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Chapter 1: LAN Design

CCNA Routing and Switching

Scaling Networks v6.0

Chapter 1 - Sections & Objectives

 1.1 Campus Wired LAN Designs
• Explain why it is important to design a scalable hierarchical network.
• Describe hierarchical small business network designs.
• Explain considerations for designing a scalable network.
 1.2 Campus Network Device Selection
• Select network devices based on feature compatibility and network requirements.
• Select the appropriate switch hardware features to support network requirements in small to medium-
sized business networks.
• Describe the types of routers available for small to medium-sized business networks.
• Configure basic settings on a Cisco IOS device.

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1.1 Campus Wired LAN

Designs

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Cisco Validated Designs  A company with a small network with

one site and a connection to the
The Need to Scale the Network Internet might grow into an enterprise
with a central location with numerous
remote sites across the globe.
 All enterprise networks must:
• Support the exchange of various types
of network traffic
• Support critical applications
• Support converged network traffic
• Support diverse business needs
• Provide centralized administrative
control
 The LAN is the networking
infrastructure that provides access to
network resources for end users over
a single floor or a building.
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Cisco Validated Designs

Hierarchical Design Model  The campus wired LAN uses a
hierarchical design model to break the
design up into modular layers.

 Breaking the design up into layers allows

each layer to implement specific
functions, which simplifies the network
design for easier deployment and
management.
 A hierarchical LAN design includes three
layers as shown in the figure:
• Access layer
• Distribution layer
• Core layer
 Some smaller enterprise networks
implement a two-tier hierarchical design
and collapse the core and distribution
layers into one layer.
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Expanding the Network  The network designer must develop a

Design for Scalability strategy to enable the network to be
available and scale easily and effectively.

 Use expandable, modular equipment or

clustered devices that can be easily
upgraded to increase capabilities.

 Design a hierarchical network to include

modules that can be added, upgraded, and
modified as needed.

 Create an IPv4 or IPv6 address strategy

that is hierarchical.
 Choose routers or multilayer switches to
limit broadcasts and filter undesirable traffic
from the network.
 Implement redundant links between critical
devices and between access and core
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Expanding the Network  Redundancy is an important part of the

Planning for Redundancy network design for preventing disruption
of network services.

 Minimize the possibility of a single point

of failure by recognizing these facts:
• Installing duplicate equipment and
providing failover services for critical
devices is necessary.
• Redundant paths offer alternate physical
paths for data to traverse the network.
• Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is required
with redundant paths in a switched
Ethernet network to prevent Layer 2
loops.
 STP provides a mechanism for disabling
redundant paths in a switched network
until the path is necessary such as when
a failure occurs.
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Expanding the Network

Failure Domains  A well-designed network should limit
the size of failure domains.

 A failure domain is the area of a

network that is impacted when a
critical device or network service
experiences problems.

 The function of the devices that fail

will determine the impact of the
failure domain.

 Use redundant links and reliable

enterprise-class equipment to
minimize the disruption in a network.

 Smaller failure domains reduce the

impact of a failure but also make
troubleshooting easier.
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Expanding the Network

 In the hierarchical design model, it is
Failure Domains (Cont.) usually easier to control the size of a
failure domain in the distribution layer.

 In the distribution layer, network errors

can be contained to a smaller area which
will impact fewer users.

 When using Layer 3 devices at the

distribution layer, every router functions
as a gateway for a limited number of
access layer users.

 Switch Block Deployment

• Routers or multilayer switches are usually
deployed in pairs with access layer
switches evenly divided between them.
• Each switch block acts independently of
the others, which reduces the impact of
failures.
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Expanding the Network

 In a hierarchical network design, some links
Increasing Bandwidth between access and distribution layer
switches may need to process a greater
amount of traffic than other links do.
 As multiple links converge into a single link,
it is possible for this link to become a
bottleneck.
 EtherChannel is a form of link aggregation
that will allow the network administrator to
increase the amount of bandwidth between
devices by creating one logical link out of
several physical links.
 EtherChannel uses existing switch ports.

 The EtherChannel configuration takes

advantage of load balancing between links
that are part of the same EtherChannel.
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Expanding the Network

Expanding the Access Layer  Wireless connectivity is an important
aspect of extending access layer
connectivity.

 The network must be designed to be able

to expand network access to individuals
and devices, as needed.

 Advantages of wireless connectivity

include increased flexibility, reduced cost,
and the ability to adapt to changing
network and business requirements.

 End devices require a wireless NIC that

incorporates a radio transmitter/receiver,
appropriate software drivers, and also a
wireless access point (AP) to connect to.

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Expanding the Network  Advanced routing protocols, such as

Fine-tuning Routing Protocols OSPF and EIGRP are used in large
networks.

 Link-state routing protocols such as

OSPF works well for larger hierarchical
networks where fast convergence is
important.

 Single Area OSPF has one area – Area 0.

 Cisco’s proprietary distance vector routing

protocol, called EIGRP, is another popular
routing protocol. It is designed for larger
networks using primarily Cisco routers.

