COVID-19 REAL TIME MONITOR

A Project Report Submitted to

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By
Student Name : G.SAI KUMAR (HT.NO) : 17E11A0454
Student Name : N.VINAY (HT.NO) : 17E11A0462
Student Name : V.AVINASH (HT.NO) : 17E11A0475
Student Name : V.SAI SUMITH GOUD (HT.NO) : 17E11A0458

Under the guidance of

Guide Name
DR.RAJEEV SHRIVASTAVA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUH Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE and Accredited by NBA)
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

2020 – 2021

i
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUH Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE and Accredited by NBA)
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

Certificate
This is to certify that the project work entitled “ COVID 19
REAL TIME MONITOR” is the bonafide work done
By

Student Name : G.SAI KUMAR (HT.NO) : 17E11A0454

Student Name : N.VINAY (HT.NO) : 17E11A0462
Student Name : V.AVINASH (HT.NO) : 17E11A0475
Student Name : V.SAI SUMITH GOUD (HT.NO) : 17E11A0458

in the Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering,

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ,
Ibrahimpatnam is submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Hyderabad in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of B.Tech degree in Electronics And Communication
Engineering during 2019-2020.

Guide: Head of the Department:

Dr.Rajeev Shrivastava Dr. Arun Kumar
Professor Professor and Head
Dept of ECE Dept of ECE
Bharat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bharat Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Ibrahimpatnam – 501 510, Hyderabad. Ibrahimpatnam – 501 510, Hyderabad.

Viva-Voce held on……………………………………………

____________ _____________
Internal Examiner External Examiner

ii
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUH Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE and Accredited by NBA)
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

Vision of the Institution

To achieve the autonomous & university status and spread universal education by
inculcating discipline, character and knowledge into the young minds and mould them into
enlightened citizens.

Mission of the Institution

Our mission is to impart education, in a conducive ambience, as comprehensive as
possible, with the support of all the modern technologies and make the students acquire the
ability and passion to work wisely, creatively and effectively for the betterment of our society.

Vision of ECE department

The vision of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering is to
effectively serve the educational needs of local and rural students within the core area of
electronics and communication engineering and develop high quality engineers and
responsible citizens.

Mission of ECE department

The mission of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering is to work
closely with industry, research organizations to provide high quality education in both
theoretical and practical applications of electronics and communication engineering.

iii
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUH Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE and Accredited by NBA)
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

Program Educational Objective 1: (PEO1)

Graduates will be able to synthesize mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,

laboratory and work-based experiences to formulate and solve engineering problems in
Electronics and Communication engineering domains and shall have proficiency in Computer-
based engineering and the use of computational tools design of electronics systems.

Program Educational Objective 2: (PEO2)

Graduates will succeed in entry-level engineering positions within the core Electronics and
Communication Engineering, computational or manufacturing firms in regional, national, or
international industries and with government agencies.

  Program Educational Objective 3: (PEO3)

 Graduates will succeed in the pursuit of advanced degrees in Engineering or other fields where
a solid foundation in mathematics, basic science, and engineering fundamentals is required.

Program Educational Objective 4: (PEO4)

Graduates will be prepared to communicate and work effectively on team based engineering
projects and will practice the ethics of their profession consistent with a sense of social
responsibility.

Program Educational Objective 5: (PEO5)

Graduates will be prepared to undertake Research and Development works in the

areas of Electronics and Communication fields.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUH Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE and Accredited by NBA)
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUH Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE and Accredited by NBA)
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1:
Professional Skills: An ability to understand the basic concepts in Electronics &
Communication Engineering and to apply them to various areas, like Electronics,
Communications, Signal processing, VLSI, Embedded systems etc., in the design and
implementation of complex systems.
PSO2: Problem-Solving Skills: An ability to solve complex Electronics and communication
Engineering problems, using latest hardware and software tools, along with analytical
skills to arrive cost effective and appropriate solutions.
PSO3: Successful Career and Entrepreneurship: An understanding of social-awareness &
environmental-wisdom along with ethical responsibility to have a successful career and
to sustain passion and zeal for real-world applications using optimal resources as an
Entrepreneur.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of the task would be put
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance
and encouragement crown all the efforts with success.

We avail this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and hearty
thanks to Sri CH. Venugopal Reddy, Chairman & Secretary of BIET, for providing congenial
atmosphere and encouragement.

We would like to thank Prof. G. Kumaraswamy Rao, Former Director & O.S. of DLRL Ministry
of Defence, Sr. Director R&D, BIET, Dr. B. Prasada Rao, I.P.S.(Retd.), Former Principal
Secretary to Govt. of AP, DGP of ACB, Commissioner of Police, Hyderabad, Director of
Training & Placements and Industry Interface, BIET, Dr. J P Singh Sir, Former Chairman IEEE,
Adjunct Professor of ECE & President, Institution Innovation Council, BIET and Dr.Sanjay
Kumar Suman, Principal for having provided all the facilities and support.

We would like to thank our Department Coordinator / HOD Dr.Arun Kumar. Admin Incharge
Dr .Rajeev Shrivastava and Academic Incharge Dr . Dinesh Kumar for their expert guidance and
encouragement at various levels of our Project.

We are thankful to our Project Coordinator Abhishek kumar sir, Professor, Electronics and
Communication Engineering for his support and cooperation throughout the process of this
project.

We are thankful to our guide Dr .Rajeev Shrivastava, Electronics and Communication

Engineering for his sustained inspiring Guidance and cooperation throughout the process of this
project.His wise counsel and suggestions were invaluable.

