-1

How to convert horsepower to kilowatts

Mechanic / Hydraulic horsepower to kilowatts
One mechanic or hydraulic horsepower is equal to 0.745699872 kilowatts:
1 hp(I) = 745.699872 W = 0.745699872 kW
So the power conversion of horsepower to kilowatts is given by:
P(kW) = 0.745699872 ⋅ P(hp)
Example
Convert 10 hp to kW:
P(kW) = 0.745699872 ⋅ 10hp = 7.45699872 kW
 
Electrical horsepower to kilowatts
One electrical horsepower is equal to 0.746 kilowatts:
1 hp(E) = 746 W = 0.746 kW
So the power conversion of horsepower to kilowatts is given by:
P(kW) = 0.746 ⋅ P(hp)
Example
Convert 10 hp to kW:
P(kW) = 0.746 ⋅ 10hp = 7.460 kW
 
Metric horsepower to kilowatts
One metric horsepower is equal to 0.73549875 kilowatts:
1 hp(M) = 735.49875 W = 0.73549875 kW
So the power conversion of horsepower to kilowatts is given by:
P(kW) = 0.73549875 ⋅ P(hp)
Example
Convert 10 hp to kW:
P(kW) = 0.73549875 ⋅ 10hp = 7.3549875 kW
2

How to convert kilowatts to horsepower

Kilowatts to mechanic / hydraulic horsepower
One mechanic or hydraulic horsepower is equal to 0.745699872 kilowatts:
1 hp(I) = 745.699872 W = 0.745699872 kW
So the power conversion of kilowatts to horsepower is given by:
P(hp) = P(kW) / 0.745699872
Example
Convert 10kW to mechanic horsepower:
P(hp) = 10kW / 0.745699872 = 13.41 hp
 
Kilowatts to electrical horsepower
One electrical horsepower is equal to 0.746 kilowatts:
1 hp(E) = 746 W = 0.746 kW
So the power conversion of kilowatts to horsepower is given by:
P(hp) = P(kW) / 0.746
Example
Convert 10kW to electrical horsepower:
P(hp) = 10kW / 0.746 = 13.405 hp
 
Kilowatts to metric horsepower
O
ne metric horsepower is equal to 0.73549875 kilowatts:
1 hp(M) = 735.49875 W = 0.73549875 kW
So the power conversion of kilowatts to horsepower is given by:
P(hp) = P(kW) / 0.73549875
Example
Convert 10kW to metric horsepower:
P(hp) = 10kW / 0.73549875 = 13.596 hp
3

How to convert horsepower to watts

Mechanic / Hydraulic horsepower to watts
One mechanic or hydraulic horsepower is equal to 745.699872 watts:
1 hp(I) = 745.699872 W
So the power conversion of horsepower to watts is given by:
P(W) = 745.699872 ⋅ P(hp)
Example
Convert 10 hp to watts:
P(W) = 745.699872 ⋅ 10hp = 7456.99872 W
 
Electrical horsepower to watts
One electrical horsepower is equal to 746 watts:
1 hp(E) = 746 W
So the power conversion of horsepower to watts is given by:
P(W) = 746 ⋅ P(hp)
Example
Convert 10 hp to watts:
P(W) = 746 ⋅ 10hp = 7460 W
 
Metric horsepower to watts
One metric horsepower is equal to 735.49875 watts:
1 hp(M) = 735.49875 W
So the power conversion of horsepower to watts is given by:
P(W) = 735.49875 ⋅ P(hp)
Example
Convert 10 hp to watts:
P(W) = 735.49875 ⋅ 10hp = 7354.9875 W
4

How to convert watts to horsepower

Watts to mechanic / hydraulic horsepower
One mechanic or hydraulic horsepower is equal to 745.699872 watts:
1 hp(I) = 745.699872 W
So the power conversion of watts to horsepower is given by:
P(hp) = P(W) / 745.699872
Example
Convert 10W to mechanic horsepower:
P(hp) = 10W / 745.699872 = 0.01341 hp
 
Watts to electrical horsepower
One electrical horsepower is equal to 746 watts:
1 hp(E) = 746 W
So the power conversion of watts to horsepower is given by:
P(hp) = P(W) / 746
Example
Convert 10W to electrical horsepower:
P(hp) = 10W / 746 = 0.013405 hp
 
Watts to metric horsepower
One metric horsepower is equal to 735.49875 watts:
1 hp(M) = 735.49875 W
So the power conversion of watts to horsepower is given by:
P(hp) = P(W) / 735.49875
Example
Convert 10W to metric horsepower:
P(hp) = 10W / 735.49875 = 0.013596 hp
5

How to convert kVA to kW

How to convert apparent power in kilovolt-amps (kVA) to real power in kilowatts (kW).

kVA to kW calculation formula

The real power P in kilowatts (kW) is equal to the apparent power S in kilovolt-amps
(kVA), times the power factor PF:
P(kW) =  S(kVA) × PF
So kilowatts are equal to kilovolt-amps times the power factor.
kilowatts = kilovolt-amps × PF
or
kW = kVA × PF
Example
What is the real power in kilowatts when the apparent power is 3 kVA and the power
factor is 0.8?
Solution:
P = 3kVA × 0.8 = 2.4kW
How to convert kVA to kW
How to convert apparent power in kilovolt-amps (kVA) to real power in kilowatts (kW).

kVA to kW calculation formula

The real power P in kilowatts (kW) is equal to the apparent power S in kilovolt-amps
(kVA), times the power factor PF:
P(kW) =  S(kVA) × PF
So kilowatts are equal to kilovolt-amps times the power factor.
kilowatts = kilovolt-amps × PF
or
kW = kVA × PF
Example
What is the real power in kilowatts when the apparent power is 3 kVA and the power
factor is 0.8?
Solution:
P = 3kVA × 0.8 = 2.4kW
6

How to convert amps to kilowatts

How to convert electric current in amps (A) to electric power in kilowatts (kW).
You can calculate kilowatts from amps and volts. You can't convert amps to kilowatts
since kilowatts and amps units do not measure the same quantity.

DC amps to kilowatts calculation formula

The power P in kilowatts is equal to the current I in amps, times the voltage V in volts
divided by 1000:
P(kW) = I(A) × V(V) / 1000
So kilowatts are equal to amps times volts divided by 1000:
kilowatt = amp × volt / 1000
or
kW = A × V / 1000
Example
What is power consumption in kW when the current is 3A and the voltage supply is
110V?
Answer: the power P is equal to current of 3 amps times the voltage of 110 volts,
divided by 1000.
P = 3A × 110V / 1000 = 0.33kW
AC single phase amps to kilowatts calculation formula
The real power P in kilowatts is equal to the power factor PF times the phase current I in
amps, times the RMS voltage V in volts divided by 1000:
P(kW) = PF × I(A) × V(V) / 1000
So kilowatts are equal to power factor times amps times volts divided by 1000:
kilowatt = PF × amp × volt / 1000
or
kW = PF × A × V / 1000
Example
What is power consumption in kW when the power factor is 0.8 and the phase current is
3A and the RMS voltage supply is 110V?
Answer: the power P is equal to power factor of 0.8 times current of 3 amps times
voltage of 110 volts, divided by 1000.
P = 0.8 × 3A × 110V / 1000 = 0.264kW
7 AC three phase amps to kilowatts calculation formula
The real power P in kilowatts is equal to square root of 3 times the power
factor PF times the phase current I in amps, times the  line to line RMS voltage VL-L in
+avolts divided by 1000:
P(kW) = √3 × PF × I(A) × VL-L(V) / 1000
So kilowatts are equal to square root of 3 times power factor PF times amps times volts
divided by 1000:
kilowatt = √3 × PF × amp × volt / 1000
or
kW = √3 × PF × A × V / 1000
Example
What is power consumption in kW when the power factor is 0.8 and the phase current is
3A and the RMS voltage supply is 110V?
Answer: the power P is equal to square root of 3 times power factor of 0.8 times current
of 3 amps times the voltage of 110 volts, divided by 1000.
P = √3 × 0.8 × 3A × 110V / 1000 = 0.457kW
8

How to convert kilowatts to amps

How to convert electric power in kilowatts (kW) to electric current in amps (A).
You can calculate amps from kilowatts and volts. You can't convert kilowatts to amps
since kilowatts and amps units do not measure the same quantity.

