Absolute- a value or principle which is regarded as universally valid or

which may be viewed without relation to other things.

- a esteem or rule which is respected as all around substantial or which
may be seen without connection to other things.
- In philosophy, the Absolute is the term used for the ultimate or most
supreme being, usually conceived as either encompassing "the sum of
all being, actual and potential", or otherwise transcending the concept
of "being" altogether.
Absolute truth is something that is true at all times and in all places. It is
something that is always true no matter what the circumstances. It is a fact
that cannot be changed. For example, there are no round squares.

Does absolute truth really exist?

- There are as it were two conceivable answers to this question—yes or

no. There either is outright truth, something that's genuine at all
times and places, or there's not. To contend with certainty
that there's no such thing as outright truth is to
create an outright truth claim, and is in this way self-refuting. In this
manner, the as it were alternative remaining is that supreme truth
does exist.
- To counter this self-contradiction, a few have proposed that
truth could be a relative concept. In other words, something may
be genuine in one circumstance but not another. However,
indeed this explanation is self-contradicting and cannot
be consistently demonstrated. Inside a closed framework, there will
continually be certain things that are outright. For case, 2+2=4 is
an outright in a closed framework. 2+2 cannot break even with 4
and break even with 5, for case, at the same time beneath the same
conditions. The as it were remaining alternative is to claim that truth
cannot be outright since people don't live in a closed framework. In
other words, there are other universes or levels
of awareness beneath which truths can be characterized in an
unexpected way. This is darken seen has no pertinence to genuine life
in which people live in a closed framework of space, time, vitality, and
matter.
 - The address is genuinely not whether there are any absolutes, but or
maybe which claims of truth are outright. Individuals will for the
most part acknowledge absolutes in regions of science or arithmetic,
but tend to address truth when it comes to things of profound quality.
For illustration,
most individuals would concur planned kill is ethically off-base, howe
ver, what around in a society in which cannibalism is practiced?
Is ethical quality, hence basically socially conditioned, based on "what
works" or what a given community concurs upon, or is there a
standard of supreme truth or morality?
- Philosophically, people may disagree on what is moral or
ethical, yet virtually all people agree on some system of right
and wrong. Therefore, the natural question arises, "Upon what
do we base our moral standards?"

What is the act of philosophizing?

The term “philosophizing” is used to describe the act of engaging oneself
with the question about things going on in our environment.
We philosophize to answer questions that bother our minds and co-
existence as well.

Phenomenology is the study of structures of consciousness as

experienced from the first-person point of view. The central structure of an
experience is its intentionality, its being directed toward something, as it is
an experience of or about some object.
1. Husserl argued that the study of consciousness must actually be very
different from the study of nature. For him, phenomenology does not
proceed from the collection of large amounts of data and to a general
theory beyond the data itself, as in the scientific method of induction.
Rather, it aims to look at particular examples without theoretical
presuppositions (such as the phenomena of intentionality, of love, of
two hands touching each other, and so forth), before then discerning
what is essential and necessary to these experiences. 
- Phenomenology– is a broad discipline and methods of inquiry in
philosophy which is based on the premise that reality consists of
objects and events (“phenomena”) as they are perceived or
 understood in the human consciousness and not of anything
independent of human consciousness. It is the study of structures of
consciousness as experienced from the first point of view. This
philosophy was founded by Edmund Husserl who worked copiously
to establish it as a rigorous science.
- Phenomenology  is the careful inspection and description of
phenomena or appearance. No references on explaining in this
method but it requires experience. It is scientific study of the
essential structure of consciousness.
- This is different from the other methods because it doesn’t require too
much analysis but the experiences of a person.
-

- Phenomenology features essence, experience, focusing, group,

interviews, education. discussion, etc. It requires other people and
can’t be done in isolation.
PHENOMENOLOGY it is careful inspection and description of
phenomena or appearance. it is also a scientific study of essential structure.
According to my research, phenomenology is commonly understood in
either of two ways: as a disciplinary field in philosophy, or as a movement
in the history of philosophy. An example of phenomenology is studying the
green flash that sometimes happens just after sunset or just before sunrise.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PHENOMENOLOGY

According to my research phenomenology has main characteristics.

 1.In phenomenology, the objective is the direct investigation and
description of phenomena as they are consciously experienced, without
theories about the causal explanations or their objective reality.
2.Phenomenology therefore seeks to understand how people construct
meaning.
3.It investigates experiences as they are lived by those experiencing them,
and the meaning that these people attach to them.
4.Critical truths about reality are grounded in peoples lived experiences.

There are four aspects of these lived experiences, namely:

  lived space
 lived body
 lived time
 lived human relations.

5.Phenomenology consists mainly of in-depth conversations.

6.In phenomenology, the researcher and the informants are often

considered as co-participants.