We express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to all the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff
of our college who stood with us during the project and helped us to make it a successful
venture.

We place highest regards to our Parent, our Friends and Well-wishers who helped a lot in
making the report of this project

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUH Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE and Accredited by NBA)
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this Project Report is titled “covid-19 real time monitor”
is a genuine project work carried out by us, in B.Tech (Electronics and

Communication Engineering) degree course of Jawaharlal Nehru

Technology University Hyderabad, Hyderabad and has not been
submitted to any other course or university for the award of my degree by me.

Signatures of the Project team members

1.

2.

3.

4.

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 ABSTRACT

As of March 31,2020, the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic that started in china in december 2019 is
now generating local transmission around the world. The geographic heterogeneity and
associated intervention strategies highlight the need to monitor in real time the transmission
potential of COVID-19. Singapore provides a unique case example for monitoring transmission,
as there have been multiple disease clusters, yet transmission remains relatively continued

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER

Chapter 1 – Introduction
1.1 Project Aim 1
1.2 Motivation 2
1.3. Project objective 3
1.4. Overview 4
Chapter 2 - Literature Review 5
2.1 GSM module
2.2 WI-FI Module
Chapter 3 – Methodology
Chapter 4 – Implementation
4.1Introduction
4.2 Definition of an embedded system
4.3 Features of an embedded system
4.4 Characteristics of an embedded system
4.5 Overview of an embedded system architecture
4.6 Applications of embedded systems
4.7 Types of embedded systems
Chapter 5 –Design Elements
5.1. Introduction
5.2 LPC2148
5.3 Oscillator characteristics
5.4. Power supply
5.5 Filters
5.6 Light Emitting Diode
5.7 Rectifier
5.8 Push Button
5.9 Reset Button
5.10 Regulator
5.11. Liquid crystal display
5.11.1 Introduction
5.11.2 Pin Description of LCD
5.11.3 Pin Diagram
5.12. Dc motor
5.12.1. Brushed dc motors
5.12.2. Coreless dc motors
5.12.3. GSM (Global system for mobile communications)
5.13. GSM advantages
5.13.1. GSM network

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5.13.2. Switching system
5.13.3. Base station system (BSS)
5.13.4.Operation and support system
5.13.5 Additional functional elements
5.13.6 Gsm network areas
5.13.7.Gsm specifications
5.13.8. Gsm subscriber services
5.14. Max 232
5.15 Circuit Connections
5.15.1 l293, l293d (quadruple half H-drivers)
5.15.2. Pin diagram
5.15.3. Block diagram
5.15.4.logic diagram
5.15.5. Application
5.15.6. Basic commands of lcd
5.15.7. Proto type circuit
5.15.8. Circuit description of lcd
5.15.9. Pin diagram
Chapter 6- Software Implementation
6.1 Creating a Project File
6.2 Selecting the Folder and Project Name
6.3 Selecting the target micro controller
6.4 Using Target Hardware
6.5 Programming Flash Devices
6.6 Debugging
6.7 Using the Command Window
6.8 Using the Disassembly Window
6.9 Programming Flash Devices
6.10 Configuring Flash Download
6.11 Programming Algorithms
6.12 FLASE MAGIC
6.13 PROTEUS SCHEMATIC CAPTURE
6.14 Testing Process
6.15 Creating Embedded Programs
6.16 PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
Chapter 7-Result Analysis
Chapter 8-Conclusion & Future Work
Chapter 9- References

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 List of figures
Figure No. Caption Page No.

4.1 Overview of embedded system architecture……………………………………………………………………….…9

5.1 Block Diagram……………………………………………………………………………………………………….13

5.2 LPC2148 Pin Description……………………………………………………………………………………….14

5.3 Crystal Circuit…………………………………………………………………………………………………………16

5.4 .1 Block Diagram Of Power Supply………………………………………………………………………….16

5.4.2 Schematic Of Power Supply………………………………………………………………………………..17

5.5.1 Crystal Oscillator………………………………………………………………………………………………….18

5.6.1 Light Emitting Diode…………………………………………………………………………………………..19

5.8.1 Push Button………………………………………………………………………………………………………..21

5.10.1 Reultor………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..22

5.11 Liquid Crystal Oscillator……………………………………………………………………………………..23

5.11.3 Pin Diagram………………………………………………………………………………………………………..26

5.12 Dc motor…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….27

5.13.1 GSM Modem……………………………………………………………………………………………………….31

5.13.6 Gsm Network Area………………………………………………………………………………………………33

5.14.1 Max 232 pin diagram………………………………………………………………………………………….36

5.15 Circuit Connections…………………………………………………………………………………………….38

5.15.1 L293D Pin Description……………………………………………………………………………………….40

5.15.3.1 Block Diagram Of L293d…………………………………………………………………………………….42

5.15.4.1 Logic Diagram…………………………………………………………………………………………………….43

5.15.9.1 LED Pin description……………………………………………………………………………………………45

xii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Caption Page No.

