1

25

37

61

67

93

103

137

163

185

201

231

265

285

313
1
 I I I
-c-c- &l - C - H
I I I

ai~~~nr”amxin (Carbohydrate)

2 BI 115
 0 H

F-E H - :: - OH
I
I - c - OH c - o
I I
H - c - OH B A c - OH

li A

Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone

pli 1-Z

ll Ketone

E-&OH

E&E

l&OH

Glucose Fructose

$+ l-3

BI 115
 Glucose Fructose

4 BI 115
 Ii=0
Ii-
F- O H
F
H - -OH D-Ribose
F
H - - O H
F
CH,OH OH OH

D-2-Deoxyribose

O H H

FHO
H-C-OH
FVH
H O -4, - H
Galacrore
H O - -H
c
H-C-OH
AH,OH H OH

Glycosidic linkage

H OH H OH

CH,OH

CH,OH CH,OH

H,OH

OH H
sucrov

Id4 l-6 Disaccharide

BI 115
 PM Ii YOM H,OH H,OH
H H H H H H Ii H H
. . OH H OMH OH H on H on H o...
H
~4H H H H H OH H H

BI 115
 7dd l-8 Amylopectin

BI 115 7
 JIG l-10 Cellulose

8 BI 115
 H
r-------q
I? - ; -jCOOH’ I - Carboxyl group
‘-p-y -_----.:
/ NH, ! -Amino group
L_--__.I
 L-Alanmc (,.A~ L-Valtnc wall I.-lsolcuclne (IIC)
B Ho 7 ” P $ ” Ho
H - N * - - C H - N * - --c H - N * - - C
+
Ii % H , ‘O- iI f ‘0. $ C” ‘b
/8
H,C CH, CL, ‘CH,
/
“,C

r-Prolmc (Pro)

r 7 /p
H--N---C--C
\ \
c/H
< ,‘“I O-
CH,

I-ti,“,amK actd ICIUI L -Ly.l”e IL).>)

7 7 //” B ‘: P
n--N----C---C
H-N’--F-c \
/I _ H: ‘ O - A H, O-
+
C”* F “2

-o’ cNo
AH,
H,N’-- E H,

L-Gluumme Gin) L-Cplcine (Cys)

‘i ”
H-N’- -C
A ‘o-
f h

H 0 H H
I I I I
- R--C-C--N-C-R’ + Hz0
I
NHz COOH NH:! COOH

AMINO ACID 1 + AMINO ACID 2 A DIPEPTIDE

7l.k l - 1 3 Synthesis of a peptide bond by joining two amino acids

10 Bill5
a& l - 1 4 General formula of a polypeptide chain showing the linkage of adjacent amino acid residues
through peptide bonds

BI 115 11
;spr 4 l - 1 5 The primary structure ot insulin. There are slight variations in different species in the amino
acid sequence at a lold of one of the polypeptide chains.

12 BI 115
1114 l-17 Sketch illuetreting the complicated folding of a globular protein stabilized by noncorelent
bonds.

BI 115 ‘\ 13
14 BI 115
$6 l-19 Triglyceride formation
16 BI 115
wa ring

pyrimidm
Pwmc

J¶k I-20 Purine and pyrimidine ring

Wflfkbfl74&4bL¶JIJ purine ring L~ti~QQflL~I.k adenine LLR: guanine

A&nine GUOflk

I& 1-21 Purine bases

wan&b~~,9&l’?suw pyrimidine ring MiJQQnL%! cytosine, thymine UR’: uracil

?$2 gLCH3 lx!)

$4 1-22 Pyrimidine bases

RNA !di thymine base Udd uracil base bbYlU

17
81115
 *
2. ¶kJlIP k&XMfIL’?fl.k 2 V&l $0 ribose !,LRI deoxy ribose Ribose L&-4 monosac-

charide $&lgWl&TU 5 QSKIXJWII%U nucleotide WI9 RNA %L%fl’k ribonucleotide

Deoxyribose &I ~‘lWlA ribose ~J7~7wauoc~ouuoJ~7go~n~~~~~~~n~~~n~ 1 OSlO%J

wEl!u nucleotide YO9 DNA %&In deoxyribonucleotide

ao.Ribose q2Oeoxya4ibose

7pJi 1 - 2 3

1-25

,
18 81115
 Ultimate hydrolysis products of DNA and RNA

DNA RNA
Adenine Adenine
Purrne bases
I Guanine I Guanine
Cytosine Cytosine
Pyrimidrne bases
I Thymine I Uracil
Pentose sugar 2-Deoxyribose Ribose
Inorganic acid Phosphoric acid Phosphoric acid

BI 115 19
 0

(N 3. End

Ilk l-27 Structure of a polyribonucleotide (RNA)

20 81115
5’ End

5’

Thyminr

H
(b)
3’ End

111; l - 2 8 Strucium of a polydeoxyrlbonucleotide (DNA)

21
 P
HO-P=0

Hydrogen oondlnq system

I& l - 2 9 Double helix of DNA. Here, P means phosphate

22 BI 115

,
$4 l-30 The complete sequence of alanyl tRNA illusirating fhe possible cloverleaf structure of the
transfer ribonucleic acid and the positioning of unusual bases: I/I pseudouridine; I, inosine;
UH2, dihydrouridine; T, ribothymidina; Of&, methyl guanosine; and IMe, methyl inosine. The
dashed lines indicate hydrogen bonding.

