310 is switching rapidly between stereo and mono opera­
tion. this occurs when the 19KHz pilot tone input in a stereo
signal is near to the threshold level, this is most likely to occur
when trying to receive a distant station. The cure Is to switch
the decoder to mono operation, this is done by connecting
pin 8 of the MCI 3 10 to the negative line via a Sl’ST switch
(stereo defeat switch) when tuning in to a local station
remember to switch it back to the normal-stereo position.
If the flickering effect occurs with local station reception, this
means that a better aerial must be used to obtain stereo
reception.

A LCD can be used with almost any stereo decoder which has
a stereo beacon facility. In older decoders the LCD and
4.7KL2 resistor can be wired in place of the stereo indicator
bulb. If the decoder is positive earth (likely if PNC transistors
used) the LCD should be wired with the cathode connected
to the negative supply voltage.

CIRCUIT THREE

STEREO DECODER MONO/STEREO INDICATOR

Circuit three is a further development of circuit two, here in

addition to the stereo beacon a green LED is used to indicate
mono operation, i.e. normal stereo operation has been defeated
because the decoder is too noisy operating in the stereo mode,
which may be the case when tuned to a distant stereo FM
station.

When pin 8 of the MCI310 I.C. is earthed the stereo/mono

switch is disabled and the decoder operates in mono only and
the stereo beacon is switched off, but the green LED is now
9
connected to earth, completing the circuit, and glows to
indicate MONO operation.

V +
Notch
L 14 2 2 KA

MC1310
Green

9 Stereo/mono
8

DIAGRAM 3.

In the diagram the components in the rest of the decoder

circuit are omitted for clarity. The stereo defeat switch is a
DPST type. One of the miniature DPDT slide switches can be
used, in this case the extra set of contacts are not connected.
CIRCUIT FOUR

SUBMINIATURE LED TORCH

This is a very simple circuit for a torch small enough to fit

into a matchbox, if miniature l'Av cells are used to power the
LED. The light given out by a red LED is not very bright but
it is sufficient to enable one to locate a keyhole, check change,
in the darkness. The torch can be equipped with a sub-
miniature slide switch to enable it to be turned on and off.
No resistor is required in series with the LED as the applied
voltage is only 3 volts or less.

10
 battery
+

DIAGRAM 4

CIRCUIT FIVE

LOW VOLTAGE LOW CURRENT SUPPLY

A LED can be used as a low voltage low current rectifier

capable of supplying a few mA for a transistor circuit.

A LED as a rectifier has the advantage that it also functions

as a power ‘ON’ indicator. The LED can be supplied from a
low voltage winding such as a 6.3v heater transformer.

R1
100 TI­
D1
LED I
-f C1
100 p-F
6-3 V
winding I 16 V

DIAGRAM 5.

11
 CIRCUIT SIX

MICROLIGHT INDICATOR

A 2mm red LED can be used as a very low current indicator

for transistorised equipment. A red LED will still produce a
visible gleam from a 9 volt supply even when supplied via a
100KS7 resistor.

+9 V

100 K&

2 mm \
LED

DIAGRAM 6.

Although the gleam from a LED at such a very low current

is not very bright the transition from nonillumination to
illumination when switched on is easily noticed and this is a
very useful indication of switching a function e.g. to ‘record’
on a battery tape recorder.

A 2mm LED is easily fitted into a plastic cabinet by drilling

a'small hole and securing the LED with polystyrene cement,
as used with plastic ‘construction kits’.

12
=
 CIRCUIT SEVEN

ULTRA LOW CURRENT

LED SWITCHING INDICATOR

This circuit uses a red LED to indicate that a circuit has been
switched to a particular function, the LED is only required to
glow for a few seconds for reliable indication and can then be
extinguished. The basis of the circuit is that a capacitor is
charged up by the battery supply and the capacitor supplies
the current for the LED. once the capacitor is discharged the
LED ceases to glow. The switches shown in the diagram (7)
are ganged to the function switch, which could be the PLAY/
RECORD switch fitted to a battery tape recorder.

+9 V /h/: R1
+
D1 \
Y

-ve

DIAGRAM 7.

The electrolytic capacitor charges up again when the circuit

is switched back. The value of the resistor R1 controls the
length the LED glow persists, a lower value can be used, this
will give a brighter glow for a shorter time. If a higher value
of R1 is used this produces a dimmer glow which persists
longer.

13
Components List
Cl lOOOpF 16v electrolytic
R1 22KH 'AW
D1 RED LED
SWITCH 2 pole 2 way (part of function switch)

CIRCUIT EIGHT

LED STROBOSCOPE

This is a simple circuit which uses a red LED as a stroboscopic

flash generator. The LED is powered from a 6.3v AC heater
winding. The LED glows only when forward biased so that
the LED is on for only half the AC cycle and so flashes 50
times per second when powered from AC with a frequency of
50Hz.

One common use is in conjunction with a stroboscopic record

speed disc.

390 n,

DIAGRAM 8.

14
 CIRCUIT NINE

1 2 VOLT CAR CIRCUIT TESTER

This is a LED probe for testing 12 volt car wiring circuits. One
lead of the tester is clipped to chassis, which forms the negative
connection, the second lead is in the form of a probe. When
the probe touches a connection at a potential of 12 volts with
respect to chassis, the LED will glow brightly.

470 SI

Probe
(positive)

Crocodile clip
to chassis
negative

DIAGRAM 9

If the tester is required for use with a positive chassis car the
LED should be wired the other way round so that the anode
is connected to the chassis (positive).

If a 2mm red LED is used for the tester, this together with a
470E2 '/^W resistor can be fitted inside an empty transparent
bail-point pen tube, the negative lead can be a flying lead
fitted with a crocodile clip. The probe can be a long screw
or nail secured in the tube with polystyrene cement.

