- ($000 SHEPHERD MODEL SCHOOL Biology Investigatory Project / Study of developmental / stages of housefly/cockvoach =S.No. 6 9 10 Title Introduction Cool Facts Classification Experiment Developmental stages of Housefly Developmental stages of Cockroach Relationship with Humans Importance in Ecosystem Conclusion Bibliography Page No 19 20 21 22Insects constitute the largest class of animals representing over 7,50,000 species. They are the most successful land invertebrates, and the only major competitors with humans for dominance in the world. Today, the life of every human being is affected by insects in one way or the other. Quit several insect varieties are closely connected with some of our diseases like malaria, cholera, plague, etc. and with our day to day life. Housefly (Musca nebula) and Cockroach (Periplanta americana) are two such insects which effect the human life the most. Houseflies have been pursuing mankind throughout all recorded history, and probably from the time man emerged from his caves and began to walk erect Houseflies are cosmopolitan in distribution and are intimately associated with human life. Hence, they are found in all places of human dwelling. They remain active in all seasons except winters. They neither bite nor sting us, yet we hate them for their insanitary habit. Houseflies spread several communicable diseases like a cholera, typhoid, dysentery, etc Indeed. among humans then any perceived atrocities we may) have misguidedly thrust upon them.Cockroaches distribution and are found in such places of human dwellings, where darkness, warmth, dampness, and plenty of organic debris are available. Thus, one can easily find these hidden in our kitchens, sewers, go also cosmopolitan downs, railway compartments, ship, etc. Cockroaches are nocturnal and omnivorous. They come out of their hiding places during the night in search of food. Cockroaches harm us by chewing our clothes, books, and leather wares when normal food in scanty. Nba Compurdore.*y és Ne ition House Fly Musca domestica Weritral View Hoag ‘Antenna Protorax |} Metatrorax Cockroach Periplanta americanaHousefly: > House flies live on a liquid diet. > They can taste with their feet. >» They can see behind them. » Life cycle of a house fly only lasts for around 30 days. » They can process around 250 in a single second. Cockroaches: >A cockroach can live for a week without its head! » Cockroaches can hold their breath for up to 40 minutes. >Cockroaches can survive a_ nuclear explosion. » They have even been around longer than dinosaurs, as early as 359 million years ago. Classification Cockroach HouseflyKingdom Animalia Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Arthropoda Class Insecta Insecta Subclass Pterygota Pterygota Superorder Dictyptera Panorpida Order Blattaria Diptera Genus Periplanta Musca Species americana domestica Classification Experiment Aim: Keeping in view the huge impact that these insects have on lives of humans, the study of the developmental stages of the insects Housefly and Materials Required:Preserved specimens of different developmental stages of housefly/cockroach, notebook, pen, etc. Experimental Procedure: Get the preserved specimen of different developmental stages of housefly/cockroach and observe the stages carefully. Note down your observations in the notebook. Observation: The house fly has a complete metamorphosis with distinct egg, larval or maggot, pupal and adult stages. The house fly overwinters in either the larval or pupal stage under manure piles or in other protected locations. Warm summer conditions are generally optimum for the development of the house fly, and it can complete its life cycle in as little as seven to ten days. However, under suboptimal conditions the life cycle may require up to two months. As many as 10 to 12 generations may occur annually in temperate regions, while more than 20 generations may occur in subtropical and tropical regions. 8antennal . RR procseaes piilinum ge spiracular so compound process$——S~. ramains of “J anterior spiracles chorion abdomen wing in posterior PUPA alar sheath pupsriuna spiracies ie viii XXL XM ei mandibular anterior locomotory anal lobe sclerite spiracle spiniferous pads: FULL GROWN LARVA {MAGGOT) Life Cycle of Housefly Adult Housefly Housefly has grey body of about 6-7 mm long. The body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen:i. Head: Head is ovoid with two large, lateral compound eyes. Ommatidia is the unit of compound eye. In the center of head three ocelli or simple eyes are present. In front of the head are two small, sensitive antennae. ii. Mouth parts: The proboscis(mouth) is made up of three parts G) Rostrum (2) Raustellum (3) Oral disc (sucker) For feeding, the raustellum forms food channel. This pierces into the food and sucks it into the alimentary canal. iii. Thorax; It is divided into three parts: (2) Prothorax (2) Mesothorax (3) Metathorax Three pairs of legs arise from the segments of thorax. jach-has five joints (a) Coxa; (b)-Trochanter;-(c) Femur: (d) Tibia and (e) Tarsus. 