DC kilowatts to amps calculation formula

The current I in amps is equal to 1000 times the power P in kilowatts, divided by the
voltage V in volts:
I(A) = 1000 × P(kW) / V(V)
So amps are equal to 1000 times kilowatts divided by volts.
amps = 1000 × kilowatts / volts
or
A = 1000 × kW / V
Example
What is the current in amps when the power consumption is 0.33 kilowatts and the
voltage supply is 110 volts?
I = 1000 × 0.33kW / 110V = 3A
AC single phase kilowatts to amps calculation formula
The phase current I in amps is equal to 1000 times the real power P in kilowatts, divided
by the power factor PF times the RMS voltage V in volts:
I = 1000 × P / (PF × V )
So amps are equal to 1000 times kilowatts divided by power factor times volts.
amps = 1000 × kilowatts / (PF × volts)
or
A = 1000 × kW / (PF × V)
Example
What is the phase current in amps when the power consumption is 0.33 kilowatts, the
power factor is 0.8 and the RMS voltage supply is 110 volts?
I = 1000 × 0.33kW / (0.8 × 110V) = 3.75A
AC three phase kilowatts to amps calculation formula
The phase current I in amps is equal to 1000 times the real power P in kilowatts, divided
by square root of 3 times the power factor PF times the  line to line RMS voltage VL-L in
volts:
 (9) I = 1000 × P / (√3 × PF × VL-L )
So amps are equal to 1000 times kilowatts divided by square root of 3 times power
factor times volts.
amps = 1000 × kilowatts / (√3 × PF × volts)
or
A = 1000 × kW / (√3 × PF × V)
Example
What is the phase current in amps when the power consumption is 0.33 kilowatts, the
power factor is 0.8 and the voltage supply is 110 volts?
I = 1000 × 0.33kW / (√3 × 0.8 × 110V) = 2.165A
 
10

How to convert amps to kVA

How to convert electric current in amps (A) to apparent power in kilovolt-amps (kVA).
You can calculate kilovolt-amps from amps and volts, but you can't convert amps to
kilovolt-amps since kilovolt-amps and amps units do not measure the same quantity.

Single phase amps to kVA calculation formula

The apparent power S in kilovolt-amps is equal to phase current I in amps, times the
RMS voltage V in volts, divided by 1000:
S(kVA) = I(A) × V(V) / 1000
So kilovolt-amps are equal to amps times volts divided by 1000.
kilovolt-amps = amps × volts / 1000
or
kVA = A ⋅ V / 1000
Example
What is the apparent power in kVA when the phase current is 12A and the RMS voltage
supply is 110V?
Solution:
S = 12A × 110V / 1000 = 1.32kVA
3 phase amps to kVA calculation formula
Calculation with line to line voltage
The apparent power S in kilovolt-amps (with balanced loads) is equal to square root of 3
times the phase current I in amps, times the line to line RMS voltage V L-L in volts, divided
by 1000:
S(kVA) = √3 × I(A) × VL-L(V) / 1000
So kilovolt-amps are equal to √3 times amps times volts divided by 1000.
kilovolt-amps = √3 × amps × volts / 1000
or
kVA = √3 × A ⋅ V / 1000
Example
What is the apparent power in kVA when the phase current is 12A and the line to line
RMS voltage supply is 190V?
Solution:
S = √3 × 12A × 190V / 1000 = 3.949kVA
 11
Calculation with line to neutral voltage
The apparent power S in kilovolt-amps (with balanced loads) is equal to 3 times the
phase current I in amps, times the line to neutral RMS voltage V L-N in volts, divided by
1000:
S(kVA) = 3 × I(A) × VL-N(V) / 1000
So kilovolt-amps are equal to 3 times amps times volts divided by 1000.
kilovolt-amps = 3 × amps × volts / 1000
or
kVA = 3 × A ⋅ V / 1000
Example
What is the apparent power in kVA when the phase current is 12A and the line to
neutral RMS voltage supply is 120V?
Solution:
S = 3 × 12A × 120V / 1000 = 4.32kVA
12

How to convert kVA to amps

How to convert apparent power in kilovolt-amps (kVA) to electric current in amps (A).
You can calculate amps from kilovolt-amps and volts, but you can't convert kilovolt-
amps  to amps since kilovolt-amps and amps units do not measure the same quantity.

Single phase kVA to amps calculation formula

The phase current I in amps is equal to 1000 times the apparent power S in kilovolt-
amps, divided by the RMS voltage V in volts:
I(A) = 1000 × S(kVA) / V(V)
So amps are equal to 1000 times kilovolt-amps divided by volts.
amps = 1000 × kVA / volts
or
A = 1000 ⋅ kVA / V
Example
Question: What is the phase current in amps when the apparent power is 3 kVA and the
RMS voltage supply is 110 volts?
Solution:
I = 1000 × 3kVA / 110V = 27.27A
3 phase kVA to amps calculation formula
Calculation with line to line voltage
The phase current I in amps is equal to 1000 times the apparent power S in kilovolt-
amps, divided by the square root of 3 times the line to line RMS voltage V in volts:
I(A) = 1000 × S(kVA) / (√3 × VL-L(V) )
So amps are equal to 1000 times kilovolt-amps divided by the square root of 3 times
volts.
amps = 1000 × kVA / (√3 × volts)
or
A = 1000 ⋅ kVA / (√3 × V)
Example
Question: What is the phase current in amps when the apparent power is 3 kVA and the
line to line RMS voltage supply is 190 volts?
Solution:
I = 1000 × 3kVA / (√3 × 190V) = 9.116A
 
 13 Calculation with line to neutral voltage
The phase current I in amps is equal to 1000 times the apparent power S in kilovolt-
amps, divided by 3 times the line to line RMS voltage V in volts:
I(A) = 1000 × S(kVA) / (3 × VL-N(V) )
So amps are equal to 1000 times kilovolt-amps divided by 3 times volts.
amps = 1000 × kVA / (3 × volts)
or
A = 1000 ⋅ kVA / (3 × V)
Example
Question: What is the phase current in amps when the apparent power is 3 kVA and the
line to neutral RMS voltage supply is 120 volts?
Solution:
I = 1000 × 3kVA / (3 × 120V) = 8.333A
 
14

Electrical Formulae for Calculating

Amps, Horsepower, Kilowatts, & KVA

Use the chart in this calculation guide to find the formula you need according to the measure you will
calculate.