7.A very important characteristic in phenomenology is person-centred

rather than being concerned with social processes, cultures, or traditions.

For me I learned that it is important to study the methods of philosophizing

to know what we say and spoke to others. If they continue to teach this until
next  generation. It helps to extend the knowledge of the people especially
the youth like me.

2. Existentialism– it is a philosophy that emphasizes the importance

of free individual choice, regardless of the power of other people to
influence and coerce our desires, beliefs, and decisions. It is the view
that humans define their own meaning in life, and try to make
rational decisions despite existing in an irrational universe. It focuses
on the question of human existence, and the feeling that there is no
 purpose or explanation at the core of existence. An example of
existentialism would be when a person makes a decision about their
life, follows through or does not follow through on that decision and
begins to create their essence. The idea of existentialism is a person
will create their essence over their lifetime and will be finished or
fully formed. In existentialism, the existence comes first and the
essence comes second.
- Jean-Paul Sartre, (born June 21, 1905, Paris, France—died April 15,
1980, Paris) French novelist, playwright, and exponent of
existentialism. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in
1964, but he declined it.
- Based upon him, existentialism is a philosophy acclaiming the
freedom of the individual human being. It is all about the freedom of
a person.
- Existentialism emphasizes the importance of free individual
choice, regardless of the power of other people to influence and
coerce our desires, beliefs, and decisions.

-
- The figure above shows that the person has a choice on where he
wants to go. It’s his choice if he goes to the right path or to the wrong
one. It depends on him.
- Another example is when the teacher taught you that 2 + 2 = 5. It is
obvious that the given answer is wrong. But it is up to the student if
he will believe on teacher taught. The teacher can’t force the student
to believe on him even if he is the teacher. It’s student’s freedom.
- Existentialism features the choice and freedom of a person.

 OF PHILOSOPHIZING”
In our lesson in philosophy, we’ve discuss the  philosophizing and their
methods. Philosophizing means to think or express oneself in a
philosophical manner. And for me philosophizing is about the mind. After
that, we discussed the 4 different methods of philosophizing. These are the:

LOGIC  truth is based on reasoning and critical thinking analysis and

construction of arguments. It serve as path to freedom from half truths and
deception. According to my research, logic is also   the study of reasoning,
or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and
demonstration. It attempts to distinguish good reasoning from bad
reasoning.

2 TYPES OF REASONING

INDUCTIVE REASONING– moves from specific premises to a general

conclusion.

Example:

Every tornado I have ever seen in the United States rotated

counterclockwise, and I have seen dozens of them.
We see a tornado in the distance, and we are in the United States.
I conclude that the tornado we see right now must be rotating
counterclockwise.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING–  Deductive reasoning moves from a general

premise to a more specific conclusion.

Example:

All men is mortal

Socrates is a man

Therefore, Socrates is  mortal.

 The first premise states that all objects classified as “men” have the
attribute “mortal”. The second premise states that “Socrates” is classified as
a “man” – a member of the set “men”. The conclusion then states that
“Socrates” must be “mortal” because he inherits this attribute from his
classification as a “man”.

EXISTENTIALISM it is the importance of free individual choice

regardless of the power of the people to influence and coerce our desires,
beliefs, and decisions.  For example, there is a problem that you need to
make a decision but you should face what would be its early
consequences.Another example of existentialism would be when a person
makes a decision about their life, follows through or does not follow
through on that decision and begins to create their essence. It is said in
existentialism that existence comes first and essence comes second.

According to my research, Existentialism has general characteristics:

1. EXISTENCE BEFORE ESSENCE: Existentialism gets its name

from an insistence that life is only understandable in terms of an
individual’s existence, his particular life experience.
2. REASON IS UNABLE TO DEAL WITH THE DEPTHS OF
LIFE: There are two parts to this idea: first, that reason is relatively weak
and imperfect, (people often do not do the “right” thing), and second, that
there are dark places in life which are “non-reason,” to which reason
scarcely penetrates, (meaning we often commit acts which seem to defy
reason, to make no sense).
3. ALIENATION: Existentialism holds that, since the Renaissance,
people have slowly been separated from concrete earthly existence.
Individuals have been forced to live at ever higher levels of abstraction,
have been collectivised out of existence, and have driven God from the
heavens, (or, what is the same thing to the existentialist), from the hearts of
men. It is believed that individuals live in a fourfold condition of
alienation: from God, from nature, from other people, and from
our own “true” selves.
4. “FEAR AND TREMBLING“and ANXIETY: The optimism of the
18th and 19th centuries gives way, after WW I, to the Great Depression,
WW II and the Holocaust, to a feeling of pessimism, fear and anxiety.
 Another kind of anxiety facing individuals in the 20th C when the
philosophy of existentialism develops is “the anguish of Abraham,” the
necessity which is laid upon people to make “moral” choices on their own
sense of responsibility.
5. THE ENCOUNTER WITH NOTHINGNESS: According to the
existentialists, for individuals alienated from God, from nature, from other
people and even from themselves, what is left at last but Nothingness? This
is, simply stated, how existentialists see humanity: on the brink of a
catastrophic precipice, below which yawns the absolute void, black
Nothingness, asking ourselves, “Does existence ultimately have any
purpose?”
6. FREEDOM: Sooner or later, as a theme that includes all the others
mentioned above, existentialist writings bear upon freedom. All of these
ideas either describe some loss of individuals’ freedom or some threat to it,
and all existentialists of whatever sort are considered to enlarge the range
of human freedom.

