9 I January 2021

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.32920
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue I Jan 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

Sedimentation Yield Analysis of Kamthikhairy

Dam Reservoir using SWAT and SWAT-CUP
Algorithm
Mahendra N. Pathrabe,
Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, GCOE Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India

Abstract: Sedimentation is an immense problem that has threatened water resources development in the Kamthikhairy dam
reservoir, Nagpur, Maharashtra. Sediment yield is becoming a major problem now days which leads to siltation in reservoir and
not only reduces the capacity of dam but also can affect the power generation and safety of dam as well as aquatic life. In
current scenario all the dams in India are facing this problem. An insight into sedimentation mechanisms plays an important
role for managing the reservoir operations efficiently in the governing region. The objective of the study is to analyze the
sedimentation of the reservoir using Remote sensing and Soil and Water assessment Tool (SWAT). The SWAT can be the
powerful tool to analyze the sedimentation in the reservoir. The calibration using SWAT-CUP algorithm will help to make the
simulation more accurate to the observe results.
Keywords: ArcGIS, Remoe Sensing, SWAT, SWAT-CUP

I. INTRODUCTION
The sedimentation deposition of reservoirs in India has become a serious problem due to the increasing population, agricultural
activities, poor soil conservation, and deforestation. Sediment deposition creates many problems in the reservoirs. The
accumulation of sediments in reservoir has led to a decline in lake water storage capacity, navigation problems, and other water
quality and environmental issues.
To overcome the problems caused by the accumulation of reservoir sediments and to use these sediments, it is important to estimate
the sediment volume (quantity) and its distribution in these reservoirs. This is not only used to assess the capacity of reservoirs but
also to ensure the safest route of navigation through these reservoirs. The assessment of reservoir sediment deposits is important for
the operational planning and management of these reservoirs.
RS data has proven to be a useful tool for monitoring reservoir sediment deposits. Besides, GIS analysis tools are used to combine
satellite observations with field measurements to assess sediment deposits in reservoirs and to successfully apply them in different
parts of the world. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the total amount of accumulated sediment and its distribution on the
reservoir bed using RS and GIS techniques.
Typically, the reservoir is designed to accommodate the estimated settling rate. Remote sensing and GIS technology is a new
method for assessing sediment yields that provide high-precision results and spatial data over time.

II. METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTATION

The SWAT model is a semi-physical model that helps to generate the different hydrological parameters including flow and sediment
using different equations like SCS-CN and MUSLE. The SWAT model is comprised of major three sections like Digital Elevation
map processing which includes the fill operations in which the DEM voids get filled with the respective values using the
interpolation method. After the Fill operation, flow accumulation and flow direction are performed to generate the streams, and the
watershed is delineated.
The second section includes the generation of hydrological response units (HRU) using Land-use and Land-cover maps and Soil
maps. The third section includes the climate data input and creating the weather input tables for a successful SWAT model. After
the input data, the model is set up for the initial requirement of Digital elevation map (DEM), Land use and Land cover map
(LULC), Soil map, and weather input data in which the daily precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity,
wind speed and solar radiation along with streamflow data for the complete model.

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Table 1: Data Source

Sr. No. Data Resolution Sources

1 Digital Elevation Map 30 Meter SRTM

2 Land-Use/Land-Cover Map 100 Meter DAAC decadal landuse

3 Soil Map 100 Meter FAO soil map

4 Climate Data Daily Global Weather data and IMD

5 Observed Sediment Data Daily More Dam Authority and NMMC

A. Digital Elevation Map

Digital Elevation Model is the geographic grid of an area where the contents of each grit cell describe the elevation of any point at a
given location and specific spatial resolution in the form of a digital form. It is one of the essential spatial inputs necessary for
delineation of the watershed into several sub-basin based on elevation in the SWAT model.
The SRTM DEM of 30m resolution was processed for the extraction of flow direction, flow accumulation, stream network
generation, and delineation of the watershed and sub-basins. The topographic parameters such as terrain slope, channel slope, or
reach length were derived from the DEM.

B. Land use and Land Cover Map

Change in land use and vegetation affect the water cycle and its influence is a function of the density of plant cover and morphology
of plant species. Water types include wetlands or open water. Land use shows how people use the landscape whether for
development, conservation, or mixed uses.