Alternating Current
Direct
To Find...
Current Single Two-Phase*
Three Phase
Phase Four-Wire

HP x 746 HP x 746
HP x 746 HP x 746
Amperes when Horsepower
is known
E x EFF x E x EFF x PF x
E x EFF 2 x E x EFF x PF
PF 1.73

KW x 1000 KW x 1000 KW x 1000 KW x 1000

Amperes when Kilowatts
are known
E E x PF 2 x E x PF E x PF x 1.73

KVA x 1000 KVA x 1000 KVA x 1000

Amperes when "KVA" is
 
known
E 2xE E x 1.73

 12
 ExI E x I x PF I x E x 2 x PF E x I x 1.73 x PF

Kilowatts

1000 1000 1000 1000

IxE IxEx2 E x I x 1.73

Kilovolt-Amperes "KVA"

1000 1000 1000

E x I x EFF I x E x 2 x EFF x E x I x EFF x PF

E x I x EFF
x PF PF x 1.73
Horsepower (Output)

746
746 746 746

E = Voltage / I = Amps / PF = Power Factor / EFF = Efficiency / HP = Horsepower

NOTE: Direct Current formulae do not use (PF, 2, or 1.73); Single phase formulas do not use (2 or
1.73); Two phase-four wire formulas do not use (1.73); 
Three phase formulas do not use (2)

* For three-wire, two phase circuits, the current in the common conductor is 1.41 times the current in
either of the other two conductors.
13 746 Watts = 1 Hp

Hp X 746 Watts
---------------- = AMPS
Voltage

10 Hp Motor At 220 Volts

Is

10 Hp X 746 Watts
---------------------- = 33.90 Amps
220 Volts

Amps X Volts = Watts

14

Single phase circuit calculation

Power factor calculation:
PF = |cos φ| = 1000 × P(kW) / (V(V) × I(A))
Apparent power calculation:
|S(kVA)| = V(V) × I(A) / 1000
Reactive power calculation:
Q(kVAR) = √(|S(kVA)|2 - P(kW)2)
Power factor correction capacitor's capacitance calculation:
C(F) = 1000 × Q(kVAR) / (2πf(Hz)×V(V)2)
Three phase circuit calculation
For three phase with balanced loads:
Calculation with line to line voltage
Power factor calculation:
PF = |cos φ| = 1000 × P(kW) / (√3 × VL-L(V) × I(A))
Apparent power calculation:
|S(kVA)| = √3 × VL-L(V) × I(A) / 1000
Reactive power calculation:
Q(kVAR) = √(|S(kVA)|2 - P(kW)2)
Power factor correction capacitor's capacitance calculation:
C(F) = 1000 × Q(kVAR) / (2πf(Hz)×VL-L(V)2)
Calculation with line to neutral voltage
Power factor calculation:
PF = |cos φ| = 1000 × P(kW) / (3 × VL-N(V) × I(A))
Apparent power calculation:
|S(kVA)| = 3 × VL-N(V) × I(A) / 1000
Reactive power calculation:
Q(kVAR) = √(|S(kVA)|2 - P(kW)2)
Power factor correction capacitor's capacitance calculation:
C(F) = 1000 × Q(kVAR) / (3×2πf(Hz)×VL-N(V)2)
 Appliance Watts Appliance Watts Appliance Watts

Central Air Conditioner

5,000 Electric blanket 200 Hedge trimmer 450
NA

Electric Clothes Dryer

3,400 Shaver 15 Weed eater 500
NA

Oven 3,000 Waterpik 100 1/4” drill 250

480-
Hair Dryer 1,538 Well Pump (1/3-1 HP) 1/2” drill 750
1200

1200-
Dishwasher Laptop 60-250 1” drill 1000
1500

Coffee Machine 1,500 Plasma TV 339 9” disc sander 1200

Microwave 1,500 LCD TV 213 3” belt sander 1000

Popcorn Popper 1,400 25” color TV 150 12” chain saw 1100

Toaster oven 1,200 19” color TV 70 14” band saw 1100

Hot Plate 1200 12” black and white TV 20 7-1/4” circular saw 900

Iron 1,100 Stereo 10-30 8-1/4” circular saw 1400

Toaster 1,100 Satellite dish 30 Refrigerator/ Freezer**

500- Radiotelephone - 1411 watt-

Microwave 5 20 cu. ft. (AC)
1500 Receive hours/day*

1200 watt-
Room Air Conditioner Radiotelephone -
1,100 40-150 16 cu. ft. (AC) hours
NA Transmit
/day*

Vacuum Cleaner 500 Lights   Freezer

1240 watt-
100 watt incandescent
Water heater 479 100 15 cu. ft. (Upright) hours
bulb
/day*

Sink Waste Disposal 450 25 watt compact fluor. 28 15 cu. ft. (Chest) 1080 watt-
bulb hours
 /day*

50 watt DC
Espresso Machine 360 50 Cell Phone - recharge 2-4 watts
incandescent

.25-.40
Dehumidifier 350 40 watt DC halogen 40 MP3 Player - recharge
watts

20 watt DC compact * TV’s,VCR’s and other devices

Blender 300 22
fluor. left plugged in, but not turned on,
still draw power.
300- CFL Bulb (60-watt
Humidifier 18 **To estimate the number of
1000 equivalent)
hours that a refrigerator actually
operates at its maximum wattage,
CFL Bulb (40-watt
Video Game Player 195 11 divide the total time the
equivalent)
refrigerator is plugged in by three.
Refrigerators, although turned
CFL Bulb (75-watt "on" all the time, actually cycle on
Standard TV 188 20
equivalent) and off as needed to maintain
interior temperatures.
CFL Bulb (100-watt
LCD Monitor 80-150 30
equivalent)

Desktop Computer
(Standard 80-120
home/business)

Heaters***  
Desktop Computer 400-
(Gaming) 1000+

Laptop Computer 40-120

150-
Portable Fan 100 Engine Block Heater NA
1000

Ceiling Fan 100 Portable Heater NA 1500

Can Opener 100 Waterbed Heater NA 400

Curling Iron 90 Stock Tank Heater NA 100

Stereo 60 Furnace Blower 300-

 1000

Clothes Dryer - Gas 300-

Cable Box 20
Heated 400

480-
Clock Radio 7 Well Pump (1/3-1HP)
1200

* The daily energy values listed here are for the most efficient units in their class and the
information was obtained from Consumer Guide to Home and the General Electric website.

© 2017 Wholesale Solar • Terms & Conditions • 1-888-322-6491 • 412 N Mount Shasta

Blvd, Mount Shasta CA 96067
 Melting Point
Metal
(oC) (oF)

Admiralty Brass 900 - 940 1650 - 1720

Aluminum 660 1220

Aluminum Alloy 463 - 671 865 - 1240

Aluminum Bronze 1027 - 1038 1881 - 1900

Antimony 630 1170

Babbitt 249 480

Beryllium 1285 2345

Beryllium Copper 865 - 955 1587 - 1750

Bismuth 271.4 520.5

Brass, Red 1000 1832

Brass, Yellow 930 1710

Cadmium 321 610

Chromium 1860 3380

Cobalt 1495 2723

 Melting Point
Metal
(oC) (oF)

Copper 1084 1983

Cupronickel 1170 - 1240 2140 - 2260

Gold, 24K Pure 1063 1945

Hastelloy C 1320 - 1350 2410 - 2460

Inconel 1390 - 1425 2540 - 2600

Incoloy 1390 - 1425 2540 - 2600

Iridium 2450 4440

Iron, Wrought 1482 - 1593 2700 - 2900

Iron, Gray Cast 1127 - 1204 2060 - 2200

Iron, Ductile 1149 2100

Lead 327.5 621

Magnesium 650 1200

Magnesium Alloy 349 - 649 660 - 1200

Manganese 1244 2271

Manganese bronze 865 - 890 1590 - 1630

 Melting Point
Metal
(oC) (oF)

Mercury -38.86 -37.95

Molybdenum 2620 4750

Monel 1300 - 1350 2370 - 2460

Nickel 1453 2647

Niobium (Columbium) 2470 4473

Osmium 3025 5477

Palladium 1555 2831

Phosphorus 44 111

Platinum 1770 3220

Plutonium 640 1180

Potassium 63.3 146

Red Brass 990 - 1025 1810 - 1880

Rhenium 3186 5767

Rhodium 1965 3569

Ruthenium 2482 4500

 Melting Point
Metal
(oC) (oF)