1.1 Architecture of overall design……………………………………………………………………………………..
1.2 Related Work………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
EXISTING SYSTEM

The first Hand Talk glove was designed by Ryan Patterson in the year 2001. He began his
mission with his Sign Language. Sign Language Translator consists of two separate components,
a leather golf glove that has ten flexible sensors sewn into it which monitor the position of the
fingers by measuring the electrical resistance created by the fingers as they bend. A small
microcontroller on the back of the hand converts the change in the electrical current into digital
signals and transmits computer or a laptop was always required for its functioning which made it
less portable

PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this project we use flex sensor in to order get the gestures and signs made by disable
person,that will be an input to the microcontroller .The microcontroller will act as an interface
between input and output modules. The signals are indicated through LED indicators and voice
indicator through voice signals.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

xiii
 CHAPTER-2
2.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a

specific focused job. Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD
player, printer, fax machine, mobile phone etc. are examples of embedded systems.
Each of these appliances will have a processor and special hardware to meet the
specific requirement of the application along with the embedded software that is
executed by the processor for meeting that specific requirement. The embedded
software is also called “firm ware”. The desktop/laptop computer is a general
purpose computer. You can use it for a variety of applications such as playing
games, word processing, accounting, software development and so on. In contrast,
the software in the embedded systems is always fixed listed below:

· Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do

different things. . Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the
memory. Generally, they do not have secondary storage devices such as the
CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have to work against some
deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a specific time. In some
embedded systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a
deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property. Embedded
systems are constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate through a
battery, the power consumption has to be very low.

· Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions

such as very high temperatures and humidity.

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Application Areas

Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded systems.

The embedded system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems
are used in very market segment- consumer electronics, office automation,
industrial automation, biomedical engineering, wireless communication, data
communication, telecommunications, transportation, military and so on.

Consumer appliances:

At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera,

digital diary, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for
TV and air-conditioner, VCO player, video game consoles, video recorders etc.
Today’s high-tech car has about 20 embedded systems for transmission control,
engine spark control, air-conditioning, navigation etc. Even wristwatches are now
becoming embedded systems. The palmtops are powerful embedded systems using
which we can carry out many general-purpose tasks such as playing games and
word processing.

Office Automation:

The office automation products using embedded systems are copying machine, fax
machine, key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.

Industrial Automation:

Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control. These include
pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity
generation and transmission. The embedded systems for industrial use are designed
to carry out specific tasks such as monitoring the temperature, pressure, humidity,
voltage, current etc., and then take appropriate action based
on the monitored levels to control other devices or to send information to a
centralized monitoring station. In hazardous industrial environment, where human
presence has to be avoided, robots are used, which are programmed to do specific

xv
jobs. The robots are now becoming very powerful and carry out many interesting
and complicated tasks such as hardware assembly.

Medical Electronics:

Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system. These

equipments include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring
devices, X-ray scanners; equipment used in blood analysis, radiation, colonoscopy,
endoscopy etc. Developments in medical electronics have paved way for more
accurate diagnosis of diseases.

Computer Networking:

Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated Services Digital

Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay
switches are embedded systems which implement the necessary data
communication protocols. For example, a router interconnects two networks. The
two networks may be running different protocol stacks. The router’s function is to
obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and send them
towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most
networking equipments, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to
access the networks, are embedded systems.

Telecommunications:

In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized as

subscriber terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key
telephones, ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems.
The network equipment includes multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet
Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP
gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded systems that provide very low-cost voice
communication over the Internet.
xvi
Wireless Technologies:

Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting

applications using embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of
the last decade of the 20’h century. It is a very powerful embedded system that
provides voice communication while we are on the move. The Personal Digital
Assistants and the palmtops can now be used to access multimedia service over
the Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base station controllers,
mobile switching centers are also powerful embedded systems.

Insemination:

Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and
engineering activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure
parameters such as weight, temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc.
are all embedded systems. Test equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer,
logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio communication test set etc. are embedded
systems built around powerful processors. Thank to miniaturization, the test and
measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating easy testing and
measurement in the field by field-personnel.

Security:

Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to
protect our homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and store.
Developing embedded systems for security applications is one of the most
lucrative businesses nowadays. Security devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for
authentication and verification are embedded systems. Encryption devices are
nearly 99 per cent of the processors that are manufactured end up in~ embedded
systems. Embedded systems find applications in every industrial segment-
consumer electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering,

xvii
manufacturing, process control and industrial automation, data communication,
telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to encrypt the data/voice being
transmitted on communication links such as telephone lines. Biometric systems
using fingerprint and face recognition are now being extensively used for user
authentication in banking applications as well as for access control in high security
buildings.

Finance:

Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for
transactions using smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also
expanded as Any Time Money) machines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card,
has a small micro-controller and memory; and it interacts with the smart card
reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart card technology has
the capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is no
exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the
work of an embedded system.

xviii
systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems etc. IP phone,
IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded systems that provide very
low-cost voice communication over the Internet.

Wireless Technologies:

Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting

applications using embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of
the last decade of the 20’h century. It is a very powerful embedded system that
provides voice communication while we are on the move. The Personal Digital
Assistants and the palmtops can now be used to access multimedia service over
the Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base station controllers,
mobile switching centers are also powerful embedded systems.

Insemination:

Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and
engineering activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure
parameters such as weight, temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc.
are all embedded systems. Test equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer,
logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio communication test set etc. are embedded
systems built around powerful processors. Thank to miniaturization, the test and
measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating easy testing and
measurement in the field by field-personnel.

Security:

Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to
protect our homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and store.
Developing embedded systems for security applications is one of the most
lucrative businesses nowadays. Security devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for

xix
authentication and verification are embedded systems. Encryption devices are
nearly 99 per cent of the processors that are manufactured end up in~ embedded
systems. Embedded systems find applications in every industrial segment-
consumer electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering,
manufacturing, process control and industrial automation, data communication,
telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to encrypt the data/voice being
transmitted on communication links such as telephone lines. Biometric systems
using fingerprint and face recognition are now being extensively used for user
authentication in banking applications as well as for access control in high security
buildings.