1 The mesothorax contains a pair of wings. They are transparent and have supporting veins. Metathorax contains halters, the vestigial wings.iv. Abdomen: Female has five visible segments in the abdomen with five pairs of spiracles present on the lateral side. The male has sixth and seventh vestigial segment also with two pairs of spiracles on them. Fine hairs are present all over the abdomen. In females 6-9 segments form the ovipositor involved in reproduction. Antennae < Compound eye Vv é Head 3 Ocelli as, Prothorax + 7 ' jx Mesothorax eh fi Abdomen, # Tarsus f 2 claws = *Pulvillus 11 Egg Stage The white egg, about 1.2 mm in length, is laid singly but eggs are piled in small groups. Each female fly can lay up to 500 eggs in several batches of 75 to 150 eggs over a three to four-day period. The number ofeggs produced is a function of female size which, itself, is principally a result of larval nutrition. Maximum egg production occurs at intermediate temperatures, 25 to 30°C. Often, several flies will deposit their eggs in proximity, leading to large masses of larvae and pupae. Eggs must remain moist or they will not hatch. Larva Early instar larvae are 3 to 9 mm long, typical creamy whitish in colour, cylindrical but tapering toward the head. The head contains one pair of dark hooks. The posterior spiracles are slightly raised and the spiracular openings are sinuous slits which are surrounded by an oval black border. The legless maggot emerges from the egg in warm weather within eight to 20 hours. Maggots immediately begin feeding on and developing in the material in which the egg was laid. The Jarya goes through three instars and a, full- grown maggot, 7 to 12 mm long, has a greasy, cream -coloured appearance. High-moisture manure favours2 the survival of the house fly larva. The optimal temperature for larval development is 35 to 38°C, though larval survival is greatest at 17 to 32°C. Larvae complete their development in four to 13 days atoptimal temperatures, but require 14 to 30 days at temperatures of 12 to 17°C. Nutrient-rich substrates such as animal manure provide an excellent developmental substrate. Very little manure is needed for larval development, and sand or soil containing small amounts of degraded manure allows for successful belowground development. When the maggot is full-grown, it can crawl up to 50 feet to a dry, cool place near breeding material and transform to the pupal stage. Pupa The pupal stage, about 8 mm long, is passed in a pupal case formed from the last larval skin which varies in colour from yellow, red, brown, to black as the pupa ages. The shape of the pupa is quite different from the larva, being bluntly rounded at both ends. Pupae complete their development in two to six days at 32 to 37°C, but require 17 to 27 days at about 14°C). “The emerging fly-escapes from the-pupal-case- using“, an alternately swelling and shrinking sac, called 13 the ptilinum, on the front of its head which it uses like a pneumatic hammer to break through the case. Adult or ImagoThe house fly is 6 to 7 mm long, with the female usually larger than the male. The female can be distinguished from the male by the relatively wide space between the eyes (in males, the eyes almost touch). The head of the adult fly has reddish-eyes and sponging mouthparts. The thorax bears four narrow black stripes and there is a sharp upward bend in the fourth longitudinal wing vein. The abdomen is grey or yellowish with dark midline and irregular dark markings on the sides. The underside of the male is yellowish. Adults usually live 15 to 25 days but may live up to two months. Without food, they survive only about two to three days. They live longer at cooler temperatures. They require food before they copulate. Oviposition commences four to 20 days after copulation. Female flies need access to suitable food (protein) to allow them to produce eggs, and manure alone is not adequate. The potential reproductive capacity of flies is tremendous. 14 : B. Developmental Stages of Cockroach The American cockroach has three life stages: the egg, a variable number of nymph instars, and the adult. The life cycle from egg to adult averages about 600 daysand the adult life span may be another 400 days. The nymphs emerge from the egg case after about six to eight weeks and mature in about six to twelve months. Adults can live up to one year and an adult female will produce an average of 150 young in her lifetime. Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity affect the developmental time of the American cockroach. Outdoors, the female shows a preference for moist, concealed oviposition sites . Adult Cockroach Cockroach is a brown, elongated, dorsoventrally flat creature of about 40 mm long and 10-12 mm broad. The body is covered by sclerites (plates) made abdomen. i. Head: The head is triangular, hanging downwards. A pair of long sensitive antenna is seen in front of two lateral compound eyes. The mouth parts include labrum, mandibles, maxillae, and hypopharynx. These help the cockroach in eating varied type of things. 