Selenium 217 423

Silicon 1411 2572

Silver, Coin 879 1615

Silver, Pure 961 1761

Silver, Sterling 893 1640

Sodium 97.83 208

Steel, Carbon 1425 - 1540 2600 - 2800

Steel, Stainless 1510 2750

Tantalum 2980 5400

Thorium 1750 3180

Tin 232 449.4

Titanium 1670 3040

Tungsten 3400 6150

Uranium 1132 2070

Vanadium 1900 3450

 Melting Point
Metal
(oC) (oF)

Yellow Brass 905 - 932 1660 - 1710

Zinc 419.5 787

Zirconium 1854 33
Three-Phase Motors - HP and Full-Load Currents

Full-Load Current (amps)

Motor Size Induction Type Synchronous Ty

(hp) Squirrel-Cage and Wound Motor Unity Power Fac

115 V 230 V 460 V 575 V 2300 V 230 V 460 V 575

1/2 4 2 1 0.8

3/4 5.6 2.8 1.4 1.1

1 7.2 3.6 1.8 1.4

1 1/2 10.4 5.2 2.6 2.1

2 13.6 6.8 3.4 2.7

3 9.6 4.8 3.9

5 15.2 7.6 6.1

7 1/2 22 11 9

10 28 14 11

15 42 21 17

20 54 27 22

25 68 34 27 53 26 21
 Full-Load Current (amps)

Motor Size Induction Type Synchronous Ty

(hp) Squirrel-Cage and Wound Motor Unity Power Fac

115 V 230 V 460 V 575 V 2300 V 230 V 460 V 575

30 80 40 32 63 32 26

40 104 52 41 83 41 33

50 130 65 52 104 52 42

60 154 77 62 16 123 61 49

75 192 96 77 20 155 78 62

100 248 124 99 26 202 101 81

 1 hp (English horse power) = 745.7 W = 0.746 kW = 550 ft lb/s = 2,545 Btu/h =

33.000 ft lb/m = 1.0139 metric horse power ~= 1.0 KVA
How to convert inches to millimeters
1 inch is equal to 25.4 millimeters:
1″ = 25.4mm
The distance d in millimeters (mm) is equal to the distance d in inches (″) times 25.4:
d(mm) = d(″) × 25.4
Example
Convert 20 inches to millimeters:
d(mm) = 20″ × 25.4 = 508mm
Inches to millimeters conversion table
Millimeters
Inches (")
(mm)

0.254000
0.01 ″
mm

0.396875
1/64 ″
mm

0.793750
1/32 ″
mm

1.587500
1/16 ″
mm

2.540000
0.1 ″
mm

1/8 ″ 3.175 mm

1/4 ″ 6.35 mm

1/2 ″ 12.7 mm

1″ 25.4 mm

2″ 50.8 mm

3″ 76.2 mm

4″ 101.6 mm

5″ 127.0 mm
 Millimeters
Inches (")
(mm)

6″ 152.4 mm

7″ 177.8 mm

8″ 203.2 mm

9″ 228.6 mm

10 ″  254.0 mm

20 ″ 508.0 mm

30 ″ 762.0 mm

40 ″ 1016.0 mm

50 ″ 1270.0 mm

60 ″ 1524.0 mm

70 ″ 1778.0 mm

80 ″ 2032.0 mm

90 ″ 2286.0 mm

100 ″ 2540.0 mm

 
How to convert millimeters to inches
1 millimeter is equal to 0.03937007874 inches:
1mm = (1/25.4)″ = 0.03937007874″
The distance d in inches (″) is equal to the distance d in millimeters (mm) divided by
25.4:
d(″) = d(mm) / 25.4
Example
Convert 20 mm to inches:
d(″) = 20mm / 25.4 = 0.7874″
Millimeters to inches conversion table
The fraction inches are rounded to 1/64 resolution.
Millimeters Inches (") Inches (")
(mm) (decimal) (fraction)

0.01 mm 0.0004 ″ 0″

0.1 mm 0.0039 ″ 0″

1 mm 0.0394 ″ 3/64 ″

2 mm 0.0787 ″ 5/64 ″

3 mm 0.1181 ″ 1/8 ″

4 mm 0.1575 ″ 5/32 ″

5 mm 0.1969 ″ 13/64 ″

6 mm 0.2362 ″ 15/64 ″

7 mm 0.2756 ″ 9/32 ″

8 mm 0.3150 ″ 5/16 ″

9 mm 0.3543 ″ 23/64 ″

10 mm 0.3937 ″ 25/64 ″

20 mm 0.7874 ″ 25/32 ″
 Millimeters Inches (") Inches (")
(mm) (decimal) (fraction)

30 mm 1.1811 ″ 1 3/16 ″

40 mm 1.5784 ″ 1 37/64 ″

50 mm 1.9685 ″ 1 31/32 ″

60 mm 2.3622 ″ 2 23/64 ″

70 mm 2.7559 ″ 2 3/4 ″

80 mm 3.1496 ″ 3 5/32 ″

90 mm 3.5433 ″ 3 35/64 ″

100 mm 3.9370 ″ 3 15/16 ″

 
How to convert millimeters to inches
1 millimeter is equal to 0.03937007874 inches:
1mm = (1/25.4)″ = 0.03937007874″
The distance d in inches (″) is equal to the distance d in millimeters (mm) divided by
25.4:
d(″) = d(mm) / 25.4
Example
Convert 20 mm to inches:
d(″) = 20mm / 25.4 = 0.7874″
Millimeters to inches conversion table
The fraction inches are rounded to 1/64 resolution.
Millimeters Inches (") Inches (")
(mm) (decimal) (fraction)

0.01 mm 0.0004 ″ 0″

0.1 mm 0.0039 ″ 0″

1 mm 0.0394 ″ 3/64 ″

2 mm 0.0787 ″ 5/64 ″

3 mm 0.1181 ″ 1/8 ″

4 mm 0.1575 ″ 5/32 ″

5 mm 0.1969 ″ 13/64 ″

6 mm 0.2362 ″ 15/64 ″

7 mm 0.2756 ″ 9/32 ″

8 mm 0.3150 ″ 5/16 ″

9 mm 0.3543 ″ 23/64 ″
 Millimeters Inches (") Inches (")
(mm) (decimal) (fraction)

10 mm 0.3937 ″ 25/64 ″

20 mm 0.7874 ″ 25/32 ″

30 mm 1.1811 ″ 1 3/16 ″

40 mm 1.5784 ″ 1 37/64 ″

50 mm 1.9685 ″ 1 31/32 ″

60 mm 2.3622 ″ 2 23/64 ″

70 mm 2.7559 ″ 2 3/4 ″

80 mm 3.1496 ″ 3 5/32 ″

90 mm 3.5433 ″ 3 35/64 ″

100 mm 3.9370 ″ 3 15/16 ″

 
Comparison between Star and Delta Connections

Comparison between Star (Y) and Delta

(Δ) Connections
Star (Y) Connection Delta (Δ) Connection

In STAR connection, the starting or finishing In DELTA connection, the opposite ends of
ends (Similar ends) of three coils are three coils are connected together. In other
connected together to form the neutral point. words, the end of each coil is connected with
A common wire is taken out from the neutral the start of another coil, and three wires are
point which is called Neutral. taken out from the coil joints

There is a Neutral or Star Point No Neutral Point in Delta Connection

Three phase four wire system is derived from

Star Connections (3-Phase, 4 Wires Three phase three wire system is derived
System) We may Also derived 3 Phase 3 from Delta Connections (3-Phase, 3 Wires
Wire System from Star Connection System)

Line Current is Equal to Phase Current. i.e. Line Voltage is Equal to Phase Voltage. i.e.
Line Current = Phase Current Line Voltage = Phase Voltage
IL = IPH VL = VPH

Line Voltage is √3 times of Phase Voltage. Line Current is √3 times of Phase Current.
i.e. i.e.
VL = √3 VPH IL = √3 IPH

The Total Power of three phases could be The Total Power of three phases could be
found by found by
P = √3 x VL x IL x CosФ …. Or P = √3 x VL x IL x CosФ … or
P = 3 x VPH x IPH x CosФ P = 3 x VPH x IPH x CosФ

The speeds of Delta connected motors are

The speeds of Star connected motors are
high because each phase gets the total of
slow as they receive 1/√3 voltage.
line voltage

In Star Connection, the phase voltage is low In Delta connection, The phase voltage is
as 1/√3 of the line voltage, so, it needs low equal to the line voltage, hence, it needs
number of turns, hence, saving in copper. more number of turns.
 Low insulation required as phase voltage is Heavy insulation required as Phase voltage =
low Line Voltage.