Finance:

Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for
transactions using smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also
expanded as Any Time Money) machines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card,
has a small micro-controller and memory; and it interacts with the smart card
reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart card technology has
the capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is no
exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the
work of an embedded system.

Overview of Embedded System Architecture

xx
Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central
Processing Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the
software is loaded. The software residing on the memory chip is also called the
‘firmware’. The embedded system architecture can be represented as a layered
architecture as shown in Fig. The operating system runs above the hardware, and

the application software runs above the operating system. The same architecture is
applicable to any computer including a desktop computer. However, there are
significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system in every
embedded system. For small appliances such as remote control units, air
conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system and you can write
only the software specific to that application. For applications involving complex
processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a case, you need to
integrate the application software with the operating system and then transfer the
entire software on to the memory chip. Once the software is transferred to the
memory chip, the software will continue to run for a long time you don’t need to
reload new software.

Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an
embedded system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are;

· Central Processing Unit (CPU)

xxi
· Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)

· Input Devices

· Output devices

· Communication interfaces

· Application-specific circuitry

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following:
microcontroller, microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-
controller is a low-cost processor. Its main attraction is that on the chip itself, there
will be many other components such as memory, serial communication interface,
analog-to digital converter etc. So, for small applications, a micro-controller is the
best choice as the number of external components required will be very less. On
the other hand, microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use many
external components with them. D5P is used mainly for applications in which
signal processing is involved such as audio and video processing.

xxii
Memory:

The memory is categorized as Random Access 11emory (RAM) and Read Only
Memory (ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off
to the chip, whereas ROM retains the contents even if the power is switched off.
So, the firmware is stored in the ROM. When power is switched on, the processor
reads the ROM; the program is program is executed. Input Devices:

Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited
capability. There will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the
embedded system is no easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small
keypad-you press one key to give a specific command. A keypad may be used to
input only the digits. Many embedded systems used in process control do not have
any input device for user interaction; they take inputs from sensors or transducers
1’fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other systems.

Output Devices:

The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability.
Some embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate
the health status of the system modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) may also be used to display some important
parameters.

Communication Interfaces:

The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they
may have to transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems
are provided with one or a few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422,
RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc.

Application-Specific Circuitry:

xxiii
Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat
an embedded system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the
processor to carry out the necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given
power supply either through the 230 volts main supply or through a battery. The
hardware has to design in such a way that the power consumption is minimized.

xxiv
 CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

POWER SUPPLY

The power supply section is the section which provide +5V for the components to work.
IC LM7805 is used for providing a constant power of +5V.

The ac voltage, typically 220V, is connected to a transformer, which steps down that ac
voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave
rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This
resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also retains the same dc value even if the
input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This voltage
regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units.

Fig: Block Diagram of Power Supply

3.1.1 TRANSFORMER

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.

Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most

power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V
in India) to a safer low voltage.

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is
no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic
field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. Transformers waste very little power so the

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power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is
stepped up.

The transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0- 6V) level. Then
the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the bridge rectifier, which is
constructed with the help of PN junction diodes. The advantages of using bridge rectifier are it
will give peak voltage output as DC.

3.1.2 RECTIFIER

There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The
bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave rectifier
can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is
rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only uses
the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC

3.1.3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as bridge
rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and
the output is taken from the remaining two corners. Let us assume that the transformer is
working properly and there is a positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B.
the positive potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.

Fig: Bridge Rectifier

The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3 and D1
are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are reverse

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biased and will block current flow. One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-
wave rectifier is that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that
is nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit.

i. The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require a special centre tapped
transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost.

ii. The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge network and the
load to the other side as shown below.

iii. The result is still a pulsating direct current but with double the frequency.

Fig: Output Waveform of DC

3.1.4 SMOOTHING

Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC

supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from
the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then
discharges as it supplies current to the output.

3.1.5 VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the
circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all
in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative
voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The regulators can be selected for operation with load
currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from
milli watts to tens of watts.

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A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to one
input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third terminal
connected to ground.

The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Similarly,
the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Voltage
regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. They
are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Negative voltage regulators are available,
mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from
excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').

Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the
7805 +5V 1Amp regulator. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.

Fig: Regulator

Fig: Circuit Diagram of Power Supply

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE(LED)

LED is abbreviation of Light Emitting Diode. It’s nothing, but just a combination of
semiconductors which emits light when current pass through it . Over the years, semiconductor
technology has advanced to bigger heights, Light Emitting Devices have also been a part of this

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revolution and as a result, Now we have LED’s which give better illumination with low power
consumption.

Types of LED– There are many types of LEDs available in the market.. As you can see on
above pic there is different LEDs according to our requirement and there has been many other
are too available depending upon different parameters . And LEDs are choose according to
parameters like space required by it, size, intensity, colors, etc. Typical LEDs are in size of 3mm,
5mm and 8mm. Nowadays HPLEDs(high power LEDs) are running in market which emits
higher luminous intensity. High power LED’s has very high heat dissipation so LED’s need to
mounted along with a cooling system known as heat sink.

