Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Office of the Vice President for Branches and Campuses
Santa Maria Bulacan Campus
Santa Maria, Bulacan

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FOR

SEMA 40013 – DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

COMPILED BY:

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER F. CUNANAN

FACULTY

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page 1

Table of Contents 2

Learning Objectives / Leaning Outputs 3

Reminders / Instructors Profile / Subject Requirement 4

LESSON 1: Introduction of the Course Contents, 5

Activities and Requirements.

LESSON 2: Introduction to Discrete Mathematics 7

LESSON 3: Logic and Precedence of Logical Operations 11

LESSON 4: Base 10, 8, 16 – Base 2 Binary Conversion 18

LESSON 5: Set Theory 29

LESSON 6: Functions and Relations 32

LESSON 7: Matrices of Relations 40

LESSON 8: Number Theory 53

LESSON 9: Algorithm 61

LESSON 10: Counting Techniques 72

References 79

Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Office of the Vice President for Branches and Campuses
2
 Santa Maria Bulacan Campus
Santa Maria, Bulacan

Course Title : Discrete Mathematics

Course Code : SEMA 40013
Course Credit : 3 Units/ 3hrs- Lecture

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FOR SEMA 40013 –

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

COMPILED BY: CHRISTOPHER F. CUNANAN

Within this Module, The theoretical and conceptual framework of a branch and collection
of mathematical topics that examine and use finite or countable infinite mathematical objects will
be discussed.

Learning Objectives:

After successful completion of this Module, the student should be able to:
1. Understand the Binary System and its application in innovative learning and technology.
2. Apply the logical perspective in understanding the system flow.
3. Distinguished which logical statement is appropriate in particular development of system
hardware and software flows.
4. Appreciate the machine language development in innovative technology learning.
5. Develop mathematical analysis in solving particular set of problem and prove certain
postulate and theorem.
6. Understand the relation of set theory concept into logical flow and project system
development.
7. Apply the counting, relation, function principles in regards with database and system flow
principle.

Learning Outputs:

The student is expected to exhibit competence in analyzing mathematical concepts,

employ them into digital age/computer language, and complete a compilation of solved problems
in Discrete Mathematics.

Lessons for Discussions are:

1. Introduction of the course contents, activities and requirements.

2. Introduction to Discrete Mathematics
3. Logic and Precedence of Logical Operation
4. Base10, 8, 16 – Base 2 Binary Conversion
5. Set Theory
6. Function and Relation

3
 7. Matrices of Relations
8. Number theory
9. Algorithm
10. Counting Methods

Reminders:

The class will be divided into two groups: one group for students with internet
connection/online capacity and the other group will be for those students using the printed
module. We will be using Facebook messenger as our official means of communication. This is
one of my way of reaching out to students this pandemic. I am a student as well taking up Doctor
of Information Technology and I have experienced firsthand the hardships of online classes. I will
also employ one of the free Learning Management systems like Google classrooms, MS teams,
and the likes. The content that will be uploaded there is the same as that of the printed module.
What’s added are book pdf’s, instructional videos and links for synchronous sessions (via Zoom,
FB live, etc.). Rest assure that all these materials/links will also be shared on our messenger
groups for flexibility and all means will be employed for you to catch up on all the topics.

Instructor’s Profile:

Christopher F. Cunanan
• BS Computer Engineering-De La Salle-Araneta University
• Master of Engineering major in Computer Engineering –
Technological University of the Philippines
• Faculty and 11 years Engineering Department Head –
Lyceum of the Philippines Manila (2004-2020)
• Faculty and 1 year Dean – AMA Computer College Malolos
(2001-2004)
• Faculty – De La Salle-Araneta University (1999-2001)
• Industry Experience in Denso Techno Phils. Inc. (Toyota’s Software Company) as
Software Engineering trainor. OJT in Alcatel Philippines (College).
• Technopreneur/Businessman.

Subject Requirement:
• Download the Discrete Mathematics by Richard Johnsonbaugh (8 th edition) book as our
textbook.
• Compilation of solved problems and activities per unit.
• An online demonstration will be required in selected units.

LESSON 1: Introduction of the Course Contents, Activities and

Requirements.

4
Introduction:

What is the importance of Discrete Mathematics to Computer Engineering/Science?

Learning Objective/s:

After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

• Explain the importance of Discrete Mathematics in relation to Computer

Engineering/Science.
• Develop appreciation and interest in learning the subject.

Course Materials:

• Discrete Mathematics is the Backbone of Computer Science

Discrete mathematics has become popular in recent decades because of its applications to
computer science. Discrete mathematics is the mathematical language of computer science.
Concepts and notations from discrete mathematics are useful in studying and describing objects
and problems in all branches of computer science, such as computer algorithms, programming
languages, cryptography, automated theorem proving, and software development. Conversely,
computer implementations are tremendously significant in applying ideas from discrete
mathematics to real-world applications, such as in operations research.