In Power Transmission, Star Connection In Power Distribution and industries, Delta

system is general and typical to be used. Connection is general and typical to be used.

Click image to
enlarge
You may Also read
 Delta Connection (Δ): 3 Phase Power, Voltage & Current Values
 Star Connection (Y): Three Phase Power, Voltage & Current Values
 Three Phase Current Values in a 3-Phase System
 Basic Magnetic Terms definition with Formulas
 Factors of Contactor’s Contact Design
From Schematic to PCB Production, Just Need One Tool - EasyEDA
Free Circuit Design Software: learn to use Editor quickly and easily 
Cheapest PCB: 10pcs 2-layers 10cm×10cm only $8.21, 3-day build time, 100%
E-test

Motor starting methods //

  Direct-on-line (DOL) starting
 Advantages
 Drawbacks
 Star-delta starting
 Advantages
 Drawbacks
 Comparision of DOL and Star-delta starting

Direct-on-line starting (DOL)

As the name suggests, direct-on-line starting means that the motor is started
by connecting it directly to the supply at rated voltage. Direct-on-line
starting, (DOL), is suitable for stable supplies and mechanically stiff and well-
dimensioned shaft systems – and pumps qualify as examples of such systems.

Line diagram for Direct-on-line

motor starting

Where:
Comparision of Direct-on-line (DOL) and Star-delta Motor Starting (photo credit:
ukworkshop.co.uk)

 K1 – Main contactor

 MV1 – Overload relay

Go back to Methods  ↑

Advantages of DOL
DOL starting is the simplest, cheapest and most common starting method.
Furthermore it actually gives the lowest temperature rise within the motor during
start up of all the starting methods.
It is the obvious choice wherever the supply authority’s current limiting
restrictions allow for its use.

Power plants may have varying rules and regulations in different countries. For
example: Three-phase motors with locked-rotor currents above 60 A must not
use direct-on-line starting in Denmark. In such cases, it will obviously be
necessary to select another starting method.
Motors that start and stop frequently often have some kind of control system,
which consist of a contactor and overload protection such as a thermal relay.

DOL curve – Synchronous speed

/ Full-load torque

Go back to Methods  ↑

Drawbacks of DOL
Small motors which do not start and stop frequently need only very simple
starting equipment, often in the form of a hand-operated motor protection
circuit breaker.
Full voltage is switched directly onto the motor terminals. For small motors, the
starting torque will be 150% to 300% of the full-load value, while the starting
current will be 300% to 800% of the full-load current or even higher.

DOL curve – Synchronous speed /

Full-load current

Go back to Methods  ↑

Star-delta starting
The objective of this starting method, which is used with three-phase induction
motors, is to reduce the starting current .

In starting position, current supply to the stator windings is connected in  star (Y)
for starting. In the running position, current supply is reconnected to the
windings in delta (∆) once the motor has gained speed .
 Line
diagram for star-delta motor starter

Go back to Methods  ↑

Advantages of Y-Δ
Normally, low-voltage motors over 3 kW  will be dimensioned to run at
either 400 V in delta (∆) connection  or at 690 V in star (Y) connection . The
flexibility provided by this design can also be used to start the motor with a
lower voltage. Star-delta connections give a low starting current of only about
one third of that found with direct-on-line starting.

Star-delta starters are particularly suited for  high inertias , where the load are
initiated after full load speed.
 Start-delta starter curve –
Synchronous speed / Full-load torque

Go back to Methods  ↑

Drawbacks of of Y-Δ

But they also reduce the starting torque to about 33%.  The motor is started
in Y-connection and accelerated and switched to the star-delta connection. This
method can only be used with induction motors that are  delta connected to the
supply voltage.

If the changeover from star to delta takes place at too low a speed, this can
cause a current surge which rises almost as high as the corresponding DOL
value. During the even small period of switch over from start to delta
connection the motor looses speed very rapidly , which also calls for higher
current pulse  after connection to delta.

The two illustrations to the right show two features which should be taken into
consideration when using star-delta starting. The starter first connects the motor
in star (contactor K1 and K3). After a time period –  which depends on individual
needs – it connects the motor in delta contactor K3 open and contactor
K2 close.

Star-delta starter curve – Synchronous

speed / Full-load current

Starting torque and current are considerably lower at star-delta starting than at
direct-on-line starting: one third of the equivalent DOL value.

Mismatching of motor torque speed curve and load torque speed curve. In the
example shown here, the motor would slowly accelerate  up to approximately
50 per cent rated speed .
 Mismatching of motor torque speed
curve and load torque speed curve

Go back to Methods  ↑

Comparision of DOL and Star-delta starting

The following graphs illustrate currents for a  Grundfos CR pump started with
a Grundfos MG 7.5 kW motor  by means of DOL and star-delta starting,
respectively. As you will see, the DOL starting method features a  very high
locked-rotor current  which eventually flattens and becomes constant.
 Direct-on-line starting of a
Grundfos 7.5 kW motor installed on a Grundfos CR pump

The star-delta starting method  features a lower locked-rotor current, but

peaks during the starting process as the changeover from star to delta is made.

When starting in star (t = 0.3 s),  the current is reduced .

Star-delta starting of a 7.5

kW Grundfos motor installed on a Grundfos CR pump
However, when switching over from star to delta  (at t = 1 .7 s), the current
pulse reaches the same level as the locked-rotor current seen with direct-on-
line starting. The current pulse can even get higher , because the motor
during the switching period is un-powered which means it reduce speed before
the full voltage (delta voltage) are supplied.

Go back to Methods  ↑

Reference //  The Motor Book – Grundfos (Download)

Motor starting methods //

 Direct-on-line (DOL) starting
 Advantages
 Drawbacks
 Star-delta starting
 Advantages
 Drawbacks
 Comparision of DOL and Star-delta starting

Direct-on-line starting (DOL)

As the name suggests, direct-on-line starting means that the motor is started
by connecting it directly to the supply at rated voltage. Direct-on-line
starting, (DOL), is suitable for stable supplies and mechanically stiff and well-
dimensioned shaft systems – and pumps qualify as examples of such systems.
 Line diagram for Direct-on-line
motor starting

Where:
Comparision of Direct-on-line (DOL) and Star-delta Motor Starting (photo credit:
ukworkshop.co.uk)

 K1 – Main contactor

 MV1 – Overload relay

Go back to Methods  ↑

Advantages of DOL
DOL starting is the simplest, cheapest and most common starting method.
Furthermore it actually gives the lowest temperature rise within the motor during
start up of all the starting methods.
It is the obvious choice wherever the supply authority’s current limiting
restrictions allow for its use.

Power plants may have varying rules and regulations in different countries. For
example: Three-phase motors with locked-rotor currents above 60 A must not
use direct-on-line starting in Denmark. In such cases, it will obviously be
necessary to select another starting method.
Motors that start and stop frequently often have some kind of control system,
which consist of a contactor and overload protection such as a thermal relay.

DOL curve – Synchronous speed

/ Full-load torque

Go back to Methods  ↑

Drawbacks of DOL
Small motors which do not start and stop frequently need only very simple
starting equipment, often in the form of a hand-operated motor protection
circuit breaker.
Full voltage is switched directly onto the motor terminals. For small motors, the
starting torque will be 150% to 300% of the full-load value, while the starting
current will be 300% to 800% of the full-load current or even higher.