-
-
3. Logic-it is a truth which is based on reasoning and critical thinking.
It is the analysis and construction of arguments and serve as the path
to freedom from half truths and deception. Logic is also one of the
major branches of Philosophy which increases one’s ability to reason
correctly and distinguish irrational reasoning. There are rules in logic
that can give a person some techniques to create sound arguments
and avoid fallacious reasoning. Logic has two types of reasoning: the
inductive and deductive. Inductive reasoning is in particular premises
converted into general premises. Through inductive and deductive
reasoning it can provide the rules on how people ought to think
logically.
- Logic is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinking. It
includes analysis and construction of arguments. It serves as path to
freedom from half-truths and deception. 
- 1.Deductive Reasoning 
- In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main
points, and the last will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and
evidences. General idea comes first before the specific or particular
idea.
-
- (c) https://i.ytimg.com/vi/mw8enYCKDaU/hqdefault.jpg
- In this reasoning, the general idea is all men are mortal. Because of
this general reasoning, we can conclude that Socrates is a man and he
is mortal because all men are mortal.

-
- (c) http://environmentalet.hypermart.net/psy111/argimage4.gif
- In this case, the general idea is if A then B. Because of this general
reasoning, we can conclude that A is true and B is also true since the
general idea says that A is same as B.
- 2. Inductive Reasoning
- In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and
evidences come first followed by the main points and conclusion will
be the last part. This is the vice versa of the deductive reasoning
because particular idea comes first before the general idea.
 -
- (c) http://www.differencebetween.info/sites/default/files/images/2/i
nductive-reasoning.jpg
- The person says that he exists and he is a human. He also thinks that
his pencil sharpener exists. Therefore, he concluded that his pencil
sharpener is human because he concluded that they both exist.
- To make it short, logic features the reasoning and critical thinking. It
uses the observation, pattern, hypothesis, and theory.

 OF PHILOSOPHIZING”

In our lesson in philosophy, we’ve discuss the  philosophizing and their

methods. Philosophizing means to think or express oneself in a
philosophical manner. And for me philosophizing is about the mind. After
that, we discussed the 4 different methods of philosophizing. These are the:

LOGIC  truth is based on reasoning and critical thinking analysis and

construction of arguments. It serve as path to freedom from half truths and
deception. According to my research, logic is also   the study of reasoning,
or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and
demonstration. It attempts to distinguish good reasoning from bad
reasoning.

2 TYPES OF REASONING

INDUCTIVE REASONING– moves from specific premises to a general

conclusion.
Example:

Every tornado I have ever seen in the United States rotated

counterclockwise, and I have seen dozens of them.
We see a tornado in the distance, and we are in the United States.
I conclude that the tornado we see right now must be rotating
counterclockwise.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING–  Deductive reasoning moves from a general

premise to a more specific conclusion.

Example:

All men is mortal

Socrates is a man

Therefore, Socrates is  mortal.

The first premise states that all objects classified as “men” have the
attribute “mortal”. The second premise states that “Socrates” is classified as
a “man” – a member of the set “men”. The conclusion then states that
“Socrates” must be “mortal” because he inherits this attribute from his
classification as a “man”.

-
4.

Another method of philosophizing is analytic tradition

or philosophy. It is the conviction that to some significant degree,
puzzles, and philosophical problems. It is about having clear
language. 
5. The picture above shows an example of analytic tradition. Those
questions require the process of logic, search for a single truth using
scientific processes, beliefs, and experiment.
 See the difference between the continental philosophy and analytic
philosophy.

- In continental philosophy, intuition, human condition,

postmodernism, and literature were used in that statement while in
analytic philosophy, reason, analysis, science, and logic were used.
- Analytic tradition features related set of approaches to philosophical
problems, dominant in Anglo-American philosophy from the early
20th century, that emphasizes the study of language and the logical
analysis of concepts.

