Department of Education

Region VI-Western Visayas

Schools Division of of Iloilo City
A.Bonifacio Integrated School

SUPPLEMENTAL ACTIVITIES IN SCIENCE 9

Quarter 2, Week 1
Name: _________________________________________Grade & Section: ________________ Score:____________

Parent’s Signature:__________________________________

MELC: Explain how the Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom describes the energies and positions of the
electrons. (S9MT-IIa-22)

Pre-test
_________ 1. On the basis of Rutherford’s model of an atom, which subatomic particle is present in
the nucleus of an atom?
A. proton and electron C. proton and neutron
B. neutron and electron D. proton only

_________ 2. If the first and second energy levels of an atom are full, then what would be the total
number of electrons in the atom?
A. 6 B. 8 C. 10 D.18

_________ 3. Which atomic model is proposed by Schrodinger?

A. nuclear model
B. planetary model
C. raisin bread model
D. quantum mechanical model

_________ 4. What are the orbitals present in the fifth principal energy level?
A. s orbital
B. s, p orbitals
C. s, p, d orbitals
D. s, p, d, and f orbitals

_________ 5. For a neutral atom with the electron configuration of 1s 2 2s2 2p5 3s1, which statement is false?
A. The atomic number is ten.
B. The 1s and 2s orbitals are filled.
C. The atom is in the ground state.
D. The atom is in the excited state.

In Grade 8, you have learned about Rutherford’s atomic model, which pictures the atom as mostly empty
space and its mass is concentrated in the nucleus, where you find the protons and the neutrons. Niels Bohr refined
Rutherford’s model of an atom. Bohr’s atomic model describes the atom like a solar system, where the electrons
are found to be moving in definite orbits around the nucleus. Later on, scientists found out that it is not possible to
know the exact position of the electron. So Bohr’s idea that electrons are found in definite orbits around the nucleus
was rejected.
Three physicists led the development of a better model of the atom. They were Louie de Broglie, Erwin
Schrodinger and Werner Karl Heisenberg. De Broglie proposed that the electron could be thought as a wave.
Schrodinger used this idea to develop a mathematical equation to describe the hydrogen atom. Heisenberg
discovered that for a very small particle like the electron, its location cannot be exactly known and how it is moving.
This is called the uncertainty principle. These scientists believed that there is only a probability that the electron can
be found in a certain volume in space around the nucleus, called an atomic orbital.
The quantum mechanical model of the atom comes from the mathematical solution to the Schrodinger equation.
The quantum mechanical model views an electron as a cloud of negative charge having a certain geometrical shape.
The quantum mechanical model also gives information about the energy of the electron. The model also describes
the region space around the nucleus as consisting of shells. These shells are also called principal or main energy
levels. The principal energy levels or shells may have one or more sublevels, assigned with letters: s, p, d, f and g.

Figure 1. Average distance of electrons having high and low energies

Table 1. Principal Energy Levels and Sublevels of Electrons

As shown in Table 2, the principal quantum number is always equal to the number of sublevels within that principal
energy level. The maximum number of electrons that occupy a principal energy level is given by the formula 2n2 ,
where n is the principal quantum number. For example, what is the maximum number of electrons for principal
quantum number 3?

Using the formula 2n2 , 2x 32= 2 x 9 =18 electrons for principal quantum/energy level 3.

Activity 1.

Based on Table 1 above, answer the following questions:

1. How many types of orbitals are in principal energy level 2?

_____________________________________________
2. How many atomic orbitals are in the highest sublevel of principal energy level 3?
_________________________
3. How many types of orbitals are in principal energy level 5?
____________________________________________
4. How many atomic orbitals are in the lowest sublevel of principal energy level 5?
______________________________________________
5. How many atomic orbitals are in the highest sublevel of principal energy level 5?
____________________________________________

Orbitals have specific energy values. They have particular shapes and direction in space. The s orbitals are spherical,
p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped and the shapes of d, f, g orbitals are derived from complex calculations.

In an atom, electrons and the nucleus interact to make the most stable arrangement possible. The way in which
electrons are distributed in the different orbitals around the nucleus of an atom is called electron configuration.
Table 2. Arrangement of electrons in the atoms of the first five elements

ORBITAL Diagram
Chemical Chemical Atomic 1s 2s 2p Electron
Symbol Name Number Configuration
H Hydrogen 1 1s1
He Helium 2 1s2
Li Lithium 3 1s2 2s1
Be Beryllium 4 1s2 2s2
B Boron 5 1s2 2s2 2p1

*each orbital can hold up to maximum of 2 electrons * Electron configuration chart guide

Sublevels Number Maximum number of

of electrons
Orbitals (Number of orbitals x 2)
s 1 2
p 3 6
d 5 10
f 7 14
g 9 18
Follow the direction of the arrow (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 ………..)

Activity 2

Complete the table below by supplying the missing data.

ORBITAL Diagram
Chemical Chemical Atomic 1s 2s 2p Electron Configuration
Symbol Name Number
F 1s22s2 2p5
Neon 10

What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. Choose your answer from the box below.

principal nucleus quantum electron

electron configuration highest lowest

The ___________________ mechanical model of the atom describes the atom as having a _________________ at
the center around which electrons move. This model describes a region in space where the ________________ is
most likely to be found.

The electrons are arranged in _______________ or main energy levels that consist of one or more sublevels. The
way in which electrons are distributed in the different orbitals around the nucleus of an atom is called the
_____________________________ . Filling of electrons start from ____________ energy level to the
_____________ energy level.

Assessment

A. True or False

Write TRUE if the statement is correct. Otherwise, change the underlined word/s to make the statement correct.
______________ 1. The volume or region of space around the nucleus where the electron is most likely to be found
is called an atomic orbital.