15
 CIRCUIT TEN

TWO COLOUR LED

This is a circuit for the experimenter, the results vary between

diodes. The circuit uses a green LED. A green LED is much less
efficient at light production when operated at low current
levels. A green LED glows bright green at a high current level
but at a lower current level the glow degenerates to an orangey-
red. If the series resistor used with a green LED is switched so
as to alter the current flowing through the LED this is in effect
a method of colour change. At a voltage of 9 volts a green LED
glows green with a series resistor of 2.2KS7 and orange/red with
a resistor of 22K.f2.The effect varies with diodes and the actual
resistor values may require some adjustment for an optimum
colour change.

+9 V
22 22
KSl ka

I
Green
LED 51 \

-ve

DIAGRAM 10.

16
 CIRCUIT ELEVEN

12 VOLT CAR “FUSE BLOWN” INDICATOR

This is a simple indicator circuit for car use. The LED and its
series resistor arc wired across the car fuse. As long as the fuse
is intact, the LED is shorted out and does not glow. If the
fuse blows the current now passes through the LED and the
LED glows to indicate “FUSE BLOWN". A small current
Hows into the car circuit via the LED but this is only a few
mA.

Fuse
+ 12 V To circuit

4 7 KA LED

SN

DIAGRAM 11

CIRCUIT TWELVE

LED CONTINUITY TESTER

This is a simple continuity tester for testing wires for breaks,

fuses, identifying wires when polarising loudspeakers, etc.
The LED will glow very brightly for low resistance wiring but
will still test quite high resistance circuits, although in this
case the LED glow will be much dimmer.

17
 LED 220 n,
—£4
— 4 5V
battery
+

Probe Probe

DIAGRAM 12

One caution is that the users fingers should not be touching

the probes if the skin is slightly moist firm contact with the
probes will make the LbD glow dimly due to a small current
flowing via the skin.

It is very useful for testing the fuses which have ceramic

tubes which make it impossible to see the fusewire, if the
LED glows bright - fuse alright! The 2 wires can be fitted
with probes or crocodile clips. When testing wires make sure
that the wires are not connected to any source of current,
only^st equipment when it is off.

CIRCUIT THIRTEEN

LED CURRENT OVERLOAD INDICATOR

This is a very simple but useful circuit for indicating the current
flowing in a circuit. It may be of interest to teachers as a
simple demonstration of OHM’s Law.

18
 15 Si,
To circuit

LED

DIAGRAM 13.

The voltage drop across a red LED is about 1 A volts, i.e. there
must be a voltage of about 1 'A volts across a LED for it to
glow. A red LED is connected in parallel with a 1.5f2 3 watt
wirewound resistor. The voltage drop across the resistor
increases with increasing current, when the voltage drop
exceeds 1.5 volts the LED will glow.
From OHM’s Law
V= 1R
If V= 1.5 volts
R= 1.5 ohms
then I = 1 Amp
this means that if the current flowing through the resistor is
greater than about 1 amp the LED glows.

If the circuit is used in conjunction with a power supply which

can only normally supply up to 1 amp (e.g. model control
supply unit) the LED functions as an overload (overLED!)
indicator. The LED glows to indicate OVERLOAD, current
in excess of 1 amp.

At heavy currents the resistor used is a very low resistance

wirewound type of sufficient wattage rating to carry the
circuit current.
The wattage rating is calculated from
W = I2 R
where R is the resistance in ohms
I2 is the square of the current flowing in amps
19
W is the wattage rating in watts
The circuit can easily be used for other current levels by
altering the value of the resistor, lower current higher
resistor value.
Example:
to indicate on a circuit current of 500mA, current 1 = 0.5 A
V = 1.5 volts
R=¥I

R=3
nearest resistor value is 3.3
wattage rating is R
R = 39.
I = 0.5
I2 = 0.5 x 0.5
= 0.25
W = 0.25 x 3
W = 0.75
a resistor of at least I watt rating must be used.

A green LED can be used but as the voltage drop across a

green LED is about 2.2 volts the resistor values must be
calculated accordingly.

CIRCUIT FOURTEEN

LED CURRENT RANGE INDICATOR

This is a development from circuit (13). The voltage drop

across a silicon rectifier under forward bias is about 0.75 volts,
the voltage drop across three silicon rectifiers in series is about
20
 3 x IN4001

15 n
To circuit

LED

\\
DIAGRAM 14

2.2 volts. If 3 such rectifiers arc connected across a LED, when

the voltage exceeds 2.2 volts the rectifiers conduct and, due to
their much smaller forward resistance, short out the LED and
extinguish it. This means that when the current through the
resistor produces a voltage drop in excess of 2.2 volts the LED
is extinguished.
from OHM's Law
1=V
R
V is 2.2 volts
R is 1.5 ohms

1 is about 1 'A amps

so this means that the LED is extinguished when the current
exceeds 1 ‘A amps, the LED is extinguished when the current is
below 1 amp. If the LED is glowing this indicates that the
current flowing through the resistor is between 1 and 1 'A amps.

The resistor in the diagram is a 1.5J2 3 watt wirewound type, •

the rectifiers arc type 1N4001 or similar (50v p.i.v. lamp
rating). The current range indicated can be adjusted by altering
the value of the resistor.

21
 CIRCUIT FIFTEEN

1.5 VOLT LED “ZENER”

The forward voltage drop across a red LED is about 1 volts

and so a red LED under forward bias can be used as a I'A volt
reference source a 114 volt “zener” equivalent.