DOL curve – Synchronous speed /

Full-load current

Go back to Methods  ↑

Star-delta starting
The objective of this starting method, which is used with three-phase induction
motors, is to reduce the starting current .

In starting position, current supply to the stator windings is connected in  star (Y)
for starting. In the running position, current supply is reconnected to the
windings in delta (∆) once the motor has gained speed .
 Line
diagram for star-delta motor starter

Go back to Methods  ↑

Advantages of Y-Δ
Normally, low-voltage motors over 3 kW  will be dimensioned to run at
either 400 V in delta (∆) connection  or at 690 V in star (Y) connection . The
flexibility provided by this design can also be used to start the motor with a
lower voltage. Star-delta connections give a low starting current of only about
one third of that found with direct-on-line starting.

Star-delta starters are particularly suited for  high inertias , where the load are
initiated after full load speed.
 Start-delta starter curve –
Synchronous speed / Full-load torque

Go back to Methods  ↑

Drawbacks of of Y-Δ

But they also reduce the starting torque to about 33%.  The motor is started
in Y-connection and accelerated and switched to the star-delta connection. This
method can only be used with induction motors that are  delta connected to the
supply voltage.

If the changeover from star to delta takes place at too low a speed, this can
cause a current surge which rises almost as high as the corresponding DOL
value. During the even small period of switch over from start to delta
connection the motor looses speed very rapidly , which also calls for higher
current pulse  after connection to delta.

The two illustrations to the right show two features which should be taken into
consideration when using star-delta starting. The starter first connects the motor
in star (contactor K1 and K3). After a time period –  which depends on individual
needs – it connects the motor in delta contactor K3 open and contactor
K2 close.

Star-delta starter curve – Synchronous

speed / Full-load current

Starting torque and current are considerably lower at star-delta starting than at
direct-on-line starting: one third of the equivalent DOL value.

Mismatching of motor torque speed curve and load torque speed curve. In the
example shown here, the motor would slowly accelerate  up to approximately
50 per cent rated speed .
 Mismatching of motor torque speed
curve and load torque speed curve

Go back to Methods  ↑

Comparision of DOL and Star-delta starting

The following graphs illustrate currents for a  Grundfos CR pump started with
a Grundfos MG 7.5 kW motor  by means of DOL and star-delta starting,
respectively. As you will see, the DOL starting method features a  very high
locked-rotor current  which eventually flattens and becomes constant.
 Direct-on-line starting of a
Grundfos 7.5 kW motor installed on a Grundfos CR pump

The star-delta starting method  features a lower locked-rotor current, but

peaks during the starting process as the changeover from star to delta is made.

When starting in star (t = 0.3 s),  the current is reduced .

Star-delta starting of a 7.5

kW Grundfos motor installed on a Grundfos CR pump
However, when switching over from star to delta  (at t = 1 .7 s), the current
pulse reaches the same level as the locked-rotor current seen with direct-on-
line starting. The current pulse can even get higher , because the motor
during the switching period is un-powered which means it reduce speed before
the full voltage (delta voltage) are supplied.

Go back to Methods  ↑

Reference //  The Motor Book – Grundfos (Download)

 EMOTRON VSU-415V, 0.75KW TO 18.5KW

Speed control with Emotron VSU drives can give significant energy savings in your application.
Our Expertise
CG Drives & Automation has developed, manufactured and deli- vered efficient and reliable
motor control equipment for 35 years. We offer standard products and complete drive solutions
that ensure the safe and cost-efficient operation of demanding indu- strial applications. We
provide smart solutions to users, operators, system integrators and OEMs around the world.
Wherever there are demanding applications.

Our drives are reliable and productive with exceptional motor performance as you would expect
from Emotron series drives.
Prepared for the real world
The Emotron VSU is a dynamic drive for use in all industrial application where simplicity,
reliability and productivity are required.

 Standard rated for 50 degrees @ 8kHz switching

 Heavy duty drive for various
 Robust drives with conformal coated boards enable application in hot and humid
 Detachable cooling fan for easy cleaning or
Simple to commission and use
Emotron VSU is an easy drive – easy to connect, easy to configure and easy to install.

 All connectors are generously sized and clearly labeled

 The keypad is user-friendly with max LEDs to display status and minimum keys for ease of
configuration
Excellent control performance
 Up to 180% torque @ 25Hz (sensorless vector)
 <10 ms torque response
 Speed control range up to 1:200 (sensorless vector)
 Speed control accuracy up to 2% (sensorless vector)
 Online autotuning of motor parameters
Special Features
 Built in brake chopper
 Modbus RS485 as default
 Detachable keypad with parameter copy function
 Parameter backup
 Common DC bus
 Free switchover between two motors’ parameters
 Flexible parameter displayed
 Various master & auxiliary command and switchover
 Speed search start
 Variety of accel/decel curves optional
 Automatic correction of analog, contracting brake
 16-step speed control programmable
(2-step speed supports flexible frequency command)
 Wobble frequency control
 Fixed length control
 Count function
 Three faults recorded
 Over excitation brake
 Over voltage stall protection
 Under voltage stall protection
 Restart upon power loss
 Skip frequency
 Frequency binding
 Four kinds of accel/decel time
 Motor thermal protection
 Flexible fan control
 Process PID control
 Multi-functional key programmable
 Droop control
 Parameter identification
 Field-weakening control
 High-precision
 Torque restraint
 V/f separated control
 Vector control
Emotron series VSU Ordering Codes
Emotron VSU – 3 phase, 380–480V
Normal duty Heavy duty O/L (150% , 1 min,
High Overload ability
every 10 min)
  (120% , 1 min, every 10 min)
       
     
    Max Max
Max Max
  Rated output Rated output Current Current
Power Power
current current (180%, (200%,
Model current current 10s) 0.5s)
kW A A KW AMP A A A

VSU48-003-20CNB 1.5 3.8 4.5 0.75 2.5 3.8 4.5 5

VSU48-004-20CNB 2.2 4.8 5.8 1.5 3.8 5.7 6.84 7.6

VSU48-006-20CNB 3.7 8 9.6 2.2 5.5 8.3 9.9 11

VSU48-009-20CNB 5.5 11 13.2 3.7 9 13.5 16.2 18

VSU48-013-20CNB 7.5 16 19.2 5.5 13 19.5 23.4 26

VSU48-017-20CNB 11 21 25.2 7.5 17 25.5 30.6 34

VSU48-024-20CNB 15 30 36.0 11 24 36.0 43.2 48

VSU48-030-20CNB 18.5 36 43.2 15 30 45.0 54 60

 

Max current Maximum current for 60 sec , in every 600 Sec

Normal duty Applications with variable torque like Pump, Fan, Blower

Applications with constant torque like Crane, hoists, Lifts, Mills,

Heavy duty Crushers, Conveyors, Feeders, Press, Textile, Agitators, Mixers, CNC,
Centrifuge, Packaging etc

Optional Accessories (One slot available for following accessories)

Expansion board Remark

EPC-CM1 Supports expanded 232 communication. Applicable for standard VSU and VSX.

EPC-CM2 PROFIBUS-DP communication board. Applicable for EMOTRON VSU and VSX.

  Supports two current/voltage anaglog inputs. Current input: 0A-1A, Voltage input: 0V-24V (for
injection molding machine application)
EPC-IM1
For flying start (speed search) function, and b1-05 should be set to 3. With this card, flying start
 
will be accurate and smooth; While without this card (b1-05=2), flying start may be failed, or
EPC-VD2 not accurate/smooth.