______________ 2. The nuclear atomic model describes the atom as having a nucleus at the center around which
the electrons move.

______________ 3. Filling of electrons start from the middle energy level to the highest energy level.

______________ 4. The electrons are arranged in main energy levels that consist of two sublevels.

______________ 5. Bohr formulated the mathematical equation that describes the behavior of an electron.

B. Write the chemical symbol, atomic number, and complete electron configuration of the following elements. (3 pts
each)

1. Carbon

2. Nitrogen

3. Oxygen

Reference: Alvarez, L., Angeles, D., Apurada, H., Carmona, M., Lahorra, O., Marcaida, J.,Olarte, M., Osorio, E.,
Paningbatan, D., Rosales, M. & Delos Santos, M. (2017). Science-Grade 9 Learner’s Module. Department of
Education: Bureau of Learning Resources. Pasig City, Philippines.

Fornias, V., Chavez, J., & Abaniel, A. (2016). The New Grade 9 Science, Environment, Technology, an Society.SIBS
Publishing House Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.

SUPPLEMENTAL ACTIVITIES IN SCIENCE 9

Quarter 2, Week 2
MELC: Recognize different types of compounds (ionic or covalent) based on their properties such as melting
point, hardness, polarity, and electrical and thermal conductivity (S9MT-IIb-14)

Activity 1.
Match the term with its definition. Write only the letter of the correct answer.

_______ 1. Electronegativity A. tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

_______ 2. Malleable B. able to be hammered out of shape without breaking
_______ 3.Ductile C. able to be drawn into a thin wire
_______ 4.Noble gas D. allows the flow of charge
_______ 5. Conductors E. elements of the Group 18

Read carefully and understand the discussion on types of compounds and chemical bonding based on their
properties.

Atoms form bonds with one another to become stable and attain the electronic configuration of the noble
gas nearest it. An ionic bond involves complete transfer of electrons. It involves metals with low electronegativity
and non-metals with high electronegativity. A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons that result in the
formation of covalent compound whose representative particle is a molecule that does not carry a charge. Covalent
bonds may be polar or nonpolar. Metallic bond exists in metals through the attraction between the freely-moving
valence electrons and the positively charged metal atom. The valence electrons of these metal atoms are usually
called “sea or seabed of electrons”.

Chemical bonding plays a role in explaining the properties of substances. Ionic compounds formed by ionic
bonding, molecular compounds formed by covalent bonding, and metals through its metallic bonding, have their
distinct properties.

Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water. Solvation is a process that happens upon dissociation of
ionic compounds in water into its corresponding ions. The dissociation of ionic compounds makes them good
conductors of electricity in aqueous solution because of the presence of mobile ions. These mobile ions can pass
through the positive and negative electrodes, thereby completing the circuit. They have generally very high boiling
points and melting points. These ions are held by very strong electrostatic force. Examples of ionic compounds are
NaCl (sodium chloride)and KCl (potassium chloride).

Molecular compounds or covalent molecules do not dissociate into ions nor undergo solvation. Their
solubility lies on the “like dissolves like” principle, which is based on polarity. This means that polar solutes are
soluble in polar solvents and nonpolar solutes in nonpolar solvents. Since molecular compounds are held by
intermolecular forces, dissociation into ions is not possible. The absence of these mobile ions turn covalent
compounds into nonconductors of electricity. In addition, the intermolecular force is weak and therefore easier to
break. Hence, covalent molecules have lower boiling and melting points. Examples of molecular compounds are H20
(water), ammonia(NH3) and diatomic molecules like N2 and O2.

Metals are generally malleable, ductile, and good conductors of electricity due to the delocalization of
electrons. When an outside force or a push is acted upon by the metal, the atoms simply move without breaking out
from “packing” structure. Metals are good conductors of electricity because the electrons are free to move
throughout the structure while the atoms remain intact. They also have high boiling and melting points because of
the strength of metallic bond.

Activity 2

Complete the table on Chemical Bonding Properties and Characteristics. Select the correct answer from the box.

Nonmetals Electron Transfer Ionic compound

Electron sharing Metals electrostatic

Highly soluble Insoluble Nonconductor

Very high Malleable and ductile

Reference Point Ionic Covalent Metallic

Formation process 1. 2. Seabed of Electrons
Atoms/elements involved Metal and nonmetals 3. 4.
Name of compound 5. Molecular compound Follows the name of the
formed metal
Force of attraction present 6. Intermolecular force Not applicable
General properties of compounds formed
Solubility in water 7. Highly soluble when it is 8.
the same polarity as water
Electrical conductivity Conductor when in molten 9. Generally conductor
state or in a solution
Boiling and melting points 10. low High
Mechanical properties Brittle Brittle 11.

Assessment
Identify the type of compound/chemical bond being described. Write I if it is ionic, C if it is covalent and M if it is
metallic.

___________ 1. Malleable and ductile

___________2. Involves nonmetals and metals

___________ 3. Highly soluble

___________ 4. Low boiling and melting point

___________ 5. Very high boiling and melting point

___________ 6. Seabed of electrons

___________ 7. Electron sharing

___________ 8. Electron transfer

___________ 9. Nonconductor

___________ 10.electrostatic

Reference: Alvarez, L., Angeles, D., Apurada, H., Carmona, M., Lahorra, O., Marcaida, J.,Olarte, M., Osorio, E., Paningbatan, D., Rosales, M. & Delos Santos,
M. (2017). Science-Grade 9 Learner’s Module. Department of Education: Bureau of Learning Resources. Pasig City, Philippines.

Fornias, V., Chavez, J., & Abaniel, A. (2016). The New Grade 9 Science, Environment, Technology, an Society.SIBS Publishing House Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.