+3 V +3V

220 Si 100 Si

15 V + 22V +
Red
LED

DIAGRAM 15.
f
Green
LED

r
Tliis is very useful as zener diodes are not available in voltages
below 2.7V. The current through the LED must, as with a
zener diode, be limited by a resistor. If a 2.2 volt reference
source is required a green LED can be utilised. The LEDs are
under forward bias unlike a true zener diode which is reverse
biased for voltage regulation i.e. with cathode positive.
CIRCUIT SIXTEEN

EXTENDING ZENER VOLTAGE

A LED can be connected in series with a zener diode to
increase the reference voltage by 1volts for a red LED and
2.2 volts for a green LED. For example a 7.5 volt zener diode
in series with a red LED is equivalent to a 9 volt zener.
22
The LED has the advantage that it also functions as a'pilot
light.

+12 V

A 680 a
+-
^LED 7-5 +15 V
10 nF da"
16 V — J-9V
* 75 V
zener

DIAGRAM 16.

CIRCUIT SEVENTEEN

FOUR VOLTAGE REGULATED SUPPLY

Four red LEDs in series can be utilised as a four voltage

regulated supply 1 V4v, 3v, 4J4v, 6 volt, equivalent to a battery
supply with regard to the voltages available.

23
 CIRCUIT EIGHTEEN

PsychaLEDic Display

This is a very simple two red LED flashing light display which
plugs into the earpiece socket of a small transistor radio. The
LEDs are powered by the transistor radio audio output, and
flash on and off in time to the music, themusic itself can be
heard on a second radio tuned to the same radio station. The
two radios combine to/ give a sound and light display.
The volume control of the radio should be adjusted so that
the LEDs glow dimly on quiet sounds as monitored on the
second radio, the LEDs will then flash brightly on loud sounds.
24
 Input
from / \
radio 7 X

DIAGRAM 18.

For the best results the LEDs display should be viewed in a

darkened room, the effect is of gently pulsating light. The 2
LEDs can be mounted in front of 2 sheets of aluminium fixed
together at right angles, this arrangement gives multiple
images of the LEDs.

An alternative to the 2 sheets of aluminium is cooking foil

glued to sheets of cardboard.

The LED display should only be used with the output from
a small transistor radio, a large audio signal will overload the
LEDs and damage them.

CIRCUIT NINETEEN

DUAL COLOUR DISPLAY

A further development of circuit (18) is to use a red and a

■ green LED in the display. A green LED is much less sensitive
!■
than a red LED so a 1N4001 silicon rectifier is connected in
- series with the red LED in order to equalise the light outputs
of the 2 LEDs. The dual colour display will require a higher
audio operating current than circuit (18).

25
 Input
from
radio

^ IN4001

Red

//
X
Green

DIAGRAM 19.

CIRCUIT TWENTY

DUAL SIGNAL DEVICE

This is a simple 2 LED device which enables 2 wires to control

2 separate LED indicators. If 2 LEDs are connected in inverse
parallel, as a LED only glows when under forward bias, the
polarity of the voltage applied to the pair of LEDs determines
which LED will glow.

The circuit is battery powered and a DPDT control switch

reverses the connections to the battery. At position (i) LED 1
glows, at position (ii) LED 2 glows. As the two red LEDs are
powered by a 3 volt battery, no limiting resistor is required.
If a 2 pole 3 way switch is used the switches third position
can be LEDs off.

26
 1

2\
battery Jf^L
i
o /
7 f1
LED 11____ |LED2
\

+
O

DIAGRAM 20

CIRCUIT TWENTY-ONE

LED TRIPLE SIGNALLING

A further development of circuit (20) is possible if the circuit

is powered by 2 volts AC derived from a low voltage mains
transformer.

Two 1N4001 silicon rectifiers can be used to provide supplies

of alternate polarity but a third position of switching, supply­
ing the LEDs with AC means that both LEDs glow.

If a 1 pole 4 way switch is used the signal positions possible

are
(i) LED 1 on.
(ii) LED 2 on.
(iii) LED 1 and LED 2 on.
(iv) LEDs off.

Thus a 2 wire circuit can carry 3 distinct signals.

27
V
 2 x IN4001

2 V
S3\S
-------- O
Switch

AC O /
V \
LE01 jLED2

DIAGRAM 21.

CIRCUIT TWENTY-TWO

SUB-MINIATURE LIGHT SOURCE

FOR MODEL RAILWAYS

A 2mm LED is a minute light source ideal for building into

locomotives on model railways to simulate firebox glow etc.
The one disadvantage is that a LED is polarity conscious, if
the supply to a locomotive is reversed to cause the locomotive
to run in the opposite direction, the LED will be extinguished.

The solution is to build a miniature bridge rectifier inside the

locomotive shell, powered by the locomotive supply. Such a
bridge rectifier provides a constant supply for one or several
LEDs regardless of polarity input to the bridge. Each 2mm
LED used should be fitted with a470fior greater value resistor.

The bridge rectifier should be assembled from four 1N4001

silicon rectifiers, these are very small and should present no
mounting problems. 2mm yellow LEDs would be suitable for
mounting inside railway coaches to simulate coach lights.

28
 4 x IN4001

Locomotive
supply

470 a NN

470 w
2 mm
LEDs
470 n.

DIAGRAM 22

CIRCUIT TWENTY-THREE

PORTABLE TELEVISION PROTECTION CIRCUIT

This is a LED circuit for use with a 12 volt battery portable

television set. If a portable television is powered from a 12
volt car battery, tite television can be damaged if the battery
polarity is incorrect.

In the circuit the 1N5400 rectifier will only conduct and pass
current to the circuit if the applied polarity is correct. If the
battery polarity is correct the red LED is reverse biased and .
does not glow. If the battery polarity is incorrect the 1N5400 \
is reverse biased and will not conduct protecting the television
circuit from damage, the red LED is now forward biased and
will glow to indicate FAULT - battery reversed.
29
 IN5400
+ 12 V

1 KA

TV circuit

I
LED \
\

DIAGRAM 23.

The 1N5400 silicon rectifier specified is a 3 amp type and is

suitable for any portable television. The red LTD can be fitted
into the portable TV case next to the 12 volt battery
connector.