EPC-TM1 Supports one analog input, one digital input, one analog output, and one relay output

  Supports real-time clock input, one analog input, and one relay output. Applicable for
customized EMOTRON VSU and VSX if this function is requested.
EPC-RT1
TECHNICAL DATA

POWER INPUT (L1, L2, L3)

3-phase
Voltage AC380V/AC400V/AC415V/AC440V/
AC460V/AC480V

Continuous voltage
±21%. Short variation of -27%
variation

Voltage imbalance Less than 3%. As per IEC618000-2

Frequency 50/60 Hz. Tolerance +-5%

Power Factor 0.97

POWER OUTPUT (U, V, W)

Voltage 3-phase: 0~ rated input voltage,
 error <±3%

Output frequency
0 to 600 Hz
range

Frequency resolution 0.01 Hz

OVERLOAD CAPACITY
Normal duty 120% 60 Sec / 600 Sec

Heavy duty 150% 60 Sec / 600 Sec

High overload 180% 10 Sec, 200% 0.5 Sec

10.5 Hz: 180% (V/f, vector

Starting torque control 1)
0.25 Hz 180% (vector control 2)

CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS
Acceleration time
0 to 6000 seconds
setting

Deceleration time
0 to 6000 seconds
setting

Switching frequency 0.7 kHz~16 Hz

V/f control
Control method
Sensor-less vector control 1
Sensor-less vector
Range of speed 1: 100 (V/f, vector control 1)
regulation 1: 200 (vector control 2)

±0.5% (V/f control)

Speed accuracy
±0.2% (vector control 1& 2)

BASIC FUNCTIONS
Digital setting + keypad

Digital setting + terminal

Frequency setting
UP/DOWN
sources
Communication

Analog setting (AI1/AI2/EAI)

Motor started methods Started from starting frequency
 Terminal Pulse Setting

DC braking and then started

Speed search started
Motor stopped Ramp to stop, Coast to stop,
methods
Ramp stop + DC brake
Dynamic braking unit Inbuilt

DC braking start frequency:

0.00~600.00 Hz
DC braking capacity
DC braking current:
0.0~100.0% DC braking time:
0.0~30.00s
DIGITAL INPUTS (6 Nos)

Programmable DI 5

Logic PNP or NPN

24 VDC. Range: 10 V~30 V, 0-

Voltage
200 Hz

Digital / Pulse Inputs 1

Voltage 10 V – 30 V

Frequency 0.1 Hz~50 kHz

DIGITAL OUTPUTS (3 Nos)

Open collector DO 1

Voltage Range 0-24 V

Current Range 0 – 50 mA

Open collector DO or
1
Pulse o/p

Frequency 0 – 50 Hz

Relay Outputs 1

Contact capacity 250 VAC/ 3A, 30 VDC/ 3A

ANALOGUE INPUTS (2 Nos)

Voltage or Current AI 1

0~20 mA: input impedance –

Current Range
500 fi

Max current 25 mA

0~10 V: input impedance – 100

Voltage Range
fi

Max voltage 12.5 V

Only voltage AI 1

-10~10 V: input impedance – 25

Voltage Range
fi

Max Voltage Range; -12.5 V ~+12.5 V

ANALOGUE OUTPUTS (1 No)

Voltage or Current AI 1

0~20 mA: input impedance –

Current Range
200fi-500 fi

Voltage Range 0~10 V: impedance   >_ 10k

ENVIRONMENT

Enclosure IP20

Ambient temperature -10°C ~50°C

Relative humidity 0-95%, no condensation

Vibration Less than 5.9 m/s2 (0.6g)

Storage temperature -40°C ~+70°C

0~2000 m. Deration above 1000

Altitude
m

COMMUNICATION INTERFACE

Default Interface Modbus 485

  4800/ 9600/ 19200/ 38400/

57600/
485 differential signal
 115200 bps
Max Distance 500 mts. Std network cable.

Optional interface Profibus-DP

© Copyright 2015 Vinayak Automation Products. All Rights Reserved | Designed by Crazy Designers