BI 115 23
52 BI 115
 perforation plate

- secondary wall

70 BI 115

%
81115 123
 flT&hJw”Pa~ (Reproduction)

137
BI 115
 Y

138
148 BI 115
BI 115 157
 nhhh&hn
44

37

IO

64

20

44

31

160 BI 115
 LA-S-E I

’ SffOR7-NECKED AND-s. L-
ANCESTOR STRRCHES >

DAFlWlN’S GIRAFFE

ANCESTORS OF VAFWNG
NECK LENGTH NmfiALt3elhou
\

188 BI 115
BI 115 197
202 BI 115
294 BI 115
 1. Adams, B.A. : “The study of Botany”, Addison-Wesly, Manila, 1976.
2. Ambrose, E.J., and D.M. Easty : “Cell Biology”, Thomas Nelson, London, 1973.
3. Arnett, R.H., and D.C. Braungart : “An Introduction to Plant Biology”, Toppan, Tokyo, 1970.
4. Bland, R.D. : “General Biology Laboratory Guide”, Burgess, Minnesota, 1972.
5. Bold, H.C. : “The Plant Kingdom”, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1977.
6. Braungart, D.C., and R. Buddeke : “An Introduction To Animal Biology”, Mosby, 1964.
7. Buffaloe, N.D., and J.B. Throneberry : “Principles of Biology”, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey,
1967.
8. Conn, E.E., and P.K. Stumpf : “Outlines of Biochemistry”, John Wiley, New York, 1972.
9. Curtis, H. : “Biology”, Worth, New York, 1968.
IO. Dillon, L.S. : “Principles of Animal Biology”, Macmillan, 1965.
11. Esan, K., “Plant Anatomy”, John Wiley, London, 1953.
12. Esan, K., “Anatomy of Seed Plant”, John Wiley, London, 1977.
13. Ganong, W.F. : “Review of Medical Physiology”, Lange Medical Publications, 1977.
14. Goldsby, R.A. : “Basic Biology”, Harper’s College Press, 1976.
15. Greulach, V.A. and J.E. Adams : “Plants an Introduction to Modern Botany”, John Wiley,
New York, 1967.
16. Hickman, C.P. : “Integrated Principles of Zoology”, C.V. Mosby, 1970.
17. Karlson, P. and C.H. Doering : “Introduction to Modern Biochemistry”, Academic, New
York. 1967.
18. Keeton, W.T. : “Biological Science”, Norton, 1972.
19. Kimball, J.W. : “Biology”, Addison-Wesley, 1977.
20. Lehninger, A.L. : “Biochemistry”, Worth, New York, 1970.
21. Macqueen, J., and T.C. Hanes : “The Living World : Exploring Modern Biology”, Prentice-
Hall, New Jersey, 1978.
22. Mahler, H.R., and E.H. Cordes : “Biological Chemistry”, Harper and Row, New York, 1969.
23. Marsland, J. : “Principles of Modern Biology”, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965.
24. Marialla, R.P., and R.A. Blau : “Chemistry of Life Processes”, Harcourt, Brace and
world, New York, 1968.
25. McElroy, W.D., and C.P. Swanson : “Modern Cell Biology”, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey,
1968.
26. MC Knight, K.H. : “Plant Kingdom Laboratory Syllabus”, Burgess, Minnesota, 1968.
27. Milne, L.J., and M. Milne : “The Biotic World and Man”, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1965.

BI 115 313
28. Nason, A. : “Textbook of modern Biology”, John Wiley, New York, 1966.
29. Otto. J.H., And A. Towle : “Modern Biology”, Holt, Renehart and Winston, 1977.
30. Pelczar, JR., M, J. and R.D. Reid : “Microbiology”, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1974.
31. Smith, G.M. : “Cryptogamic Botany”, Tosho, Tokyo, 1955.
32. Smith, R.L. : “Ecology and Field Biology”, Harper and Row, New York, 1966.
33. Steyaert, T.A. : “Biology a Contemporary View”, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966.
34. Storer, T.I., and R.L. Usinger : “General Zoology”, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957.
35. Villee, CA. : “Biology”, Toppan, Tokyo, 1972.
36. Weisz, P.B. : “The Science of Biology”, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971,
37. White, A., P. Handler and E.L. Smith : “Principles of Biochemistry”, McGraw-Hill
Kogakusha, Tokyo, 1973.
38. Wilson, G.B., and J.H. Morrison : “Cytology”, Reinhold, London, 1963.
39. Winchester, A.M. : “Modern Biological Principles”, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1965

314 81115
Ramkhamhaeng University Press.
QQOOQOOOOOO