Figure 1: Digital Elevation Map and Land Use and Land Cover Map

Digital Elevation Model is the geographic grid of an area where the contents of each grit cell describe the elevation of any point at a
given location and specific spatial resolution in the form of a digital form. It is one of the essential spatial inputs necessary for
delineation of the watershed into several sub-basin based on elevation in the SWAT model.
The SRTM DEM of 30m resolution was processed for the extraction of flow direction, flow accumulation, stream network
generation, and delineation of the watershed and sub-basins. The topographic parameters such as terrain slope, channel slope, or
reach length were derived from the DEM.

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C. Land Use and Land Cover Map

Change in land use and vegetation affect the water cycle and its influence is a function of the density of plant cover and morphology
of plant species. Water types include wetlands or open water. Land use shows how people use the landscape whether for
development, conservation, or mixed uses.

Table 2: LULC Parameters

Land use and Landcover Class code Area [ha] Area[acres] %Area
Range-Brush RNGB 86126.4598 212822.7884 18.18
Agricultural Land-Generic AGRL 18393.4018 45451.0154 3.88
Residential-Med/Low Density URML 7250.4229 17916.1575 1.53
Agricultural Land-Generic Crops AGRC 132587.3243 327629.9077 27.98
Forest-Mixed FRST 111544.3857 275631.7543 23.54
Agricultural Land-Generic Crops AGRR 113017.5731 279272.074 23.85
Barren BARR 2414.773 5967.0247 0.51
Water WATR 2510.3681 6203.2452 0.53

D. Soil Data
The soil map was obtained mainly from the FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). The soils are compared with the watershed
area to use their properties to define HRUs. The soil associations are characterized in terms of the estimated proportions of the
component soil units, the presence of phases, and the estimated proportions of these soil units in one of 5 texture-slope classes such
as Shallow coarse soil: 8.60%, medium black soil: 5.65%, deep black soil: 2.87%, clayey medium black soil: 7.06%, clayey Lumi:
74.90%.

Table 3: Soil Data Table

Class code Area [ha] Area[acres] %Wat.Area

Bv12-3b-3696 59218.2958 146331.3699 12.5
Vc43-3ab-3861 284470.7844 702941.5319 60.03
I-Bc-Lc-3714 130155.6284 321621.0654 27.47

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is a model developed by the United States Department for Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service (USDA-ARS) and it is a river basin scale model developed to quantify the impact of land management practices in
large, complex catchments (Neitsch et al., 2001). SWAT is a deterministic, physically-based, continuous simulation, watershed
model. The SWAT was developed principally to compute runoff and loadings from rural especially agriculture-dominated
watersheds and predicts the long term impacts of the land management practices on water, sediment in watersheds with varying
soils and land cover.
The semi-distributed model divides the watershed into multiple sub-basins up to ten thousand which are called hydrologic response
units (HRUs). The amount of water, sediment, nutrient, and pesticide loadings to the main channel from each sub-catchment is
controlled by the land phase of the hydrologic cycle. Aggregation of input data can be facilitated using a GIS interface (either
Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) or Arc View) available with the model. The Arc View interface
developed for the SWAT model requires land use/land cover, soils, and DEM data as spatial inputs and can be used to prepare the
input files. SWAT computes the volume of surface runoff using the SCS curve number method or Green and Ampt infiltration
method; while the amended Rational Formula or the SCS TR-55 is used to count the peak runoff rate.
The SWAT model has become widely accepted as an effective tool to predict the effects of watershed management on runoff,
sediment, nutrients, etc. SWAT considers the base-flow contribution to total streamflow by routing a shallow aquifer storage
component to the stream.

E. Hydrologic Water Balance

Water balance is the key for the simulation of hydrology within a watershed. SWAT uses two phases for the simulation of
hydrology, land phase, and routing phase. The land phase simulation calculates the amount of sediment, water pesticide, and
nutrient loading in the main channel in each basin. The routing phase defines the movement of water, sediment, etc. in the outlet
through the channel network of the watershed. The hydrologic cycle of the SWAT model is based on the water balance equation,
which considers the unsaturated zone and the shallow aquifer above the impermeable layer as a unit.
= +∑ ( − − _ − _ − _ )_
The equation is the important equation to predict the watershed of the hydrology used by SWAT.
Where;
t is the time in days,
SWT and SWo are the final and initial soil water content respectively (mm),
R_day is the amount of precipitation on the day I (mm),
Qsurf is the amount of surface runoff on the day I (mm),
GQ is the amount of return flow on the day I (mm).

