NONMETALS

THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

+1
Alkali Metals Noble Gases
+1 0
1 -1 2
-4
+2 +2 possible
Hydrogen Alkaline atomic number +4 oxidation states solid +3 +4 -3 -2 -1 Helium
1.008 1s Earth Metals
50 Pb Chalcogens Halogens 1s 4.003
+1 +2 +3 +2 +1 -2 -1 0
Sn element name liquid +4 +2
3 4 Br 5 6 -4 7 +3
+4
8 9 10
Tin +5
outermost 118.710 atomic weight gas -1
Li Be orbital 5p* B C N -2
-3
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
indicates variation
6.941 2s 9.012 in electron placement 10.811 2p 12.011 14.007 2p 15.999 18.998 2p 20.180
+1 +2 +3 +2 +3 +4 +1 0
11 12 13 14 +4 15 +5 16 +6 17 +5 18
-4 -3 -2 +7
-1

Na Mg TRANSITION METALS Al Si P S
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
22.990 3s 24.305 26.982 3p 28.086 30.974 3p 32.066 35.453 3p 39.948
+1 +2 +3 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1 +2 +3 +2 +3 +4 +1 0
19 20 21 22 +3 23 +3 24 +3 25 +3 26 +3 27 +3 28 +3 29 +2 30 31 32 +4 33 +5 34 +6 35 +5 36
+4 +4 +6 +4 -3 -2 -1
+5 +7

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.098 4s 40.078 44.956 3d 47.867 50.942 3d* 51.996 54.938 3d 55.845 58.933 3d 58.693 63.546 *3d* 65.39 69.723 4p 72.61 74.922 4p 78.96 79.904 4p 83.80
+1 +2 +3 +4 +3 +6 +4 +3 +3 +2 +1 +2 +3 +2 +3 +4 +1 0
37 38 39 40 41 +5 42 43 +6 44 45 46 +4 47 48 49 50 +4 51 +5 52 +6 53 +5 54
+7 -3 -2 +7
-1
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.468 5s 87.62 88.906 4d 91.224 92.906 *4d* 95.94 (98) *4d* 101.07 102.906 *4d* 106.42 107.868 *4d* 112.411 114.818 5p 118.710 121.760 5p 127.60 126.904 5p 131.29
+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +4 +3 +3 +2 +1 +1 +1 +2 +3 +2 0
+6 +4 +4 +4 +3 +2 +3 +4 +5 +4
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 +7 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.906 6s 137.327 138.906 5d 178.49 180.948 *5d 183.84 186.207 5d* 190.23 192.217 5d* 195.078 196.967 *5d* 200.59 204.383 6p 207.2 208.980 6p (209) (210) 6s (222)
+1 +2 +3 +4
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium
(223) 7s (226) (227) 6d (261) (262) 6d (263) (262) 6d (265) (266) 6d

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
LANTHANIDES Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
140.116 140.908 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 168.934 173.04 174.967
ELECTRON PLACEMENT
start here 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
1s2 ACTINIDES Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
2s2 2p6 Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
232.038 231.036 238.029 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
3s2 3p6 3d10

4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 DIATOMIC ELEMENTS PREFIXES =atomic weight in grams for an element
Bromine 1. mono =molecular weight in grams for a compound
2 6 10
5s 5p 5d 5f14 Chlorine 2. di =6.02x1023 atoms for an element
Fluorine 3. tri =6.02x1023 molecules for a compound
6s2 6p6 6d10 Hydrogen 4. tetra =22.4 liters for a gas at STP
Iodine 5. penta =24.4 liters for a gas at S.C.
7s2 7p6 6. hexa
Nitrogen
Oxygen 7. hepta
8s2
8. octa
9. nona
10. deca
s = soluble SOLUBILITY CHART RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT DIGITS STEPS TO DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
I = insoluble 1. Digits other than zero are always significant. How many seconds are in 76 years? 1. Determine Unknown:

Hydroxide
Carbonate

Phosphate
- = does not exist 96 g 2 significant digits Unknown: seconds a. Establish the units you are trying to get by reading the question.