CIRCUIT TWENTY-FOUR

IMPROVED PORTABLE TV
PROTECTION CIRCUIT

A development of circuit (23), this circuit uses two LEDs,

one red, one green.

The red LED glows only if the 12 volt battery polarity is

wrong to indicate FAULT — battery reversed.

The green LED glows if the battery polarity is correct and

indicates norma] operation.

30
 IN5400
+ 12 V ►f
2 2 KA 1 KA +
TV circuit
N
\
Red

DIAGRAM 24

CIRCUIT TWENTY-FIVE

LED BATTERY TESTER

6 V
220 SI
\ LED3
\
O4 5 V
220 SI
X LED2
Test
03 V probes
220 SI
\ LED1
\

DIAGRAM 25.

31

I
This is a simple inexpensive GOOD/NO GOOD tester for 3v,
4V4v or 6v batteries. The switch sets the tester to the various •
voltages. A 3 volt battery will make LED 1 glow, a 4'A volt
battery will make LED 1 and LED 2 glow, a 6 volt battery
will make LED 1, LED 2 and LED 3 glow.

A substandard or failing battery will produce a dim or fading

glow or no glow at all. The switch used is a 1 pole 3 way type.

CIRCUIT TWENTY-SIX

SIMPLE LED TIMER

On/off
O + 6-9 V
R1
560
R2
22
I 1 K,n
>n,
/
C1 /
2000 nF c
b
-41 e
/ 80108
Time

T — ve

BC108

DIAGRAM 26.

32
This is a simple electronic timer, when the TIME button is
pressed the red LED is extinguished, about 30 seconds later
the LED glows again to indicate time elapsed. The time
period depends on the value of Cl, increasing the value of
Cl extends the time period. The circuit can be powered by
6 to 9 volts.

Components List
R1 560-Q
R2 22KL2 J4W
R3 1 Kft \
Cl 2000pF 16V electrolytic
Transistor silicon NPN BC108 or similar
Time switch SPST type
CIRCUIT TWENTY-SEVEN

LED LOGIC PROBE

This is a two LED Logic Probe which is powered by the 5 volt

circuit supply under test.

33
 When the probe is connected to the 5 volt supply both red and
, green LEDs will glow. When the logic probe touches a circuit
connection, if the GREEN LED glows brightly this indicates
logic level 0, if the RED LED glows brightly this indicates logic
level 1.
CIRCUIT TWENTY-EIGHT

FLASHING LED DISPLAY

This is a two red LED Hashing display based on the use of a

low frequency transistor multivibrator circuit.

+9 V
/ LED1 LED2 \
7
R1
hR222 hR3
22 R4
470 Ukjl U KvO, 470
SI SI

'-4C1 C2
4-7 nF 4 7 jiF
c c
b b

e 8C108 BC108
e
—ve

BC108

DIAGRAM 28.

34
The values indicated in the circuit diagram give a rapid on/off
display, if the value of Cl and C2 is increased this will give a
lower frequency and hence slower flashing rate.

Components List
R1 470f2 ' Cl 4.7pF 16V
R2 22KF2 C2 4.7pF 16V
WW
R3 22K52 LED1.LED2 red LEDs
R4 470.Q
Trl, Tr2 BC108 or similar silicon NPN transistors

CIRCUIT TWENTY-NINE

EXPERIMENTAL UNIJUNCTION
LED FLASHER

This is a LED circuit for the experimenter.

The circuit is based on a very low frequency unijunction

oscillator. The pulses of current through R3 produce a voltage
which causes the LED to flash.

The flashes occur at regular intervals, the time period depends

on the value of Cl, which must be a non-electrolytic type
capacitor.

The flashes are not very bright, with some LEDs the flash may
only be visible in a darkened room. The brilliance of the flash
may be increased by using a supply of 18 volts.

The circuit depends on the low level current performance of

the LED, if the LED is of poor efficiency which may be the
case with low price “surplus” or “bargain” types, it will not
work in this particular circuit. The interval between flashes
35
 +9 V

R1 R2
22 1 KSl
MSI b2
e
TIS43
b-1
C1
2047
HF R3
220 /
ji 7
—ve

TIS43
connections

b1 b2 e

DIAGRAM 29.

can be decreased by reducing the value of Cl e.g. to 0.22pF

or increased by using a higher value e.g. lpF or 2.2pF.

Components List
R1 2.2Mft
R2 lKft >/4W
R3 220ft .
Cl 0.47uF'
Unijunction transistor type T1S43 or UT46

36
 CIRCUIT THIRTY

AUDIO FREQUENCY ZERO BEAT INDICATOR

If two AF oscillators arc connected together and are very near

in frequency a low frequency or beat frequency corresponding
to the difference between the two frequencies is produced.
When the two oscillators are at the same frequency the beat
frequency is zero. If the resultant AF voltage is fed to two
red LFDs in inverse parallel, as the beat frequency falls below
50Hz the LEDs will flicker at a slower and slower rate until
at near zero beat both LFDs will be extinguished indicating
that the 2 oscillators are operating at the same frequency.

220X1 !

DIAGRAM 30.
AF
voltage
=== 3 V
a
/
7
D \

l CIRCUIT THIRTY-ONE

i
SIMPLE TRANSISTOR TESTER
i

This is a very simple GOOD/NO GOOD tester for small signal

NPN transistors. If the transistor is good the LED will glow
brightly.

The circuit only tests the ability of a transistor as a current

amplifier.
37
 0 10 K.H,
i /
t
470 SI
i±
l
9 V
| battery

c
b Transistor
o under Test
test
e

DIAGRAM 31.

I
CIRCUIT THIRTY-TWO |

SIMPLE NPN/PNP TRANSISTOR TESTER

This is a development from circuit (31) by switching the

battery connections to reverse the polarity and using two red
LEDs of alternate polarity the tester now caters for both NPN
and PNP transistors.