Operating parameters & circuit symbol – Above figures show basic elements inside the LED and
circuit symbol which helps in interfacing LED with 8051. Typical current ratings ranges from
around 1 mA to above 20 mA and voltage is at about colors.
 1.9 to 2.1 V for red, orange and yellow,
 3.0 to 3.4 V for green and blue,
 2.9 to 4.2 V for violet, pink, purple and white.

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 5 V and 12 V LEDs are incorporate a suitable series resistor for direct connection to a 5
V or 12 V supply.

Applications-       LED is everywhere because it’s an indicating component used in many areas.

Just look around, if u can’t find even single LED, you are not on earth.

MICROCONTROLLER
A Microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip used to control electronic devices.
It is a type of microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a
general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). A typical microcontroller contains all
the memory and interfaces needed for a simple application, whereas a general purpose
microprocessor requires additional chips to provide these functions.

A microcontroller is a single integrated circuit with the following key features:

 central processing unit - ranging from small and simple 8-bit processors to sophisticated
32- or 64-bit processors

 input/output interfaces such as serial ports

 RAM for data storage

 ROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program storage

 clock generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator or RC circuit

Microcontrollers are inside many kinds of electronic equipment (see embedded system). They
are the vast majority of all processor chips sold. Over 50% are "simple" controllers, and another
20% are more specialized digital signal processors (DSPs) (ref?). A typical home in a developed
country is likely to have only one or two general-purpose microprocessors but somewhere
between one and two dozen microcontrollers. A typical mid range vehicle has as many as 50 or
more microcontrollers. They can also be found in almost any electrical device: washing
machines, microwave ovens, telephones etc. ARDUINO NANO BOARD

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based

on the ATmega328P (Arduino Nano 3.x). It has more or less the same functionality

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of the Arduino Duemilanove, but in a different package. It lacks only a DC power
jack, and works with a Mini-B USB cable instead of a standard one.

 The Nano board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model
for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino
index of boards.

Arduino Board

ATMEGA 328P FEATURES

Microcontroller ATmega328
Architecture AVR
Operating Voltage 5V

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Flash Memory 32 KB of which 2 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Analog IN Pins 8
EEPROM 1 KB
DC Current per I/O
40 mA (I/O Pins)
Pins
Input Voltage 7-12 V
Digital I/O Pins 22 (6 of which are PWM)
PWM Output 6
Power Consumption 19 mA
PCB Size 18 x 45 mm
Weight 7g
Product Code A000005

DESCRIPTION

Power

The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V
unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply
(pin 27). The power source is automatically selected to the highest voltage source.  

Memory

The ATmega328P has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the bootloader. The
ATmega328P has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.  

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Nano can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal
pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins
have specialized functions:

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 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI USB-to-
TTL Serial chip.

 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an

interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details.

 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite() function.

 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not
currently included in the Arduino language.

 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

 The Nano has 8 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e.
1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it
possible to change the upper end of their range using the analogReference() function.
Analog pins 6 and 7 cannot be used as digital pins. Additionally, some pins have
specialized functionality: I2C: A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI)
communication using the Wire library (documentation on the Wiring website).

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to
add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

Communication

The Arduino Nano has a number of facilities for communicating with a

computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328P provide
UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX)

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and 1 (TX). An FTDI FT232RL on the board channels this serial communication
over USB and the FTDI drivers (included with the Arduino software) provide a
virtual com port to software on the computer. The Arduino software includes a
serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted
via the FTDI chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial
communication on any of the Nano's digital pins.  The ATmega328P also support
I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to
simplify use of the I2C bus. To use the SPI communication, please see ATmega328P
datasheet. 

Block Diagram

PIN DIAGRAM

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 Pin Diagram

PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC

Digital supply voltage.

GND

Ground.

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  Arduino Nano Pinout contains 14 digital pins, 8 analog Pins, 2 Reset Pins & 6 Power
Pins.

 Each of these Digital & Analog Pins are assigned with multiple functions but their main
function is to be configured as input or output.

 They are acted as input pins when they are interfaced with sensors, but if you are driving
some load then use them as output.

 Functions like pinMode() and digitalWrite()  are used to control the operations of digital
pins while analogRead() is used to control analog pins.

 The analog pins come with a total resolution of 10bits which measure the value from zero
to 5V.

 Arduino Nano comes with a crystal oscillator of frequency 16 MHz. It is used to produce
a clock of precise frequency using constant voltage.

 There is one limitation using Arduino Nano i.e. it doesn’t come with DC power jack,
means you can not supply external power source through a battery.

 This board doesn’t use standard USB for connection with a computer, instead, it comes
with Mini USB support.

 Tiny size and breadboard friendly nature make this device an ideal choice for most of the
applications where a size of the electronic components are of great concern.

 Flash memory is 16KB or 32KB that all depends on the Atmega board i.e Atmega168
comes with 16KB of flash memory while Atmega328 comes with a flash memory of 32KB.
Flash memory is used for storing code. The 2KB of memory out of total flash memory is used
for a bootloader. The SRAM can vary from 1KB or 2KB and EEPROM is 512 bytes or 1KB
for Atmega168 and Atmega328 respectively.

 This board is quite similar to other Arduino boards available in the market, but the small
size makes this board stand out from others.

 It is programmed using Arduino IDE which is an Integrated Development Environment

that runs both offline and online.

 No prior arrangements are required to run the board. All you need is board, mini USB
cable and Arduino IDE software installed on the computer. USB cable is used to transfer
the program from computer to the board.