Bromide

Chloride
Chlorate
Acetate

Sulfide
Sulfate
Nitrate
61.4 g 3 significant digits

Iodide

Oxide
s/I= partly soluble
0.52 g 2 significant digits Given: 76 years
d= decomposes
2. One or more final zeros used after the decimal Known Relationships:
Aluminum s s - s s i s s i i - d Al +3 point are always significant. 60 sec = 1 min
2. Determine the Given and Known Relationships:
Ammonium s s s s s s s s - s s s NH4
+
4.72 km 3 significant digits a. Write down the information that is given in the problem.
60 min = 1 hr
+2 4.7200 km 5 significant digits b. Write down any relationships that might help in the conversion.
Barium s s i s s s s s s i i s Ba 24 hr = 1 day
+2 82.0 m 3 significant digits 365 days = 1 year
Cadmium s s i s s i s s i i s i Cd
+2 3. Zeros between two other significant digits are
Calcium s s i s s i s s i i i i Ca always significant.
+
3. Setup Diagram:
Copper(I) -ous - s/i i - i i i - i - d i Cu 5.029 m 4 significant digits 76 years a. Start with the given. .
Copper(II) -ic s s d s s i - s i i s i Cu
+2 306 km 3 significant digits s b. Place the units you are trying to get at the end of the diagram.
+ 4. Zeros used solely for spacing the decimal point
Hydrogen s s s s s s s s s s s s H
+2 are not significant. The zeros are placeholders
Iron(II) -ous s s i - s i s s i i s i Fe only.
+3
4. Canceling Units:
Iron(III) -ic i s - - s i - s i i s/i i Fe 7000 g 1 significant digit a. This can be done by making sure the units you are trying to cancel
Lead(II) -ous s s/i i s s/i i i s i i i i Pb
+2 0.00783 kg 3 significant digits 76 years 365 days 24 hrs 60 min 60 s are both on top and bottom.
5. Counted numbers have an infinite number of s
Lead(IV) -ic d - - - d - - - i - - - Pb
+4 1 year 1 day 1 hr 1 min b. Keep adding relationships to the dimensional analysis diagram until
+2
significant digits. all units have canceled except the one(s) you are trying to get.
Magnesium s s i s s i s s i i s d Mg 32 people ∞ significant digits
+7
Manganese s s i - s i s s i - s i Mn 3 cars ∞ significant digits 5. Check the Setup:
+
Mercury(I) -ous s/i i i s/i i - s/i s/d i i/d i i Hg 76 years 365 days 24 hrs 60 min 60 s a. Make sure all unwanted units cancel out.
Mercury(II) -ic s s/i i s s i i s i s/i d i Hg
+2
1 day 2,400,000,000 s b. Make sure all relationships used are correct.
1 year 1 hr 1 min
Nickel
Potassium
s
s
s
s
i s s
s s s
i s s
s s s
i i s
d s s
i
s
Ni
K
+
+2
CHEMISTRY
6. Calculate Results:
Silver s
s/i
i
s
i s i
s s s
- i s
s s s
i i s/i
d s s
i
s
Ag
Na
+

+
STUDY GUIDE a. Multiply all values on top and divide by all values on the bottom.
b. Round to the correct number of significant figures.
Sodium
+2
Designed by: 76 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60) / (1 x 1 x 1 x 1) = 2,396,736,000 = 2,400,000,000 c. Remember definitions have an infinite number of significant
Tin(II) -ous - s/d - - s/d - s/d - i i s/d i Sn
+4 Mike Stratton figures.
Tin(IV) -ic s s i s s i s d i i s i Sn
Zinc Zn
+2 Centralia High School
Science Teacher NAMES & CHARGES OF POLYATOMIC IONS
-