38
 1

NPN
c/^QPNP

A7 A
/ +
NPN PNP
asa

0 10 KjfL I 470 A
i
9 V
i bottery

Jc
Transistor
b under
test

Test

DIAGRAM 32

CIRCUIT THIRTY-THREE

VERY LOW CURRENT LED

ON/OFF INDICATOR

This is an on/off indicator for battery powered equipment,

the circuit only uses power for a few seconds after switching :
on.

At switch on Cl charges via R1 and LED 1, LED 1 glows to

indicate ON, the glow rapidly fades away as Cl charges up,
when Cl is fully charged the LED ceases to glow as no
current is flowing. At switch OFF, Cl discharges via R1 and
LED 2, and LED 2 glows to indicate OFF, discharging Cl.

39
-»
On/off
To rest

I
&
of circuit
LED1 \
\

2 2
LED2 A ^
1000 mE
+
16 V

7^7 —ve

DIAGRAM 33.

CIRCUIT THIRTY-FOUR

BINARY DEMONSTRATOR

This is a circuit to demonstrate the fundamental idea of the

binary system of numbers.

A 6 way switch turns on 3 red LEDs in turn to correspond

with the denary (base 10) numbers 1-6.
LED 1 indicates 2° (=1)
LED 2 indicates 21 (=2)
LED 3 indicates 22 (=4)

40
Counting is
DENARY BINARY
1 1
2 1 0
3 1 1
4 1 0 0
5 1 0 1
6 1 1 0
1 indicated by a LED illuminated
0 indicated by a LED not illuminated
The switch used is a 2 pole 6 way type.
The circuit can be extended if a switch with more than 6
positions is available, with 4 LEDs in use the maximum
count is 11 11 which corresponds to 15, although as switches
are not usually available for more than 12 way the maximum
count possible will be 1100 (12).

2° 21 2Z
+9 V
/
LED1 LED2 LED3
7

1 K 1K 1
1

O- 02

O 04 .t

n: -ve i

DIAGRAM 34.

41
 CIRCUIT THIRTY-FIVE

LED NIGHTLIGHT

This is a LED circuit for a night light. When switched on the

red LED glows brightly and then gradually dims over a period
of about 30 minutes until the LED is extinguished. The time
• delay depends on the time taken for Cl to charge up, a higher
value for Cl will give a longer time period. The transistors
used are silicon NPN types such as the BC108.

On/off
-cSo—+9 V
C1
2 2 nF £
16 V
T
c
3 x BC108 b
e

390 SI

LED
7A
—ve
DIAGRAM 35.

42

:
 CIRCUIT THIRTY-SIX

IC LED FLASHER

This circuit uses the logic gates of a 7400 type integrated

circuit to form a low frequency multivibrator which drives two
red LEDs causing them to flash alternately.

Each 7400 IC contains 4 gates sufficient to drive 4 red LEDs,

the circuit diagram shows the circuit for one multivibrator,

+5 V

1
3
'/ E C1
L
Notch

14 □
+ l C2 q 0
47 q □
KF C 7400 3
C1 16 V
+ c □
in
47 p.F C 3
16 V C7 8 1
f Connections to
gates 3 & 4

6 1 (13)
2 (12)
■ ► 3 (11)
IC pin 7 (— ve) 4 (14)
4-7 4-7 5 (9)
K K4L 6 (8)
—ve Pin 14 = +ve
Pin 7 = — ve

DIAGRAM 36.

43
the other 2 gates can also be connected together in similar
fashion to form a second multivibrator. The pin numbers on
the diagram are the connections to the 14 pin IC, the numbers
given in brackets are the connections to the other 2 gates.
The circuit should be powered from a 5 volt supply, although
a 4'/l volt battery can be used. The time interval between
flashes depends on the volume of Cl and C2, for a longer
time period (lower frequency) i.e. slower flashing rate a larger
value of electrolytic capacitor e.g. IOOjuF or 220pF can be
used.

If several 7400 ICseach driving 4 LEDs are assembled together,

with different values of timing capacitors used to give a
variation in flash rates, a scintillating display can be produced.

CIRCUIT THIRTY-SEVEN

AUTOMATIC MAINS/BATTERY SWITCH

This is an automatic electronic switch for use in transistorised

equipment which is normally powered from the mains. If the
mains derived 9 volt supply fails the red LED conducts and
passes current to the circuit from the reserve battery, note that
it is only suitable for a circuit requiring a low current. The
LED conducts and glows to indicate MAINS FAILURE. With
the circuit powered from the mains the LED is reverse biased
and no current flows from the battery, once the mains power
is restored the LED turns off again disconnecting the reserve
battery.

The power supplied by the reserve battery is less than 9 volts

due to the voltage drop across the red LED.

44
 +9 V
mains
supply To circuit

4- LED

9 V
reserve
-T battery

X
DIAGRAM 37

CIRCUIT THIRTY-EIGHT

VOLTAGE COMPARATOR

This circuit uses a differential amplifier to compare 2 voltage

inputs, if the 2 inputs are of equal voltage the 2 LEDs will be
at equal brilliance. The light output varies between LEDs and
so LED 1 and LED 2 should be matched for brilliance if
possible.

The circuit can form the basis of an FM tuning indicator, one

input can be an AFC reference voltage, the other input will
be from the ratio discriminator output. The circuit is then
adjusted so that at the optimum tuning point the two LEDs
are of equal brilliance.

The two transistors used are silicon NPN types such as BC108.
The two transistors used in the circuit should be a matched
pair if possible.

45
 i

CIRCUIT THIRTY-NINE

LED/ZENER VOLTAGE MEASURING

A LED and a zener diode connected in series can be used to

measure a voltage.