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  No separate burner is required to compile and burn the program as this board comes with
a built-in boot-loader.

 Each pin on the Nano board comes with a specific function associated with it.

 We can see the analog pins that can be used as an analog to digital converter where A4
and A5 pins can also be used for I2C communication. Similarly, there are 14 digital pins,
out of which 6 pins are used for generating PWM.

 Vin. It is input power supply voltage to the board when using an external power source of
7 to 12 V.
5V. It is a regulated power supply voltage of the board that is used to power the controller
and other components placed on the board.
 3.3V. This is a minimum voltage generated by the voltage regulator on the board.
 GND. These are the ground pins on the board. There are multiple ground pins on the
board that can be interfaced accordingly when more than one ground pin is required.
 Reset. Reset pin is added on the board that resets the board. It is very helpful when
running program goes too complex and hangs up the board. LOW value to the reset pin
will reset the controller.
 Analog Pins. There are 8 analog pins on the board marked as A0 – A7. These pins are
used to measure the analog voltage ranging between 0 t 5V.
 Rx, Tx. These pins are used for serial communication where Tx represents the
transmission of data while Rx represents the data receiver.
 13. This pin is used to turn on the built-in LED.
 AREF. This pin is used as a reference voltage for the input voltage.
 PWM. Six pins 3,5,6,9,10, 11 can be used for providing 8-pit PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) output. It is a method used for getting analog results with digital sources.
 SPI. Four pins 10(SS),11(MOSI),12(MISO),13(SCK) are used for SPI (Serial Peripheral
Interface). SPI is an interface bus and mainly used to transfer data between
microcontrollers and other peripherals like sensors, registers, and SD card.
 External Interrupts. Pin 2 and 3 are used as external interrupts which are used in case of
emergency when we need to stop the main program and call important instructions at that
point. The main program resumes once interrupt instruction is called and executed.
 I2C. I2C communication is developed using A4 and A5 pins where A4 represents the
serial data line (SDA) which carries the data and A5 represents the serial clock line

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 (SCL) which is a clock signal, generated by the master device, used for data
synchronization between the devices on an I2C bus.

COMMUNICATION AND PROGRAMMING

 The Nano device comes with an ability to set up a communication with other controllers
and computers. The serial communication is carried out by the digital pins like pin 0
(Rx) and pin 1 (Tx) where Rx is used for receiving data and Tx is used for the transmission
of data. The serial monitor is added on the Arduino Software which is used to transmit
textual data to or from the board. FTDI drivers are also included in the software which
behave as a virtual com port to the software.

 The Tx and Rx pins come with an LED which blinks as the data is transmitted between
FTDI and USB connection to the computer.

 Arduino Software Serial Library is used for carrying out a serial communication between
the board and the computer.

 Apart from serial communication the Nano board also support I2C and SPI
communication. The Wire Library inside the Arduino Software is accessed to use the I2C
bus.

 The Arduino Nano is programmed by Arduino Software called IDE which is a common
software used for almost all types of board available. Simply download the software and
select the board you are using. There are two options to program the controller i.e either by
the bootloader that is added in the software which sets you free from the use of external
burner to compile and burn the program into the controller and another option is by using
ICSP (In-circuit serial programming header).

 Arduino board software is equally compatible with Windows, Linux or MAC, however,
Windows are preferred to use.

RESET

There are two ways to reset the board i.e. electronically or programmatically.
In order to reset the board electronically, you need to connect the reset pin of the board

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with any of digital pins on the controller. Don’t forget to add 1K or 2K Ohm resistor while
setting up this connection. Now, use the digital pin as an output and keep it HIGH before the
reset. Once the reset is required, set this digital pin to LOW. This method is very useful because
using it sends a hardware reset signal to the controller once the digital pin is set to LOW. You
can use the following program to reset the controller electronically.

Another method we can use to reset the board is by software only without using any
hardware pin. Nano board comes with a built-in function known as resetFunc(). The board will
reset automatically as we define this function and then call it. Without using any hardware pin
you can upload the following program to reset the board programmatically.

However, this method comes with some limitations. Once the board is connected to the
computer, the board will be reset each time the connection is laid out between the board and the
computer. So, it is preferred to reset the controller electronically using a digital pin.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARDUINO UNO AND NANO

 Both Arduino Uno and Arduino Nano come with same functionality with little difference
in terms of PCB layout, size and form factor.

 Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on Atmega328 and comes with 14 digital

I/O pins out of which 6 are PWM. There are 6 analog pins incorporated on the board. This
board comes with everything required to support the microcontroller like USB connection,
Power jack, 16MHz oscillator, reset button and ICSP header. You don’t require extra
peripheral with the board to make it work for automation.

 It is a complete ready to use device that requires no prior technical skills to get a hands-
on experience with it. You can power it by using DC power jack, battery or simply plug it to
the computer using a USB cable to get started.

 Arduino Nano is small and compact as compared to Arduino Uno. It lacks the DC power
jack and comes with Mini USB support instead of regular USB. Also, Nano board comes with
two extra analog pins i.e. 8 pins as compared to 6 analog pins in Uno board. Nano board is
breadboard friendly while Uno board lacks this property.

 However, both devices run at 5V, come with a current rating of 40mA, and 16MHz of the
clock frequency.

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 q

APPLICATIONS

Arduino Nano is a very useful device that comes with a wide range of applications and
covers less space as compared to other Arduino board. Breadboard friendly nature makes it stand
out from other board. Following are the main applications of the board.