F. Surface Runoff
The estimation of surface runoff can be performed by the model using the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number method,
(S.M.Ghoraba) This method is widely used for the prediction of the approximate amount of runoff from a given rainfall event.
CN1 = CN2-( 20(100− 2) (100− 2+ (2.533−0.0636∗(100− 2)))
CN3 = CN2*(0.0063(100− ) (4)
Where;
CN1 is the moisture condition I curve number,
CN2 is the moisture condition II curve number, and
CN3 is the moisture condition III curve number.

G. Model Setup
1) Watershed Delineation by SWAT: Click on Watershed Delineator Automatic Watershed delineation, Once the watershed
delineation window is activated, click on the open file button in the DEM setup portion, and then click on select from map, and
then select the project DEM. Click OK. You will see that the name of the DEM will change to Source DEM. Then proceed to
create flow direction and flow accumulation grids. By leaving the default DEM-based option unchanged in the stream definition
portion, click on the flow direction and flow accumulation button. After flow direction and flow accumulation are complete, the
area box will be populated by some numbers. This is the critical stream area threshold that will be used to define the stream
network. Steps:

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a) DEM projection setup

b) Stream definition
c) Outlet and Inlet definition
d) Watershed Delineation
e) Subbasin parameter calculation

Click the create stream and outlets button to create a stream network, sub-basins, and outlets for each of the sub-basin. Next, in the
watershed outlets selection and definition, click on the select whole watershed outlet button, and then select the desired outlet
location using the cursor. If the outlet does not exist at the point you are interested in, use the add button in edit manually frame to
add the point, and then do the selection using the outlet button. After the outlet is selected, the Delineate watershed button will be
activated in green. After the watershed is delineated, the polygon feature class with sub-basins is added to the map document. Click
on the calculate sub-basin parameters button to populate the watershed feature class with necessary attributes for the SWAT model.
After all, attributes are calculated, click OK on the final message box. Now open the attribute table and you will see that it has more
attributes as shown below. The delineating watershed and creating sub-basins for a specific threshold table is done. Exit the
watershed delineation window by clicking on EXIT.

H. HRU (Hydrological Response Unit)

When you install Arc-SWAT, a raster with STATSGO soil data for the entire United States is stored where the Arc-SWAT is
installed. Browse to the MDB file, and add the raster to the map document. Next, the raster is clipped to the DEM for the study area.
Clipping is done by using the Arc-Tool box in Arc Map. Use the original DEM as the mask during the clipping. To use this clipped
soil raster, it should have the same coordinate system as the other data in the map document. The soil grid has geographic
coordinates and then the project raster is done by using the Arc-Tool box. When the soil analysis is done, it is ready for HRU
analysis. On the Arc-SWAT toolbox click on the HRU Analysis- Land use/soils/slope definition. The land use/soils/slope definition
window has three tabs for land use, soil, and slope each. Click on the open file button to load the land use data. After that select the
land use data from the disk, and open the file button to load the land use data. In the next window, select the land use data from the
disk and click open. The program will clip the data before using it in the project. Land use data typically comes with numbers for
each land use type and is used in a look-up table to relate these numbers to specific land-use types. Click the look-up table and select
the soil map. This will create a detailed description of each land use number in the SWAT land use classification table. Lastly, click
on the reclassify to finish the land use data processing of the HRU analysis.

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After processing land use data, click on the Soil data tab. After that click on the open soils grid button, land soils dataset from disk,
and browse to the clipped projected soil raster that was just created, and click Select. This step will input the raster and then clip that
raster to the watershed area. This process sometimes takes a long time depending on the size of the watershed. After that the soil
data are loaded, choose VALUE as the grid field and click OK. This will add all numerical values present in the land soil dataset to
the SWAT soil classification table. The next step is to link these values to a certain soil type. To use the lookup table, it is necessary
to define the attribute in the lookup table that corresponds to the soil type. Finally, click on reclassify which will finish the soil data
processing for the HRU analysis. The next step is to assign slope attributes to each HRU. Click on the slope tab. To keep the process
simple, use the single slope option, and click to reclassify. This will complete the processing of land use, soil, and slope data for
HRU analysis. Close the land use/ soil/ slope definition window. Leave the default options of multiple HRUs in the HRU definition.
Several hours will be added to the map document that would be described in the HRU report generated by this process.