For example if a red LED is connected in series with a

7.5 volt zener diode the combination will not conduct until
the voltage exceeds l.Sv + 7.5v = 9 volts, i.e. the LED will
not glow at all until the voltage exceeds 9 volts.

The lKft resistor limits the current through the LED/zener

combination.
46
 1 KA
Voltage
to be /
LEO
measured 7
7 5V

DIAGRAM 39

CIRCUIT FORTY

LED/ZENER VOLTAGE RANGE

MEASURING CIRCUIT

This circuit is a development of circuit (39). In circuit (39)

when the red LED glows this is an indication that the voltage
input exceeds the voltage drop across the LED/zener
combination. If silicon rectifiers (type 1N4001) are added in
parallel across the red LED, when the voltage across the LED
exceeds 2.2 volts, the silicon rectifiers conduct and, due to
the much lower forward resistance of a silicon rectifier com­
pared to a LED, extinguishes the LED.

Circuit (40) uses a 10 volt zener and red LED combination

so that the LED glows at 11.5 (10 + 1.5v) and is extinguished
at 12.2v (10 + 2.2v), so that if the LED is glowing it indicates
the voltage is between 11.5 and 12.2 volts.

47
 1 Kifl,

I
^led 3 x IN4001

10 V
zener

— ve

DIAGRAM 40.

CIRCUIT FORTY-ONE

CONSTANT CURRENT CHARGER i

A LED has a constant voltage drop across it when under

forward bias, this constant voltage can be used as a reference
for a transistor in a current control circuit. In circuit (41) a
small transistor supplies a constant current of 50mA which
is sufficient to recharge small Nickel-Cadmium cells. The
2N697 transistor should be fitted with a T05 type heat-sink
as it will be passing current for several hours while recharging
Ni-Cad cells. With a 9 volt input as indicated one, two or
three Ni-Cad cells can be recharged.

48
 -9 V

LED n ’
b
22 XL
e
2N697
c

D 1 kxl Nicad cells

under chorge

DIAGRAM 41.

The current flow is controlled by the transistor, the current

is set by the value of R1, if R1 is 220, the current is fixed at
50mA. If a lower current is required the value of R1 should
be increased e.g. for 25mA R1 should be 390.

If a higher current is required a lower value for Rl is required

but in this case a higher power rating transistor should be
used.

CIRCUIT FORTY-TWO

MULTIZENER

This circuit depends on connecting LEDs, rectifiers and zener

diodes in combination to form voltage regulators. It is also a
use of the binary system. The switches shown in the circuit
diagram are SPST types, when the switch is in the OFF position
the diodes controlled by that switch are in circuit, when the
switch is in the ON position the diodes are bypassed.

49
For each position the voltage control value is double the
previous section. The first “element” is a red LED which gives
a voltage drop of I'A volts, the next element is a green LED
and a silicon rectifier in series which gives a total voltage drop
of nearly 3 volts (2.2 volts + 0.75 volts)'as the forward voltage
drops across a green LED is about 2.2 volts.

The next element is a red LED + a 4.7v zener diode. Total

voltage 1.5v + 4.7v = 6.2 volts.

The final element is a green LED + lOv zener diode, voltage

50
lOv + 2.2v = 12.2v. The total set gives a close approximation
to the binary series 1 Viv, 3v, 6v, 12 volt.

When in use each LED glows to indicate when in circuit; by use

of the four switches any voltage from 1 '/iv to 2214v
(1 Zz + 3 + 6 + 12) can be regulated.

The voltages available are 1 Viv, 3v, 4'/iv, 6v, 7'/4v, 9v, 10!4v.
12v, 13‘/2V, 15v, 16'/iv, 18v, 19Viv, 21 v and 22V4v.

If required the binary series can be extended, the next element

is 24 volts, this could be a green LED + a 22 volt zener diode.
The zener diodes used in the circuit can be 400mW types.

The multizencr is intended for low power reference voltage

purposes only, if high power regulation is required the multi-
zener should be used to provide the control voltage for a
power transistor.

Components List
D1.D4 Red LED
D3, D6 Green LED
D2 1N4001 silicon rectifier
D5 4.7v 400mW zener diode
D6 lOv

CIRCUIT FORTY-THREE

DUAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR

This is a transistor voltage regulator designed for a 12 volt

input. The reference voltage for the 2N697 transistor is
provided by LED/zener combinations, the rectifier
compensates for the voltage drop across the transistor.
The current supplied by the regulator should be less than
100mA, if a higher current is required a larger transistor
51
 2N697 !
c e

3?
+12 V OOutput
R1
1000 680

I 16 V
£1 b

6 V 9V

47 V 68 V

Red *v- \ Green

2N697

DIAGRAM 43.
I IN4001

-ve

such as a 2N3055 should be substituted. The voltages

supplied are 6.2v (1.5v + 4.7v) and 9v (2.2v + 6.8v) the
LEDs indicate which voltage the regulator is switched to,
red 6.2 volts, green 9 volts. The switch used can be a
SPDT slide type.

Components List
R1 Resistor 680£2 V4W
D1 4.7v 400mW zener
D2 Red LED
D3 ln4001 silicon rectifier
D4 6.8v 400mW zener
D5 Green LED
Transistor 2N697
Cl lOOOpF 16v electrolytic capacitor

S2
 '

CIRCUIT FORTY-FOUR

LOW VOLTAGE TESTER

1
This is a very simple two red LED circuit to test low voltages.
The 2 LEDs and the resistor are fitted inside a small plastic
box equipped with 2 flying lest leads. LED 1 is fitted next to
lead I. LED 2 is fitted next to lead 2.

In use, the 2 leads are connected to the low voltage circuit

under test, the red LED glow indicates positive, if LED 1
glows this indicates that lead I is connected to the positive
line (lead 2 negative), if LED 2 glows this indicates that
lead 2 is connected to the positive line (lead 1 negative). If
both LEDs glow this indicates that the voltage under test is
AC.