 Arduino Metal Detector

 Medical Instruments

 Industrial Automation

 Android Applications

 GSM Based Projects

 Automation and Robotics

 Home Automation and Defense Systems

Virtual Reality Applications

BLUETOOTH

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 Bluetooth is a global wireless communication standard that connects devices together
over a certain distance. Think headset and phone, speaker and PC, basketball to smartphone and
more. It is built into billions of products on the market today and connects the Internet of Things
(IoT). If you haven’t heard of the IoT.

Fig. Bluetooth Module HC05

A Bluetooth device uses radio waves instead of wires or cables to connect to a phone or
computer. A Bluetooth product, like a headset or watch, contains a tiny computer chip with a
Bluetooth radio and software that makes it easy to connect. When two Bluetooth devices want to
talk to each other, they need to pair. Communication between Bluetooth devices happens over
short-range, ad hoc networks known as piconets. A piconet is a network of devices connected
using Bluetooth technology. The network ranges from two to eight connected devices. When a
network is established, one device takes the role of the master while all the other devices act as
slaves. Piconets are established dynamically and automatically as Bluetooth devices enter and
leave radio proximity.

Different kinds of Bluetooth

There are actually several “kinds”—different versions of the core specification—of

Bluetooth. The most common today are Bluetooth BR/EDR (basic rate/enhanced data rate)
and Bluetooth with low energy functionality. You will generally find BR/EDR in things like
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speakers and headsets while you will see Bluetooth Smart in the newest products on the market
like fitness bands, beacons—small transmitters that send data over Bluletooth—and smart home
devices.

Applications

Bluetooth can wirelessly connect devices together. It can connect your headset to your
phone, car or computer. It can connect your phone or computer to your speakers. Best of all? It
can connect your lights, door locks, TV, shoes, basketballs, water bottles, toys—almost anything
you can think of—to an app on your phone. Bluetooth takes it even further with connecting
beacons to shoppers or travelers in airports or even attendees at sporting events. The future of
Bluetooth is limited only to a developer’s imagination.

What makes Bluetooth better than other technologies?

The short answer is because Bluetooth is everywhere, it operates on low power, it is easy to use
and it doesn’t cost a lot to use. Let’s explore these a bit more.

 Bluetooth is everywhere—you will find Bluetooth built into nearly every phone, laptop,
desktop and tablet. This makes it so convenient to connect a keyboard, mouse, speakers
or fitness band to your phone or computer. 
 Bluetooth is low power—with the advent of Bluetooth Smart (BLE or Bluetooth low
energy), developers were able to create smaller sensors that run off tiny coin-cell batteries
for months, and in some cases, years. This is setting the stage for Bluetooth as a key
component in the Internet of Things.
 Bluetooth is easy to use—for consumers, it really can’t get any easier. You go to settings,
turn on your Bluetooth, hit the pairing button and wait for it start communicating. That’s
it. From a development standpoint, creating a Bluetooth product starts with the core
specification and then you layer profiles and services onto it. There are several tools that
the SIG has to help developers.
 Bluetooth is low cost—you can add Bluetooth for a minimal cost. You will need to buy a
module/system on chip (SoC)/etc. and pay an administrative fee to use the brand and
license the technology. The administrative fee varies on the size of the company and
there are programs to help startups. 

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What are some of the new Bluetooth products on the market? 
We don’t track the billions of products on the market, however, we do run across a few cool
things our member are working on and highlight them on the blog. Click here to read more.

SIG AND BLUETOOTH

The Bluetooth SIG are the curators of the Bluetooth specification. Any company who
creates, brands or sells a Bluetooth product should join the SIG. One of the many member
benefits is the ability to join our working groups and participate in shaping the future of the
technology.

FLEX SENSOR

The Flex/Force sensor is an ultra-thin and flexible printed circuit, which can be
easily integrated into most applications. With its paper-thin construction, flexibility and force
measurement ability, the Flex/Force force sensor can measure force between almost any two
surfaces and is durable enough to stand up to most environments. Flex/Force has better force
sensing properties, linearity, hysteresis, drift, and temperature sensitivity than any other thin-film
force sensors. The "active sensing area" is a 0.375” diameter circle at the end of the sensor.

The sensors are constructed of two layers of substrate. This substrate is

composed of polyester film (or Polyimide in the case of the High-Temperature Sensors). On each
layer, a conductive material (silver) is applied, followed by a layer of pressure-sensitive ink.
Adhesive is then used to laminate the two layers of substrate together to form the sensor. The
silver circle on top of the pressure-sensitive ink defines the “active sensing area.” Silver extends
from the sensing area to the connectors at the other end of the sensor, forming the conductive
leads.

Flex/Force sensors are terminated with a solderable male square pin connector, which allows
them to be incorporated into a circuit. The two outer pins of the connector are active and the
center pin is inactive. A conductive epoxy can also be used to adhere small wires to each
conductor.

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The sensor acts as a variable resistor in an electrical circuit. When the sensor is unloaded, its
resistance is very high (greater than 5 Meg-ohm); when a force is applied to the sensor, the
resistance decreases. Connecting an ohmmeter to the outer two pins of the sensor connector and
applying a force to the sensing area can read the change in resistance.

Sensors should be stored at temperatures in the range of 15°F (-9°C) to 165°F (74°C)

Standard Flex/Force Sensors

The Standard A201 sensor is available in the following force ranges:

• Sensor A201-1 (0-1 lb. force range)

• Sensor A201-25 (0-25 lb. force range)

• Sensor A201-100 (0-100 lb. force range)*

* In order to measure forces above 100 lbs. (up to 1000 lbs), apply a lower drive voltage and
reduce the resistance of the feedback resistor (1kΩ min.).