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3.7416573868 15 3.8729833462 16 4.0000000000 17 4.1231056256 18 4.2426406871 19 4.3588989435 20 4.4721
359550 21 4.5825756950 22 4.6904157598 23 4.7958315233 24 4.8989794856 25 5.0000000000 26 5.0990195136 
27 5.1961524227 28 5.2915026221 29 5.3851648071 30 5.4772255751 31 5.5677643628 32 5.6568542495 33 5.74
45626465 34 5.8309518948 35 5.9160797831 36 6.0000000000 37 6.0827625303 38 6.1644140030 39 6.24499799
84 40 6.3245553203 41 6.4031242374 42 6.4807406984 43 6.5574385243 44 6.6332495807 45 6.7082039325 46 6
.7823299831 47 6.8556546004 48 6.9282032303 49 7.0000000000 50 7.0710678119 51 7.1414284285 52 7.21110
25509 53 7.2801098893 54 7.3484692283 55 7.4161984871 56 7.4833147735 57 7.5498344353 58 7.6157731059 
59 7.6811457479 60 7.7459666924 61 7.8102496759 62 7.8740078740 63 7.9372539332 64 8.0000000000 65 8.06
22577483 66 8.1240384046 67 8.1853527719 68 8.2462112512 69 8.3066238629 70 8.3666002653 71 8.42614977
32 72 8.4852813742 73 8.5440037453 74 8.6023252670 75 8.6602540378 76 8.7177978871 77 8.7749643874 78 8
.8317608663 79 8.8881944173 80 8.9442719100 81 9.0000000000 82 9.0553851381 83 9.1104335791 84 9.16515
13899 85 9.2195444573 86 9.2736184955 87 9.3273790531 88 9.3808315196 89 9.4339811321 90 9.4868329805 
91 9.5393920142 92 9.5916630466 93 9.6436507610 94 9.6953597148 95 9.7467943448 96 9.7979589711 97 9.84
88578018 98 9.8994949366 99 9.9498743711 100 10.0000000000 200 14.1421356237 300 17.3205080757 400 20.
0000000000 500 22.3606797750 600 24.4948974278 700 26.4575131106 800 28.2842712475 900 30.0000000000 
1000 31.6227766017 2000 44.7213595500 3000 54.7722557505 4000 63.2455532034 5000 70.7106781187 6000 7
7.4596669241 7000 83.6660026534 8000 89.4427191000 9000 94.8683298051 10000 100.0000000000
guide for the plant engineer EATON www.eaton.com Table 6. Multipliers to Determine Capacitor
Kilovars Required for Power Factor Correction Original Power Factor Corrected Power Factor 0.8 0.81
0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.0 0.50 0.982
1.008 1.034 1.060 1.086 1.112 1.139 1.165 1.192 1.220 1.248 1.276 1.306 1.337 1.369 1.403 1.440 1.481
1.529 1.589 1.732 0.51 0.937 0.962 0.989 1.015 1.041 1.067 1.094 1.120 1.147 1.175 1.203 1.231 1.261
1.292 1.324 1.358 1.395 1.436 1.484 1.544 1.687 0.52 0.893 0.919 0.945 0.971 0.997 1.023 1.050 1.076
1.103 1.131 1.159 1.187 1.217 1.248 1.280 1.314 1.351 1.392 1.440 1.500 1.643 0.53 0.850 0.876 0.902
0.928 0.954 0.980 1.007 1.033 1.060 1.088 1.116 1.144 1.174 1.205 1.237 1.271 1.308 1.349 1.397 1.457
1.600 0.54 0.809 0.835 0.861 0.887 0.913 0.939 0.966 0.992 1.019 1.047 1.075 1.103 1.133 1.164 1.196
1.230 1.267 1.308 1.356 1.416 1.559 0.55 0.769 0.795 0.821 0.847 0.873 0.899 0.926 0.952 0.979 1.007
1.035 1.063 1.093 1.124 1.156 1.190 1.227 1.268 1.316 1.376 1.519 0.56 0.730 0.756 0.782 0.808 0.834
0.860 0.887 0.913 0.940 0.968 0.996 1.024 1.054 1.085 1.117 1.151 1.188 1.229 1.277 1.337 1.480 0.57
0.692 0.718 0.744 0.770 0.796 0.822 0.849 0.875 0.902 0.930 0.958 0.986 1.016 1.047 1.079 1.113 1.150
1.191 1.239 1.299 1.442 0.58 0.655 0.681 0.707 0.733 0.759 0.785 0.812 0.838 0.865 0.893 0.921 0.949
0.979 1.010 1.042 1.076 1.113 1.154 1.202 1.262 1.405 0.59 0.619 0.645 0.671 0.697 0.723 0.749 0.776
0.802 0.829 0.857 0.885 0.913 0.943 0.974 1.006 1.040 1.077 1.118 1.166 1.226 1.369 0.60 0.583 0.609
0.635 0.661 0.687 0.713 0.740 0.766 0.793 0.821 0.849 0.877 0.907 0.938 0.970 1.004 1.041 1.082 1.130
1.190 1.333 0.61 0.549 0.575 0.601 0.627 0.653 0.679 0.706 0.732 0.759 0.787 0.815 0.843 0.873 0.904
0.936 0.970 1.007 1.048 1.096 1.156 1.299 0.62 0.516 0.542 0.568 0.594 0.620 0.646 0.673 0.699 0.726
0.754 0.782 0.810 0.840 0.871 0.903 0.937 0.974 1.015 1.063 1.123 1.266 0.63 0.483 0.509 0.535 0.561
0.587 0.613 0.640 0.666 0.693 0.721 0.749 0.777 0.807 0.838 0.870 0.904 0.941 0.982 1.030 1.090 1.233
0.64 0.451 0.474 0.503 0.529 0.555 0.581 0.608 0.634 0.661 0.689 0.717 0.745 0.775 0.806 0.838 0.872
0.909 0.950 0.998 1.068 1.201 0.65 0.419 0.445 0.471 0.497 0.523 0.549 0.576 0.602 0.629 0.657 0.685
0.713 0.743 0.774 0.806 0.840 0.877 0.918 0.966 1.026 1.169 0.66 0.388 0.414 0.440 0.466 0.492 0.518
0.545 0.571 0.598 0.626 0.654 0.682 0.712 0.743 0.775 0.809 0.846 0.887 0.935 0.995 1.138 0.67 0.358
0.384 0.410 0.436 0.462 0.488 0.515 0.541 0.568 0.596 0.624 0.652 0.682 0.713 0.745 0.779 0.816 0.857
0.905 0.965 1.108 0.68 0.328 0.354 0.380 0.406 0.432 0.458 0.485 0.511 0.538 0.566 0.594 0.622 0.652
0.683 0.715 0.749 0.786 0.827 0.875 0.935 1.078 0.69 0.299 0.325 0.351 0.377 0.403 0.429 0.456 0.482
0.509 0.537 0.565 0.593 0.623 0.654 0.686 0.720 0.757 0.798 0.846 0.906 1.049 0.70 0.270 0.296 0.322
0.348 0.374 0.400 0.427 0.453 0.480 0.508 0.536 0.564 0.594 0.625 0.657 0.691 0.728 0.769 0.817 0.877
1.020 0.71 0.242 0.268 0.294 0.320 0.346 0.372 0.399 0.425 0.452 0.480 0.508 0.536 0.566 0.597 0.629
0.663 0.700 0.741 0.789 0.849 0.992 0.72 0.214 0.24.0 0.266 0.292 0.318 0.344 0.371 0.397 0.424 0.452
0.480 0.508 0.538 0.569 0.601 0.635 0.672 0.713 0.761 0.821 0.964 0.73 0.186 0.212 0.238 0.264 0.290
0.316 0.343 0.369 0.396 0.424 0.452 0.480 0.510 0.541 0.573 0.607 0.644 0.685 0.733 0.793 0.936 0.74
0.159 0.185 0.211 0.237 0.263 0.289 0.316 0.342 0.369 0.397 0.425 0.453 0.483 0.514 0.546 0.580 0.617
0.658 0.706 0.766 0.909 0.75 0.132 0.158 0.184 0.210 0.236 0.262 0.289 0.315 0.342 0.370 0.398 0.426
0.456 0.487 0.519 0.553 0.590 0.631 0.679 0.739 0.882 0.76 0.105 0.131 0.157 0.183 0.209 0.235 0.262
0.288 0.315 0.343 0.371 0.399 0.429 0.460 0.492 0.526 0.563 0.604 0.652 0.712 0.855 0.77 0.079 0.105
0.131 0.157 0.183 0.209 0.236 0.262 0.289 0.317 0.345 0.373 0.403 0.434 0.466 0.500 0.537 0.578 0.626
0.685 0.829 0.78 0.052 0.078 0.104 0.130 0.156 0.182 0.209 0.235 0.262 0.290 0.318 0.346 0.376 0.407
0.439 0.473 0.510 0.551 0.599 0.659 0.802 0.79 0.026 0.052 0.078 0.104 0.130 0.156 0.183 0.209 0.236
0.264 0.292 0.320 0.350 0.381 0.413 0.447 0.484 0.525 0.573 0.633 0.776 0.80 0.000 0.026 0.052 0.078
0.104 0.130 0.157 0.183 0.210 0.238 0.266 0.294 0.324 0.355 0.387 0.421 0.458 0.499 0.547 0.609 0.750
0.81 0.000 0.026 0.052 0.078 0.104 0.131 0.157 0.184 0.212 0.240 0.268 0.298 0.329 0.361 0.395 0.432
0.473 0.521 0.581 0.724 0.82 0.000 0.026 0.052 0.078 0.105 0.131 0.158 0.186 0.214 0.242 0.272 0.303
0.335 0.369 0.406 0.447 0.495 0.555 0.698 0.83 0.000 0.026 0.052 0.079 0.105 0.132 0.160 0.188 0.216
0.246 0.277 0.309 0.343 0.380 0.421 0.469 0.529 0.672 0.84 0.000 0.026 0.053 0.079 0.106 0.134 0.162
0.190 0.220 0.251 0.283 0.317 0.354 0.395 0.443 0.503 0.646 0.85 0.000 0.027 0.053 0.080 0.108 0.136
0.164 0.194 0.225 0.257 0.291 0.328 0.369 0.417 0.477 0.620 0.86 0.000 0.026 0.053 0.081 0.109 0.137
0.167 0.198 0.230 0.264 0.301 0.342 0.390 0.450 0.593 0.87 0.000 0.027 0.055 0.083 0.111 0.141 0.172
0.204 0.238 0.275 0.316 0.364 0.424 0.567 0.88 0.000 0.028 0.056 0.084 0.114 0.145 0.177 0.211 0.248
0.289 0.337 0.397 0.540 0.89 0.000 0.028 0.056 0.086 0.117 0.149 0.183 0.220 0.261 0.309 0.369 0.512
0.90 0.000 0.028 0.058 0.089 0.121 0.155 0.192 0.233 0.281 0.341 0.484 0.91 0.000 0.030 0.061 0.093
0.127 0.164 0.205 0.253 0.313 0.456 0.92 0.000 0.031 0.063 0.097 0.134 0.175 0.223 0.283 0.426 0.93
0.000 0.032 0.066 0.103 0.144 0.192 0.252 0.395 0.94 0.000 0.034 0.071 0.112 0.160 0.220 0.363 0.95
0.000 0.037 0.079 0.126 0.186 0.329 0.96 0.000 0.041 0.089 0.149 0.292 0.97 0.000 0.048 0.108 0.251

0.98 0.000 0.060 0.203 0.99 0.000 0.143 0