Lead 2

2 2 KSl

i i
M
LED1 LED2

Lead 1

LED 1 glows LEAD 1 +ve

LED 2 glows LEAD 2 +ve
BOTH glow A.C.

DIAGRAM 44.

53
. ‘
 CIRCUIT FORTY-FIVE

OPTICALLY ISOLATED
VARIABLE RESISTANCE

This is a circuit for the experimenter. The light from a red LED
is allowed to fall onto an ORP12 or similar cadmium sulphide
photoconductive cell. The cadmium sulphide cell has a resis­
tance in the dark (i.e. no light on it) of several million ohms,
under very bright conditions the resistance may fall to a few
hundred ohms or less, so that a wide range of resistance is
possible.

100 KJT
LIN

t + ve 9 volts
CdS 390 sfb
cell /
0RP12 7
/ LED
7
-ve
I
DIAGRAM 45.

In use the LED should be positioned next to the ORP12 cell,

some adjustment will be required to find the most sensitive
spot. While the adjustments are carried out the ORP1 2 cell
should be connected to the low ohms range of a multimeter
and the LED should be set at maximum brilliance, the
positions can then be adjusted for minimum resistance of the
0RP12. Once the optimum position has been found the two
components should be shielded from ambient lighting. In the
prototype circuit the LED was glued onto the ORP12 with
54
transparent polystyrene cement, both were then wrapped in
black insulating tape. In use the variable resistor controls the
brightness of the LED and the brightness of the LED controls
the resistance of the ORP12.
If the circuit is required for a “noiseless" volume control the
supply to the LED should be very well smoothed to avoid the
LED light output being modulated by mains hum due to
ripple on the power supply. The circuit has the great advantage
that the ORP12 is completely isolated from the electrical circuit
controlling the LED, there is no electrical connection.

CIRCUIT FORTY-SIX

THREE LEI) PRESET STATION INDICATOR

This is an indicator circuit for use with an FM tuner using preset

tuning. The preset system requires a six push buttorn switch for
selection of six FM stations. Each push button controls 3 ganged
ON/OFF switches so that each position must have 3 pole on/off
or switching that can be used in this way, e.g. 3 pole 2 way.
Most pushbutton assemblies have more switching capability than
shown in the diagram, any surplus positions are left unconnected.
For each position of switching one of the ON/OFF switches
connects in the preset voltage for the FM varicap tuner system,
the remaining two switches control the three LEDs. The indica­
tion is based on the binary system of counting, diagram 46(a)
illustrates how the various LEDs glow to indicate each station.

Note that as a six position switch is used one combination is

unused. LED 1,2, and 3 illuminated this corresponds to a
seventh station i.e. binary equivalent of seven.

Diagram 46(b) illustrates the connections to the switches the

poles of the switches are numbered 1 A, IB, 1C, 2A etc. the
C poles of the switches control the selection of preset voltages
for tuning.
55
 WHITE SPOT LED GLOWING, BLACK SPOT LED OFF.

LED LED LED STATION

3 2 1

© O ONE

o e TWO

o o THREE

O © © FOUR

o © o FIVE

o o © SIX

DIAGRAM 46 (a)

1A

LED1
5A
+9 V
3A \\ 2 2 KTL

38

LED2
-W—<=■—
2 2 KA
+9 v
2A \\
-ve

5B

4A LED3
O +9 V
6B \\ 2 2 KT1

DIAGRAM 46 (b).

56
SWITCH I a, b. c is for station 1
SWITCH 2 a, b, c is for station 2 etc.

In the original prototype FM tuner a pleasing layout was

obtained by using SIX LCDs. LEDs 1, 2. 3 on the left hand side
of the front panel comprised the station indicator, LEDs 4, 5
and 6 were on the right hand side of the front panel. LEDs 4
and‘6 were used in a 2 LED tuning indicator and LED 5 was
used as the stereo beacon, this gave a pleasing symmetrical
design.

THE 707 COMMON ANODE DISPLAY

The 707 display consists of 8 LEDs forming the seven segments,

A. B, C. D, E, F, G and the decimal point by illumination of
the various segments all the numbers 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
can be displayed.

The 707 is housed in a 14 DIL package pins 4, 5 and 12 are

missing.

CIRCUIT FORTY-SEVEN

RANDOM NUMBER DISPLAY

This circuit uses a 707 common anode LED display, which

consists of 8 LEDs with a common anode connection and
8 separate cathode connections, the eighth LED is for the
decimal point.

If two 7400 1C multivibrators are constructed, the eight

LEDs arc required (see circuit 36) can be the eight LEDs of a
seven segment display. The LEDs will flash on and off and
57
 707 display

O O
PIN 1 cathode A
O A O PIN 2 cathode F
PIN 3 common ANODE
°F G
B®
PIN 6 cathode DP
O PIN 7 cathode E
• E co PIN 8 cathode D
D
□ o PIN 10 cothode C
O o PIN 11 cothode G
PIN 13 cathode 8
o o

DL707 common anode display

14 D I L pins 3, 4, 5, 12 missing

DIAGRAM 47,

certain combinations form numbers. A more effective display

is possible if two 707 displays and eight multivibrators using
four 7400 ICs are connected together.

Each multivibrator has two outputs A and A, i.e. if one out­

put is ON the other is off. If each A output is connected to
one 7 segment display and the ~K outputs are connected to
the other, the most effective display is produced. If all the
LEDs on one 707 display are “on” the display reads .8,
the other display is blank, if one display reads l the other
reads 3. The displays will be constantly changing because
even if all the multivibrators have identical capacitors, due
to the variation in nominal capacitor values, each one will
run at a slightly different rate.

