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VSEPRTheory PPT

Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. The document discusses various types of covalent bonds based on the number of electron pairs shared. It also describes electronegativity and bond polarity. Exceptions to the octet rule for atoms with incomplete or extra octets are outlined. Finally, VSEPR theory is introduced to predict molecular geometry based on electron pair repulsion around a central atom.

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Abdul Moiz Rao
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63 views

VSEPRTheory PPT

Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. The document discusses various types of covalent bonds based on the number of electron pairs shared. It also describes electronegativity and bond polarity. Exceptions to the octet rule for atoms with incomplete or extra octets are outlined. Finally, VSEPR theory is introduced to predict molecular geometry based on electron pair repulsion around a central atom.

Uploaded by

Abdul Moiz Rao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Covalent Bonding

Chemical Bonds

Bond Type Single Double Triple


# of e’s 2 4 6
Notation — = 
Bond 1 2 3
order
Bond
Increases from Single to Triple
strength
Bond Decreases from Single to Triple
length
Bond Polarity and Electronegativity

Electronegativity
• Electronegativity: The ability of one atoms in a
molecule to attract electrons to itself.
• Pauling set electronegativities on a scale from 0.7
(Cs) to 4.0 (F).
• Electronegativity increases
• across a period and
• up a group.
Electronegativities of Elements

Electronegativity
Bond Polarity and Electronegativity

Figure 8.7: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity


• There is no sharp distinction between bonding
types.
• The positive end (or pole) in a polar bond is
represented + and the negative pole -.

HyperChe
Exceptions to the Octet
Rule
Central Atoms Having Less than an Octet
• Relatively rare.
• Molecules with less than an octet are typical for
compounds of Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A.
• Most typical example is BF3.
• Formal charges indicate that the Lewis structure
with an incomplete octet is more important than the
ones with double bonds.
Exceptions to the Octet
Rule
Central Atoms Having More than an Octet
• This is the largest class of exceptions.
• Atoms from the 3rd period onwards can
accommodate more than an octet.
• Beyond the third period, the d-orbitals are low
enough in energy to participate in bonding and
accept the extra electron density.

HyperChem
VSEPR Theory

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion


VSEPR Theory

• Predicts the molecular shape of a bonded molecule


• Electron pairs in the valence shell of an atom
tend to orient themselves so that the total energy
is minimized.
• Electrons around the central atom arrange
themselves as far apart from each other as possible
• Unshared pairs of electrons (lone pairs) on the
central atom repel the most
VSEPR Theory

 Because lone pairs of electrons are spread out


more broadly than bond pairs, repulsions are
greatest between two lone pairs, intermediate
between a lone pair and a bond pair, and
weakest between two bonding pairs of electrons.
 Repulsive forces decrease rapidly with
increasing angle between the central atom and
the outside atoms
 Greatest at 90o, much weaker at 120o, and very
weak at 180o.
1) The central atom is called A.

2) All the outer atoms are designated with


an X.
3) Any lone pair electrons are designated
with an E.
These five are for
molecules with only
paired electrons around
the central atom.
Linear

• 2 atoms attached to center atom


• 0 unshared pairs (lone pairs)

• Bond angle = 180o

• Type: AX2
• Ex. : CO2 BeF2,
Trigonal Planar

• 3 atoms attached to center atom


• 0 lone pairs

• Bond angle = 120o

• Type: AX3
• Ex. : BF3
Tetrahedral

• 4 atoms attached to center atom


• 0 lone pairs

• Bond angle = 109.5o

• Type: AX4
• Ex. : CH4
CCl4
Trigonal Bipyramidal

• 5 atoms attached to center atom


• 0 lone pairs

• Bond angle =
– equatorial -> 120o
– axial -> 90o

• Type: AX5
• Ex. : PF5
Octahedral

• 6 atoms attached to center atom


• 0 lone pairs

• Bond angle = 90o

• Type: AX6
• Ex. : SF6
These are for molecules
with both paired and
unshared (lone) pairs of
electrons around the central
atom.
Bent

• 2 atoms attached to center atom


• 2 lone pairs

• Bond angle = 104.5o

• Type: AX2E2
• Ex. : H2O
Trigonal Pyramidal

• 3 atoms attached to center atom


• 1 lone pair

• Bond angle = 107o

• Type: AX3E
• Ex. : NH3

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