 OSPF supports a two-layer hierarchical design, referred to as  Although the configuring EIGRP is
multiarea OSPF. simple, the underlying features and
options of EIGRP are extensive and
 Multiarea OSPF requires an Area 0 (backbone area) robust.
 Non-backbone areas must be directly connected to Area 0.

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1.2 Selecting Network

Devices

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Switch Hardware
 Selecting the proper hardware to meet
Switch Platforms the current network requirements is
critical when designing a network.

 There are five categories of switches

for enterprise networks:
• Campus LAN switches
• Cloud-managed switches
• Data center switches
• Service provider switches
• Virtual networking
 Various factors to consider when
selecting switches include these:
• Fixed vs. modular configuration

 The chassis accepts line cards that contain the

• Stackable vs. nonstackable
ports • Thickness of the switch (rack units)
• Cost, port density, power, reliability
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Switch Hardware
 The port density of a switch refers to
Port Density the number of ports on a single switch.

 Fixed configuration switches support a

variety of port density configurations:
• Cisco Catalyst 3850 24 port and 48 port
switches (see figure)
• The 48 port switch has an option for four
additional ports for pluggable SFP
devices.
 The modular Catalyst 6500 switch
shown in the figure can support over
1,000 switch ports.
 Modular switches are usually more
appropriate in large networks in order
to reduce space and power issues.

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Switch Hardware
 Entry-level switches have lower
Forwarding Rates forwarding rates than enterprise-
level switches.

 Forwarding Rates are an important

factor when selecting a switch
because if the rate is too low, it will
not be able to support full wire-
speed communication across all of
its switch ports.
 Access layer switches typically do
not need to operate at full wire
speed because they are physically
limited by their uplinks to the
 Switch product lines are classified by forwarding rates. distribution layer.
 Forwarding rates define the processing capabilities of a  Higher performing switches are
switch by rating how much data the switch can process needed at the distribution and core
per second. layers.
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Switch Hardware  PoE allows the switch to deliver power to

Power over Ethernet a device over the existing Ethernet
cabling.

 This eliminates the need for a power

cable to the networked device such an IP
phone or wireless access point.

 PoE allows more flexibility when installing

wireless access points and IP phones by
allowing them to be installed anywhere
that there is an Ethernet cable.

 The Cisco Catalyst 2960-C and 3560-C

Series compact switches support PoE
pass-through.

 PoE pass-through devices can power

PoE devices as well as the switch itself
by drawing power from certain upstream
switches.
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Switch Hardware
Multilayer Switching  Multilayer switches are typically deployed
in the core and distribution layer.

 Multilayer switches can do the following:

• Build a routing table and support routing
protocols
• Forward IP packets at a rate close to that
of Layer 2 forwarding
 Multilayer switches often support
specialized hardware called application-
specific integrated circuits (ASICs).

 ASICs along with dedicated software can

streamline the forwarding of IP packets
independent of the CPU.

 There is a trend in networking toward a

pure Layer 3 switched environment.
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Switch Hardware
Packet Tracer – Comparing 2960 and 3560 Switches
 This Packet Tracer
activity will allow you to
use various commands
to compare and
examine three different
switching topologies
and compare the 2960
and 3560 switches.
 You will also compare
the routing table of a
1941 router and a
3560 switch.

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Router Hardware
Router Requirements  Routing is required within the
distribution layer of an enterprise
network. Without routing, packets
could not leave the local network.
 Routers are critical networking devices
because they are responsible for:
• Connecting businesses and homes to
the Internet
• Interconnecting multiple sites within an
enterprise network
• Connecting ISPs on the Internet
• Translating between different media
types and protocols
• Finding alternate paths if a link or path
goes down

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Router Hardware
Router Requirements (Cont.)
 Routers also serve other important
functions:
• Provide broadcast containment by
limiting broadcasts to the local
network
• Group users logically by application or
department
• Provide enhanced security through
the use of access control lists in order
to filter unwanted traffic.
• Interconnect geographically separated
locations.

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Router Hardware
 Selecting the proper router or routers is an
Cisco Routers important task for the network administrator
in order to accommodate a growing
network. There are three categories of
routers:
• Branch routers – Branch routers optimize
branch services on a single platform while
delivering an optimal application experience
across branch and WAN infrastructures.
• Network edge routers – Network edge
routers enable the network edge to deliver
high-performance, highly secure, and
reliable services that unite campus, data
center, and branch networks.
• Service provider routers – Service provider
routers differentiate the service portfolio and
increase revenues by delivering end-to-end
scalable solutions and subscriber-aware
services.
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Router Hardware
Router Hardware  Routers come in many forms:
• They range in size from a
small desktop router to a rack-
mounted or blade model
router.
• They can be categorized as
fixed configuration or modular.
• They come with a variety of
interfaces such as Fast
Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet,
Serial, and fiber-optic.
 As an example, the Cisco
1941 router comes with two
Gigabit Ethernet RJ-45
interfaces built-in and two slots
that can accommodate many
different network interface
modules.
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Managing Devices
Managing IOS Files and Licensing
 When selecting or upgrading a Cisco
IOS device, it is important to choose
the proper IOS image with the correct
feature set and version.
 IOS refers to the package of routing,
switching, security, and other
internetworking technologies
integrated into a single multitasking
operating system.
 When a new device is shipped, it
comes preinstalled with the software
 For routers beginning with Cisco IOS Software release 15.0, image and corresponding permanent
Cisco modified the process to enable new technologies licenses for the customer-specified
within the IOS feature sets.
packages and features.