-
-2

-2

-3

-2

-2
Cl
CH3COO

OH
Br

I
ClO3

NO3
O

S
CO3

PO4
SO4

(360)330-7605 1-
-
2- 3- 4-
Acetate C2H3O2 Carbonate CO32- Arsenate AsO43- Hexacyanoferrate(II)
[email protected] Fe(CN)64-
Amide NH2- Chromate CrO42- Arsenite AsO33- Orthosilicate SiO44-
- 2- 3-
Astatate AtO3 Dichromate Cr2O7 Borate BO3 Diphosphate P2O74-
NAMING INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Azide N3- Hexachloroplatinate PtCl62- Citrate C6H5O73-
Benzoate C6H5COO- Hexafluorosilicate SiF6 2- Hexacyanoferrate(III)
Does the formula yes Are there two atoms, no It is an Does the acid contain a Go Cougs! Go Tigers! Fe(CN)63-
begin with H? both the same? acid polyatomic ion (more Bismuthate BiO3 -
Molybdate MoO4 2-
Phosphate PO43-
than two elements)?
METRIC CONVERSTIONS Bromate BrO3- Oxalate C2O42- Phosphite PO33-
no yes Chlorate ClO3- Peroxide O22- 1+ 2+
yes no Multiplication Factor Prefix Symbol Chl orite ClO2- Peroxydisulfate S2O82- Ammonium NH4+ Mercury(I) Hg22+
Up=Left - +
Does it begin with a It is the diatomic gas 1 000 000 000 000 tera T Cyanide CN Neptunyl(V) NpO2 Neptunyl(VI) NpO22+
metal which has more hydrogen. Does the polyatomic 1 000 000 000 giga G Formate HCOO -
Ruthenate RuO4 2-
Plutonyl(V) PuO2 +
Plutonyl(VI) PuO22+
than one oxidation end in –ate or –ite? 1 000 000 mega M Hydroxide OH- Selenate SeO42- Uranyl(V) UO2+ Uranyl(VI) UO22+
- 2- +
number? (ie Fe, Pb, Sn) 1 000 kilo k Hypobromite BrO Selenite SeO3 Vanadyl(V) VO2 Vanadyl(IV) VO2+
yes -ate -ite 100 hecto h Hypochlorite ClO -
Silicate SiO3 2-

Name the first element followed by its 10 deka da Hypophosphite H2PO2- Sulfate SO42- GRAMS ACTIVITY SERIES
no oxidation number (Roman numeral). Name the 1 Iodate IO3- Sulfite SO32- OF METALS
polyatomic ion, 0.1 deci d Nitrate NO3- Tartrate C4H4O62- MOL MW Lithium
replacing –ate 0.01 centi c Nitrite NO2- Tellurate TeO42- Potassium
Does the formula contain a polyatomic Is the polyatomic 0.001 milli m Perbromate BrO4- Tellurite TeO32- MLCS
with –ic, Add 6.
Barium
ion (more than two elements)? yes written first? 0.000 001 micro μ Perchlorate ClO4- Tetraborate B4O72- 02
the word acid. x1 MOL Calcium
0.000 000 001 nano n Periodate IO4- Thiosulfate S2O32- 0 23 Sodium
no
0.000 000 000 001 pico p Permanganate MnO4- Tungstate WO42- MOL Magnesium
Name the first element, then the polyatomic 0.000 000 000 000 001 femto f Perrhenate ReO4-
M Aluminum
no ion. If two elements are present, name both, Name the 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 atto a Thiocyanate SCN- ol L
Down=Right ar
ity Manganese
then the polyatomic ion. yes polyatomic ion, Vanadate VO3- Zinc
replacing –ite with Chromium
-ous, Add the word SOLUBILITY RULES COMMON EQUATIONS IN CHEMISTRY Iron
Are both elements Name the polyatomic first, then name the acid. Cadmium
nonmetals? element second. If there are two polyatomics, A substance is considered to be soluble if more than 3 grams of a Cobalt
name the first, then the second substance dissolve in 100mL of water. The more common rules are m +
yes D= pH= - log( [ H ] ) Nickel
no listed below. Tin
| |
Name the second element 1. All common salts of Group 1 elements and ammonium ion V
Ac tual − M e asure d Lead
Name the first element, Are both elements Drop the last syllable. are soluble.
W = % I 1 × m 1 + % I 2 × m 2 % Error = ⋅ 100 Hydrogen
then the second element the same? Add the suffix -ic 2. All common acetates and nitrates are soluble.
Antimony
with –ide ending. yes Add the prefix hydro- 3. All binary compounds of Group 17 elements (other than F) Ac tual
C 1 ×V 1 =C 2 ×V 2 Bismuth
no with metals are soluble except those of silver, mercury(I),
Add the word acid. M ole s of solute Arsenic
and lead.
c d M olarity = Copper
4. All sulfates are soluble except those of barium, strontium,
Name the first element using the proper prefix (di, tri, It is a diatomic element. [ C] ⋅ [ D] Lite rs of solution Mercury
lead, calcium, silver, and mercury(I).
etc.), but never mono. Name the second element with the The compound has the same K eq = Silver
5. Except for those in Rule 1, carbonates, hydroxides, oxides, a b
proper prefix (including mono) and the –ide ending. name as the element [ A ] ⋅ [ B] Platinum
sulfides, and phosphates are insoluble.
Gold