Electronics Lab EE321: V V A A A
Electronics Lab EE321: V V A A A
INTRODUCTION
Voltage Gain: Capacitor Code: 3-digit code. The first two digits are the
significant digits. The third digit specifies the number of
vO vO = output voltage
Av = vI = input voltage
zeros to follow the result, giving the value in picofarads.
For example:
vI
Av ( dB ) = 20 log Av 103 = 10 & 000 = 10000 pF = 10 nF = .01 mF.
c11 c 21
ti 1 = ts ti 2 = ts
c11 + c 21 c 21 + c 2 2
dT ' = dT − ti1 + ti 2
FORWARD-BIASED DIODE
THERMAL VOLTAGE
VT = thermal voltage, ≈ 25 mV
i + v - k = Boltzmann's constant,
kT 1.38×10-23 joules/kelvin
VT = T = absolute temperature
q (kelvins), 273 + temp. in
anode cathode °C
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IDEAL DIODE q = magnitude of electronic
• If v is negative, the diode is reversed biased and acts as an charge, 1.60×10-19
open circuit. coulomb
• If a positive current is applied in the direction shown, the
diode is forward biased and acts like a closed switch RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
with v = 0. 2-DIODE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER
CHARACTERISTICS OF A REAL DIODE IL
• If v is negative, the diode is reversed biased. If the
magnitude of v is small, the diode conducts little until +
the magnitude of v reaches the breakdown voltage at Vsm RL
which point the diode conducts.
C
• If a positive current is applied in the direction shown, the -
diode is forward biased. There is not a significant
vs ~ +
amount of conduction until the voltage reaches about
0.7V. For higher voltages, the diode conducts with a
Vsm
small voltage drop. -
ID = diode current
THE I:V RELATIONSHIP (EE338
version) IN THE FORWARD- IS = saturation current FULL-WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
BIAS REGION e = natural number
VD = voltage across diode +
I D = I S eVD / nVT n = 1 generally
IL
VT = thermal voltage, ≈ 25 mV vs ~ Vsm
ln I D / I S =VD / nVT -
C RL
ID = diode current
THE I:V RELATIONSHIP (version
from previous class) IN THE IS = saturation current
FORWARD-BIAS REGION e = natural number
VD = voltage across diode Formulas apply for small
Vripple = ripple voltage, peak to peak
I D = I S (e VD / nVT
− 1) n = 1 generally
ripple voltages:
Vsm = transformer voltage, peak
VT = thermal voltage, ≈ 25 mV Vsm
Vripple = f = frequency [Hz]
2 fRL C RL = load resistance [Ω]
C = capacitance [F]
V
VL = Vsm − ripple
2
A transistor iC DC LOADLINE
amplifier is biased
so that the Q-Point 8
is located near the
center of the DC mA 6
Loadline. When Q-Point
an AC signal is 4
applied, the Q- 2
Point oscillates
along the loadline.
5 10 15 20 vCE
volts
S G D
GRAPHING TERMINOLOGY
With x being the horizontal axis and y the vertical, we have
a graph of y versus x or y as a function of x. The x-axis
represents the independent variable and the y-axis
represents the dependent variable, so that when a graph
is used to illustrate data, the data of regular interval (often
this is time) is plotted on the x-axis and the corresponding
data is dependent on those values and is plotted on the y-
axis.
PSPICE ABBREVIATIONS
AC voltage used for AC sweep simulation
DF (large value) from e^(-DF(T)/2)
TD Time Delay before start
TR Time to Rise
TRAN the source voltage for a transient analysis
TF Time to Fall
PW Pulse Width
PER Period
T1, T2, T3, etc. elapsed time from zero
V1 bottom voltage level (must be less than V2)
V2 top or next voltage level
VAMPL voltage amplitude
VOFF voltage offset
PARAMETERS IN PSPICE
Let’s say we are setting up parameters for a resistor RL.
We choose a parameter name RLpar. In the resistor RL
attributes dialog we enter VALUE={RLpar}. Add a new
part PARAM. In its attributes dialog set NAME1=RLpar.
Give it a default value like VALUE1=10k. Close the dialog
and drag the part PARAMETERS to one side to be sure
that there isn’t another one hidden under it.
Select Analysis, Settings, Parametric. Under Swept
Variable Type, select Global Parameter. Under Name,
put RLpar. Under Sweep Type, fill in as appropriate.