 OF PHILOSOPHIZING”

In our lesson in philosophy, we’ve discuss the  philosophizing and their

methods. Philosophizing means to think or express oneself in a
philosophical manner. And for me philosophizing is about the mind. After
that, we discussed the 4 different methods of philosophizing. These are the:
LOGIC  truth is based on reasoning and critical thinking analysis and
construction of arguments. It serve as path to freedom from half truths and
deception. According to my research, logic is also   the study of reasoning,
or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and
demonstration. It attempts to distinguish good reasoning from bad
reasoning.

2 TYPES OF REASONING

INDUCTIVE REASONING– moves from specific premises to a general

conclusion.

Example:

Every tornado I have ever seen in the United States rotated

counterclockwise, and I have seen dozens of them.
We see a tornado in the distance, and we are in the United States.
I conclude that the tornado we see right now must be rotating
counterclockwise.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING–  Deductive reasoning moves from a general

premise to a more specific conclusion.

Example:

All men is mortal

Socrates is a man

Therefore, Socrates is  mortal.

The first premise states that all objects classified as “men” have the
attribute “mortal”. The second premise states that “Socrates” is classified as
a “man” – a member of the set “men”. The conclusion then states that
“Socrates” must be “mortal” because he inherits this attribute from his
classification as a “man”.
 C

EXISTENTIALISM it is the importance of free individual choice

regardless of the power of the people to influence and coerce our desires,
beliefs, and decisions.  For example, there is a problem that you need to
make a decision but you should face what would be its early
consequences.Another example of existentialism would be when a person
makes a decision about their life, follows through or does not follow
through on that decision and begins to create their essence. It is said in
existentialism that existence comes first and essence comes second.

According to my research, Existentialism has general characteristics:

1. EXISTENCE BEFORE ESSENCE: Existentialism gets its name

from an insistence that life is only understandable in terms of an
individual’s existence, his particular life experience.
2. REASON IS UNABLE TO DEAL WITH THE DEPTHS OF
LIFE: There are two parts to this idea: first, that reason is relatively weak
and imperfect, (people often do not do the “right” thing), and second, that
there are dark places in life which are “non-reason,” to which reason
scarcely penetrates, (meaning we often commit acts which seem to defy
reason, to make no sense).
3. ALIENATION: Existentialism holds that, since the Renaissance,
people have slowly been separated from concrete earthly existence.
Individuals have been forced to live at ever higher levels of abstraction,
have been collectivised out of existence, and have driven God from the
heavens, (or, what is the same thing to the existentialist), from the hearts of
men. It is believed that individuals live in a fourfold condition of
alienation: from God, from nature, from other people, and from
our own “true” selves.
4. “FEAR AND TREMBLING“and ANXIETY: The optimism of the
18th and 19th centuries gives way, after WW I, to the Great Depression,
WW II and the Holocaust, to a feeling of pessimism, fear and anxiety.
Another kind of anxiety facing individuals in the 20th C when the
philosophy of existentialism develops is “the anguish of Abraham,” the
necessity which is laid upon people to make “moral” choices on their own
sense of responsibility.
5. THE ENCOUNTER WITH NOTHINGNESS: According to the
existentialists, for individuals alienated from God, from nature, from other
 people and even from themselves, what is left at last but Nothingness? This
is, simply stated, how existentialists see humanity: on the brink of a
catastrophic precipice, below which yawns the absolute void, black
Nothingness, asking ourselves, “Does existence ultimately have any
purpose?”
6. FREEDOM: Sooner or later, as a theme that includes all the others
mentioned above, existentialist writings bear upon freedom. All of these
ideas either describe some loss of individuals’ freedom or some threat to it,
and all existentialists of whatever sort are considered to enlarge the range
of human freedom.

ANALYTICAL TRADITION, one of the methods of philosophizing ,is the

conviction that the some significant
structure. Any of various philosophical methodologies holding that clear an
d precise definition and argumentation are vital to productive philosophical 
inquiry. For example, the definition of a concept can be determined by
uncovering the underlying logical structures, or “logical forms,” of the
sentences used to express it.

According to my research analytical tradition has a characteristics

paragraph by Russell:

It develop a powerful logical technique.It is thus able, in regard to certain

problems, to achieve definite answers, which have the quality of science
rather than of philosophy.It has the advantage, in comparison with the
philosophies of the system-builders, of being able to tackle its problems one
at a time, instead of having to invent at one stroke a block theory of the
whole universe. Its methods, in this respect, resemble those of science.

Analytical traditions has three main foundational planks:

 that there are no specifically philosophical truths and that

the object of philosophy is the logical clarification of thoughts.
 that the logical clarification of thoughts can only be achieved by
analysis of the logical form of philosophical propositions, such as by
using the formal grammar and symbolism of a logical system.
 a rejection of sweeping philosophical systems and grand
theories in favuor of close attention to detail, as well as a defense
of common sense and ordinary language against the pretensions of
traditional metaphysics and ethics.