I. Write Input Table

After all, geo-processing is done on DEM, land use, and slope data to create sub-basins and HRUs, the next step is to create input
files for SWAT including weather data. Weather Data to create weather input for SWAT, click on Write input tables-weather
station. There are two options to input weather data. The first option is to use the weather geo-database from SWAT, and the second
option is to use your custom database. For this exercise, we will just use the internal weather geo-database within SWAT. Next, in
the Rainfall data tab, leave the simulation option checked with the daily precipitation time step selecting a simulation option means
that the will be generated through the internal weather generator within SWAT. Similarly, for Temperature, relative humidity, solar
radiation, and wind speed, leave the simulation option checked. Finally, click OK. This will create a weather database for the study
area
.

Other input files after generating weather database, create all other input files by selecting write input table, and write SWAT input
tables. A new window will be displayed known as ‘Write SWAT Database Tables’. Then click on select all and click on create
tables. Also, choose YES in all the subsequent messages which will be showing up on the screen.

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J. SWAT Simulation

To run SWAT Simulation click on SWAT Simulation and run SWAT output to set the period of simulation from 01/05/2003 to
31/12/2013 and change the printout settings to daily, and leave the options unchanged. After getting the finished SWAT setup
message, click on Run SWAT. While the SWAT is running, a DOS window is shown on the screen for the progress, and after the
simulation is done, the final message of the SWAT simulation is done is displayed on the screen. After the successful simulation
message, close the SWAT Simulation setup window and read and visualize the model output.

K. System Performance Analysis

The SWAT model gives the sediment inflow and outflow in mg/lit at the outlet point of the sub-basin. The total sediment deposited
at the reservoir can be determined by how much sediment is consolidated at the reservoir by subtracting the outflow from the
inflow. The graph below shows the correlation between the sediment of the Penchch dam derived from the SWAT-Model without
calibration and sediment derived from the observed data. The model is evaluated using the correction coefficient R2.
(Ʃ ) − (Ʃ )(Ʃ )
=
[ (Ʃ ) − (Ʃ ) ][ (Ʃ ) − (Ʃ ) ]

The Coefficient of determination R2 can be determined from the above equation and the value can range from 0 to 1. The value 1
shows complete correlation and a value near 1 can be considered as a good correlation. The graph below shows a correlation of
about 0.81. The value represents a good degree of correlation, but to improve that we can calibrate the output of the SWAT model
using the SUFI2 algorithm of SWAT-CUP.

Fig: The graph of observed VS SWAT simulated sediment with a coefficient of determination of 0.81

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The sediment derived from the SWAT is calibrated using SWAT-CUP for different parameters which are from.SOL group. The.
SOL group of SWAT parameters represent the soil-related parameters like Soil Hydrologic group, Maximum rooting depth of soil
profile (mm), Soil CaCo3, Soil ph-value, Electrical conductivity, USLE equation soil erodibility (K) factor, Moist Soil Albedo, Clay
content(%s soil weight), Saturated hydraulic conductivity (mm/hr), Depth of soil surface to the bottom of layer (mm), Moist bulk
density (Mg/cu.M) for different maximum and minimum value to match the output values of the sediment derived from different
observed data and parameters. The coefficient of determination after calibration shows around 0.9469 shows a very good
correlation.

Values
Parameters Description
Min Max
r__CN2.mgt Initial SCS runoff curve number for moisture condition II -0.2 100
v__ALPHA_BF.gw Baseflow Alpha Factor (1/day) 0 1
v__GW_DELAY.gw The Delay time 30 450
Threshold depth of water in the shallow aquifer required for return
v__GWQMN.gw 0 2
flow to occur (mm H2O)
v__SNAM.sol Soil Name 0.1 100
r__HYDGRP.sol Soil Hydrologic group 0 100
r__SOL_ZMX.sol Maximum rooting depth of soil profile (mm) 0 100
r__SOL_CAL().sol Soil CaCo3 0 50
r__SOL_PH().sol Soil PH value 3 10
r__SOL_EC().sol Electrical conductivity 0 100
r__USLE_K().sol USLE equation soil erodibility (K) factor 0 1000
r__SOL_ALB().sol Moist Soil Albedo 0 1
r__SOL_CLAY().sol Clay content(%s soil weight) 0 100
r__SOL_K().sol Saturated hydraulic conductivity (mm/hr) 0 100
r__SOL_Z().sol Depth of soil surface to the bottom of the layer (mm) 0 100
r__SOL_BD().sol Moist bulk density (Mg/cu.M) 0 100