The set of objects studied in discrete mathematics can be finite or infinite. In real-world
applications, the set of objects of interest are mainly finite, the study of which is often called finite
mathematics. In some mathematics curricula, the term “finite mathematics” refers to courses that
cover discrete mathematical concepts for business, while “discrete mathematics” courses
emphasize discrete mathematical concepts for computer science majors.

• Discrete Math Plays a Significant Role in Big Data Analytics.

The Big Data era poses a critically difficult challenge and striking development opportunities:
how to efficiently turn massively large data into valuable information and meaningful knowledge.
Discrete mathematics produces a significant collection of powerful methods, including
mathematical tools for understanding and managing very high-dimensional data, inference
systems for drawing sound conclusions from large and noisy data sets, and algorithms for scaling
computations up to very large sizes. Discrete mathematics is the mathematical language of data
science, and as such, its importance has increased dramatically in recent decades.
Read:

• https://ivyleaguecenter.org/2015/03/17/why-discrete-math-is-very-important/

Why Discrete Math is Important

5
 • Discrete Math is Essential to College-level Mathematics and Beyond.

Discrete math—together with calculus and abstract algebra—is one of the core
components of mathematics at the undergraduate level. Students who learn a significant
quantity of discrete math before entering college will be at a significant advantage when taking
undergraduate-level math courses.

• Discrete Math is the Mathematics of Computing.

The mathematics of modern computer science is built almost entirely on discrete math,
in particular combinatorics and graph theory. This means that in order to learn the fundamental
algorithms used by computer programmers, students will need a solid background in these
subjects. Indeed, at most universities, a undergraduate-level course in discrete mathematics
is a required part of pursuing a computer science/engineering degree.

• Discrete Math is Very Much “Real World” Mathematics.

Many students’ complaint about traditional high school math—algebra, geometry,

trigonometry, and the like—is What is this good for? The somewhat abstract nature of these
subjects often turns off students. By contrast, discrete math, in particular counting and
probability, allows students—even at the middle-school level—to very quickly explore non-
trivial “real world” problems that are challenging and interesting.

• Discrete Math Teaches Mathematical Reasoning and Proof Techniques.

Algebra is often taught as a series of formulas and algorithms for students to memorize
(for example, the quadratic formula, solving systems of linear equations by substitution, etc.),
and geometry is often taught as a series of definition > theorem > proof exercises that are
often done by rote (for example, the infamous ‘Two-Column Proof’). While undoubtedly the
subject matter being taught is important, the material (at least at the introductory level) does
not lend itself to a great deal of creative mathematical thinking. By contrast, with discrete
mathematics, students will be thinking flexibly and creatively right out of the box. There are
relatively few formulas to memorize; rather, there are a number of fundamental concepts to
be mastered and applied in many different ways.

• Discrete Math is Fun.

Many students, especially bright and motivated students, find algebra, geometry, and
even calculus dull and uninspiring. Rarely is this the case with most discrete math topics.
When we ask students what their favorite topic is, most respond either “combinatorics” or
“number theory.” (When we ask them what their least favorite topic is, the overwhelming
response is “geometry.”) Simply put, most students find discrete math more fun than algebra
or geometry.
Read:

• https://artofproblemsolving.com/news/articles/discrete-math

Watch:

• Maths for Programmers: Introduction (What Is Discrete Mathematics?)

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FfX2xW3104)

6
Activities/Assessments:

Submit a reaction paper about Discrete Mathematics and its importance in your course.
What are your expectations in this subject? What would be the challenges this semester for you
to fully enjoy learning the subject?

References:
Johnsonbaugh, R. 2018. Discrete Mathematics. https://campuspro-uploads.s3-us-west-
2.amazonaws.com/53169e36-d4cc-4e43-b57c-90c0cf12ff13/49264969-3f23-42de-9b8d-
16b9dda7d04/Discrete%20Mathematics%20-%20Richard%20Johnsonbaugh%20-
%208th%20ed.pdf

https://brilliant.org/wiki/discrete-mathematics/

https://ivyleaguecenter.org/2015/03/17/why-discrete-math-is-very-important/

https://artofproblemsolving.com/news/articles/discrete-math

http://www.ithub.edu.pk/importance-of-discrete-mathematics-in-computing/

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_do_we_need_various_number_base_conversions_num
ber_system_conversions_eg_octal_to_hexadecimal2

Compiled and submitted by:

Christopher F. Cunanan

Faculty