45 ii. Thorax: It is divided into parathorax, mesothorax and metathorax, each bearing a pair of legs. Like housefly here also the legs are made up of five .Aup.of chitin. The body.is divided into head, thorax.and.....,joints, pulvinus and claws. Meso and metathorax bear a pair of wings each. iii. Abdomen: It contains ten segments gradually narrowing down. The sclerites on dorsal side are called tergum and on ventral side sternum. Sternum are only nine. In females 7" and g' sternum make brood pouh. They also bear a pair of appendages called anal cerci. Males process anal cerci and anal style in pairs. Filiform antennae — Compound eye — Head Pronotum Mesothorax Tegmina Prothoracie leg— Hind wing Metathorax ~ Mesothoracie leg” Mctathoracic leg Eggs 16 Females of the American cockroach lay their eggs in a hardened, purse-shaped egg case called an ootheca. About one week after mating the female produces an ootheca and at the peak of her reproductive period, shemay form two ootheca per week. The females on average produce one egg case a month for ten months, laying 16 eggs per egg case. The female deposits the ootheca near a source of food, sometimes gluing it to a surface with a secretion from her mouth. The deposited ootheca contains water enough for the eggs to develop without receiving additional water from the substrate. The egg case is brown when deposited and turns black in a day or two. It is about 8 mm long and 5 mm high. ‘Nymp The nymph stage begins when the egg hatches and ends with the emergence of the adult. The number of times an American cockroach molts varies from six to 14. The first instar American cockroach is white immediately after hatching then becomes a grayish brown. After molting, subsequent instars of the cockroach nymphs are white and then turn reddish- ..brown, with the posterior margins of the thoracic and. abdominal segments being a darker color. Wings 17 are not present in the nymph stages and wing pads become noticeable in the third or fourth instar. Complete development from egg to adult is about 600 days. The nymphs as well as the adults actively forage for food and water.Relationship with Humans HouseflyFlies are a nuisance, disturbing people at leisure and at work, but they are disliked principally because of their habits of contaminating foodstuffs. They alternate between breeding and feeding in dirty places with feeding on human foods, during which process they soften the food with saliva and deposit their faeces, creating a health hazard. However, fly larvae are as nutritious as fish meal, and could be used to convert waste to feed for fish and livestock. The pesky house fly may be annoying, but this buzzing insect's genome could improve human health, according to a new study. Although we often think of houseflies as just a nuisance, they can transmit many pathogenic bacteria to people and contribute significantly to disease in poor communities where sanitation is limited. Flies have been used in art and artefacts in many cultures. In 16% and a7th century European vanitas paintings, flies sometimes occur as memento mori. They may also be used for other effects as in the Flemish painting, the Master of Frankfurt (1496). Fly amulets were popular in ancient Importance in Ecosystem 19) CockroachCockroach egg is the only food source of Parasitic wasps, and they entirely rely upon cockroaches for their survival. If by any mishap, cockroaches will go extinct, then Parasitic wasps won’t survive, and they too certainly become extinct. There are around 4,500 cockroach species in this world and besides wasps; cockroaches are a significant food source of several other living creatures, even humans are known to eat roaches in some cultures. Besides being a food source for other living creatures, roaches have a more significant role to serve in the ecosystem. Forest roaches are expert in consuming leaf litter and other plant materials. The microbes in their bellies help them break down the degrading plant material which is indigestible for other creatures. cockroaches are a major source of nitrogen which is vital for the growth of trees and essential for the habitat. Roaches feed upon decaying organic matter, leaf litter and wood around it. This material traps a lot of atmospheric nitrogen in them, and when cockroaches feed upon them, they release the trapped nitrogen into he. soil. (through their feces). Plants.and.trees then take: in that nitrogen and it helps them grow. Conclusion 20 The Housefly is an object of biological research, partly for its variable sex determination mechanism. Although a wide variety of sex determination mechanisms exists innature (e.g. Male and Female heterogamy, haplodiploidy, environmental factors), the way sex is determined is usually fixed within a species. The housefly is, however, thought to exhibit multiple mechanisms for sex determination, such as male heterogamy (like most insects and mammals), female heterogamy (like birds), and maternal control over offspring sex. The exact mechanism of sex determination involved is unresolved. The cockroach is one of the most primitive insects on Earth. According to the Cockroach Control Manual, their ancestors lived 200-350 million years ago in the Carboniferous Period, even before the dinosaurs. The Carboniferous Period was also called the Age of the cockroaches because they were so abundant. Some theorists estimate that roaches branched off from termites about 50 to 70 million years ago. Both creatures are social insects who work in unison for food gathering, reproduction, and defense. According to the Cockroaches make great pets home page, there are over four thousand species of cockroach. While humans only consider about 25-30. different. types, which is less than one percent of the total population here on earth, to be pests. The largest roach is the Megoblatta which has an 18-inch, ; wingspan. The heaviest, is the rhinoceros roach of * Australia which weighs in at 50 grams. The smallest roach is Attaphilla fungicola which is only four millimeters long and lives in the nests of Leaf Cutter Ants. Their habitat ranges from forest floors, to caves, to water.They are highly optimized for their environment, and according to the May 1996 Discover magazine, they can run at a top speed of five feet per second.