After getting the desired output, the calibration of the model is important for certain parameters like soil and land-use classes. The
sedimentation is majorly dependent upon the SOL parameters and RCH. For calibration of the model, SWAT-CUP is used. The
SWAT-CUP is equipped with the four algorithms for calibration i.e. SUFI2, GLUE, ParaSOL, and PSO. From the various kinds of
literature, the SUFI2 is suitable for analyzing and calibrating the sediment parameters. For calibrating the sediment value of Pench
dam the following parameters are used. The following table shows the minimum and maximum thresholds for all the factors along
with a description. Table: List of SWAT Model parameters for calibration along with a description and maximum and minimum
values for calibration in SUFI2 algorithm. The upper and the lower limit of each parameter are referred from the SWAT handbooks
for each parameter. The parameters which are responsible for the sediments are most of them from. Sol group i.e. soil group and it is
important to calibrate the soil parameters. The parameters like rooting depth of soil profile (SOL_ZMX) and soil surface depth
(SOL_Z) are the major parameters responsible and important to calibrate for assessing the soil and sediment in the reservoir. The
CN value of moisture zone II is also important to calibrate as the land-use data is responsible for soil fragment and looseness

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The graph below shows the final sediment values including the data for calibration and validation. The sudden increase in the
sediment can be seen after the monsoon of 2011 which represents the full working condition of the Pench dam, as the year 2011 is
the year of attaining the fully functional level of Pench Dam. The year 2011 shows the actual sediment deposition and the data can
be seen increased after the year 2011. The study is important to analyze the change in the reservoir water capacity as the sediment
may reduce the capacity after saturating the dead storage.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

YEAR Sediment yield in MCM

1982 0.05194512
1983 0.1222586
1984 0.0381975
1985 0.0796892
1986 0.500515941
1987 0.053229.4
1988 0.1000183
1989 0.142745
1990 0.1415361
1991 1.076426783
1992 0.299541695
1993 2.17868947
1994 0.504554603
1995 0.733694296
1996 0.629837096
1997 0.723472382
1998 0.803517424
1999 0.4469532
2000 0.132218959
2001 0.887013779
2002 0.68538317
2003 1.417188101
2004 2.220433626
2005 1.698641289
2006 0.033526.89
2007 0.107482
2008 0.0620514
2009 0.1037938
2010 0.114345
2011 0.1140119
2012 0.08846138
2013 0.0814514
2014 0.0143729
TOTAL 16.30044141

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IV. CONCLUSION
The SWAT model and SWAT-CUP algorithm model is developed and applied to case study of Kamthikhairy Dam in Pench river
basin in Maharashtra state, India. SWAT model calculated sediment yield data based on spatial datasets (DEM, Land cover
changes, and soil map) and weather data. This sediment yield data obtained from the SWAT analysis was used as target data in
SWAT-CUP model to validate the SWAT output data

The conclusions from SWAT analysis for the present study are given below:
A. It was observed that, the rate of sediment yield varied between 0.071 MCM/year in 1985 to 2.22 MCM/year in 2014
B. The Average rate of sediment yield was found to be 0.51 MCM / year from SWAT model.
C. For the duration between 1982 to 2014 almost 8.03% of the gross storage of dam was reduced due to problem of sediment yield.

The conclusions from SWAT-CUP for the present study are given below:
SWAT-CUP is a program for calibration of SWAT models. The program could be used to perform calibration, validation,
sensitivity analysis (one-at-a-time, and global) and uncertainty analysis. The program links SUFI2, GLUE, ParaSol, MCMC, and
PSO to SWAT. Any of the procedures could be used to perform calibration and uncertainty analysis of a SWAT model.
SWAT-CUP also has graphical modules to observe simulation results, uncertainty range, sensitivity graphs, watershed visualization
using Bing map, and statistical reports

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