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Managing Devices
In-band versus Out-of-band Management
 There are two methods for connecting a
PC to a network device for
configuration and monitoring tasks:
• Out-of-band management through the
use of the console or AUX port is used
for the initial configuration or when a
network connection is not available.
• In-band management is used to
configure or monitor the device remotely
through a network connection using
either SSH or HTTPs.
• A reachable and operational network interface
is required.
• For security reasons, the use of Telnet and
HTTP are not recommended.

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Managing Devices
Basic Router CLI Commands
 As shown in the figure to the left, a
basic router configuration includes as
follows:
• Hostname for identification
• Passwords for security
• Assignment of IP addresses to
interfaces for connectivity
• Basic routing
 Verify and save configuration
changes with the copy running-
config startup-config command
 To clear the router configuration, use
the erase startup-config and reload
commands.
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Managing Devices
Basic Router Show Commands
 The following are some of the most common
show commands:

 Routing Related:
• show ip protocols –Displays information
about the routing protocols configured
• show ip route – Displays detailed routing
table information including routing codes,
known networks, administrative distance and
metrics, how routes were learned, next hop,
static routes, and default routes
 Interface Related:
• show interfaces – Displays interfaces with
line status, bandwidth, delay, reliability,
encapsulation, duplex, and I/O statistics
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Managing Devices
Basic Router Show Commands (Cont.)
• show ip interfaces – Displays interface
information including protocol status, IPv4
address, if a helper address is configured, and
whether an ACL is enabled on the interface
• show ip interface brief –Displays all
interfaces with IPv4 addressing information
and interface and line protocol status
• show protocols – Displays information about
the routed protocol that is enabled, and the
protocol status of the interfaces
 Other connectivity related commands include
show cdp neighbors. This command displays
information on directly connected Cisco devices
including Device ID, the local interface the device
is connected to, capability, the platform, and Port
ID of the remote device. The details option
provides the IP address.
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Managing Devices
Basic Switch CLI Commands  Basic switch configuration includes
these:
• Hostname for identification
• Passwords for security
• Assignment of IP addresses for
connectivity. In band-access requires
the switch to have an IP address.
 See the figure on the left for the
commands used to enable and
configure the switch.

 Use the copy running-config startup-

config command to verify and save the
switch configuration.

 Use the erase startup-config and

reload commands to clear the switch
configuration.
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Managing Devices
Basic Switch Show Commands
 Switches make use of common IOS commands for
configuration, to check for connectivity, and to display current
switch status. Here are some very useful commands:
• show port-security – Displays any ports with security activated.
Include the interface ID to examine a specific interface.
• show port-security address – Displays all secure MAC
addresses configured on all switch interfaces.
• show interfaces – Displays one or all interfaces with line
protocol status, bandwidth, delay, reliability, encapsulation,
duplex, and I/O statistics.
• show mac-address-table – Displays all MAC addresses that
the switch has learned, how they were learned, port number,
and the VLAN assigned to the port.
 Cisco switches also support the show cdp neighbors
command.
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1.3 Summary

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Summary
Packet Tracer – Skills Integration Challenge
 This Packet Tracer activity
will require you to practice
many of the skills that you
have acquired so far during
your CCNA studies.
 You will first complete the
documentation for the
network before implementing
various requirements.
 Finally, you will be required to
use your documentation to
verify your implementation by
testing end-to-end
connectivity.

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Summary
Chapter 1: LAN Design
• Explain why it is important to design a scalable hierarchical network.
• Select network devices based on feature compatibility and network requirements.

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Chapter 1
New Terms and Commands
• Mission-critical services • Failure domain
• Enterprise network • Wireless access point (AP)
• Mission-critical services • Building switch block
• Network operations center (NOC) • Departmental switch block
• Hierarchical design model • EtherChannel
• Access layer • Port channel interface
• Distribution layer • Load balancing
• Core layer • Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
• Collapsed core design • Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
• Multilayer switch Protocol (EIGRP)
• Link aggregation • Link-state routing protocol
• Redundancy • Single area OSPF
• Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) • Multiarea OSPF
• Distance vector routing protocol

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Chapter 1
New Terms and Commands (Cont.)
• Form factor • Small form-factor pluggable (SFP)
• Power Over Ethernet (PoE) • Forwarding rates
• Campus LAN switch • Wire speed
• Cloud-managed switch • Application-specific integrated circuits
• Data center switch (ASICs)
• Service provider switch • Branch router
• Virtual networking switch • Network edge router
• Fixed configuration • Service provider router
• Modular configuration • Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS)
• Stackable configuration • IOS image
• Rack unit • Out-of-band management
• Supervisor engine • In-band management
• Port density • PuTTY
• TeraTerm

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