58
 CIRCUIT FORTY-EIGHT

LEGEND DISPLAY

The 707 display can be used as a legend display by connecting

the various cathodes together. Circuit (48) depicts the display
used as a stereo beacon for a stereo decoder, the cathodes are
connected together to display 5 which looks like and S for
STEREO.

An alternative display is to use segments A and D as the two

LEDs in a 2 LED tuning indicator, and use segments F, G and
C as the stereo beacon LEDs, when a station is on tune the
two segments will be illuminated, if the station is transmitting
in stereo, the 2 segments together with the 3 segments
illuminated by the decoder form a 5 or S.

680 dl
To decodes

□
+9 V

□
C

DIAGRAM 48.

59
The 707 display by suitable interconnections can display.
1 or 1 6 or G
2 7
3 8 or B
4 or H 9
5 orS 0 or 0
also A, C, E, F, H, L, P, U and with the decimal point,
.1, .2, .3, .4, .5, .6, .7, .8, .9, .0.
CIRCUIT FORTY-NINE
ROMAN 1, 2, 3 DISPLAY

This is a very simple circuit to enable tire Roman figures 1, 11

and III to be displayed for circuit indication. A 707 display
is mounted sideways the switch turns on the segments D, G
and A in turn.

X
-ve
4 7 tax
o

1 14 p
47
c 2 13 □
+9 V 3
707 „
display^
P
O"7
KX1
C6 9 P
c 7 8

DIAGRAM 49.

60
 I is segment G on
II is segments D and A on
III is segments D, A and G on.

The segments are controlled by a 2 pole 3 way switch, spare

poles of the switch can be used to control the circuits so
numbered.
CIRCUIT FIFTY

NUMERICAL DISPLAY

©
© I
®r-o i
i
i
2 2 KIL i

-ve
1

1-q 1 14 □
+9 V
a2 13
—d 3
707 11
10
C 6 9 p
7 8

SWITCH POSITION 1 displays 1

SWITCH POSITION 2 displays 3
SWITCH POSITION 3 displays 0
2 pole 3 way switch

DIAGRAM 50.

61
The 707 display can with the use of switching display several
numbers in turn. The switching is simplified if the numbers
have common segments. For example a circuit to display 8 or
9 is very simple the difference is segment E, only this needs
to be switched ON and OFF to change the number. If segments
ABCDFG are continuously on and E off 9 is displayed, if E is
on an 8 is displayed. Other examples are 5 and 6 this pair of
numbers differ in one segment only.

The circuit shown in diagram fifty displays 1,3 or 8; 1 and 3

have no common segments which simplifies switching, when
both sets are displayed 1 and 3 form an 8. The switch is a 2
pole 3 way type.

62 =
 OTHER BOOKS AVAILABLE BY THE SAME AUTHOR

BP36: 50 CIRCUITS USING GERMANIUM SILICON AND

ZENER DIODES
ISBN: 0 89534 039 2 Price: 75p
Approx. Size: 180 x 105 mm 64 pages
Contains 50 interesting and useful circuits and applications,
covering many different branches of electronics, using one of
the most simple and inexpensive of components the diode.
Includes the use of germanium and silicon signal diodes,
- silicon rectifier diodes and z.ener diodes, etc. A valuable
addition to the library of both the beginner and more
advanced enthusiast alike.

Please note overleaf is a list of other titles that are available in

our range of Radio and Electronic Books.
These should be available from most good Booksellers,
Radio Component Dealers and Mail Order Companies.
However, should you experience difficulty in obtaining
any title in your area, then please write directly to the
publishers enclosing payment to cover the cost of the book
plus adequate postage.

BABANI PRESS & BERNARDS (PUBLISHERS) LTD

THE GRAMPIANS
SHEPHERDS BUSH ROAD
LONDON W6 7NF
ENGLAND
 )

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207 Practical Electronic Science Projects 75p
200 Practical Stereo and Quadrophony Ha ndbook 7Sp
209 Modern Tape Recording Handbook 75p
210 The Complete Car Radio Manual 75p
211 First Book of Oiode Characteristics Equivalents and Substitutes 9Sp
213 Electronic Circuits for Model Railways B5p
214 Audio Enthusiasts Handbook 85p
215 Shortwave Circuits and Gear for Experimenters and Radio Hams 8Sp
216 Electronic Gadgets and Games 85p l
217 Solid State Power Supply Handbook 85p
218 Build Your Own Electronic Experimenters Laboratory 8Sp
219 Solid State Novelty Projects 8Sp
220 Build Your Own Solid State Hi-Fi and Audio Accessories 85p
221 28 Tested Transistor Projects 95p
222 Solid State Short Wave Receivers for Beginners 9Sp
223 50 Projects using 1C CA3I30 95p
224 50 CMOS 1C Projects 95p
225 A Practical Introduction to Digital IC's 9Sp
226 How to Build Advanced Short Wave Receivers l.20p
227 Beginners Guide to Building Electronic Projects 1.25 p .
228 Essential Theory for the Electronics Hobbyist l-25p
RCC Resistor Colour Code Disc Calculator lOp
The Grampians, Shepherds Bush Road, London W6 7NF. England
Telephone: 01-603 2581/7296
 fllBLOlVi.-tk
N.V.H.R*

-
BABANI PRESS BP42
!
!
50 Simple L.E.D.
Circuits

■ The author of this book, Mr. R. N. Soar,

has compiled 50 interesting and useful circuits
and applications, covering many different
branches of electronics, using one of the most
inexpensive and freely available components —
the Light Emitting Diode (L.E.D.).

■ Also includes circuits for the 707 Common

Anode Display.

L A useful book for the library of both

beginner and more advanced enthusiast alike.

E Companion volume to book No.BP36—50

CIRCUITS USING GERMANIUM, SILICON &
ZENER DIODES by the same author.

BABANI PRESS
Bibliotheek Ned. Ven
The Grampians
Shepherds Bush Road
London W6 7NF
England