High-Temperature Flex/Force Sensors

The High-Temperature HT201 sensor is available in the following force ranges* (as tested with
the sample drive circuit).

• Sensor HT201-L Low: 0-30lb (133N) force range

• Sensor HT201-H High: 0-100lb (445N) force range

* In order to measure forces outside specified ranges, use recommended circuit and adjust drive
voltage and/or reference resistance

APPLICATION

There are many ways to integrate the FlexiForce sensor into an application. One
way is to incorporate it into a force-to-voltage circuit. A means of calibration must thenbe
established to convert the output into the appropriate engineering units. Depending on the setup,
an adjustment could then be done to increase or decrease the sensitivity of the sensor. An
example circuit is shown below. In this case, it is driven by a -5 V DC excitation voltage. This
circuit uses an inverting operational amplifier arrangement to produce an analog output based on

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the sensor resistance and a fixed reference resistance (RF). An analog-to-digital converter can be
used to change this voltage to a digital output. In this circuit, the sensitivity of the sensor could
be adjusted by changing the reference resistance (RF) and/or drive voltage (VT); a lower
reference resistance and/or drive voltage will make the sensor less sensitive, and increase its
active force range. In the circuit shown, the dynamic force range of the sensor can be adjusted by
changing the reference resistor (RF) or by changing the Drive Voltage (VO). Refer to the
Saturation section for additional information.

In the circuit shown, the dynamic force range of the sensor can be adjusted by changing the reference
resistor (RF) or by changing the Drive Voltage (VO). Refer to the Saturation section for additional
information.

APR 9600 VOICE IC:

The APR9600 device offers true single-chip voice recording, non-volatile storage, and
playback capability for 40 to 60 seconds. The IC is 28 pin device used to record & playback of
maximum of 8 messages. The device supports both random and sequential access of multiple
messages. Sample rates are user-selectable, allowing designers to customize their design for
unique quality and storage time needs. the device is ideal for use in portable voice recorders,
toys, and many other consumer and industrial applications.

The replayed sound exhibits high quality with a low noise level. Sampling rate for a 60
second recording period is 4.2 kHz that gives a sound record/replay bandwidth of 20Hz to 2.1

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kHz. However, by changing an oscillation resistor, a sampling rate as high as 8.0 kHz can be
achieved. This shortens the total length of sound recording to 32 seconds.

Total sound recording time can be varied from 32 seconds to 60 seconds by changing the
value of a single resistor. The IC can operate in one of two modes: serial mode and parallel
mode. In serial access mode, sound can be recorded in 256 sections. In parallel access mode,
sound can be recorded in 2, 4 or 8 sections. The IC can be controlled simply using push button
keys. It is also possible to control the IC using external digital circuitry such as micro-controllers
and computers.

This APR9600 voice IC has 28 pin DIP package works in supply voltage between 4.5V
& 6.5V. During recording and replaying, current consumption is 25 mA. In idle mode, the
current drops to 1 mA. The APR9600 experimental board is an assembled PCB board consisting
of an APR9600 IC, an electrets microphone, support components and necessary switches to
allow users to explore all functions of the APR9600 chip. The oscillation resistor is chosen so
that the total recording period is 60 seconds with a sampling rate of 4.2 kHz. The board measures
80mm by 55mm.

Fig: APR9600 Experimental board

APR9600

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 Pin-out of the APR9600 is given in Figure 1. A typical connection of the chip is given in
Figure 2 (This is the circuit diagram of the module). Pin functions of the IC are given in Table 1.
During sound recording, sound is picked up by the microphone. A microphone pre-amplifier
amplifies the voltage signal from the microphone. An AGC circuit is included in the pre-
amplifier, the extent of which is controlled by an external capacitor and resistor. If the voltage
level of a sound signal is around 100 mV peak to- peak, the signal can be fed directly into the IC
through ANA IN pin (pin 20). The sound signal passes through a filter and a sampling and hold
circuit. The analogue voltage is then written into non-volatile flash analogue RAMs. It has a 28
pin DIP package. Supply voltage is between 4.5V to 6.5V. During recording and replaying,
current consumption is 25 mA. In idle mode, the current drops to 1 mA.
PIN DIAGRAM

Fig: Pin-out of APR9600

APR9600 MODULE

The circuit diagram of the module is shown in Figure 2. The module consists of an APR9600
chip, an electrets microphone, support components, a mode selection switch (-RE, MSEL1,
MSEL2 and – M8) and 9 keys (-M1 to –M8 and CE). The oscillation resistor is chosen so that
the total recording period is 60 seconds with a sampling rate of 4.2 kHz. Users can change the
value of the ROSC to obtain other sampling frequencies. It should be noted that if the sampling

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rate is increased, the length of recording time is decreased. Table 3 gives the details. An 8-16
Ohm speaker is to be used with the module.

Fig: Typical connections of the APR9600

Users can select different modes using the mode selection switch. The module is measured
80mm´55mm. Connection points (0-8, C and B) can connect to other switches or external digital
circuits. In this cased, on-board keys M1 to M8 and CE are by-passed.

TIPS FOR BETTER SOUND REPLAY QUALITY:

1. Use a good quality 8 Ohm speaker with a cavity such as speakers for computer sound systems.
Do not use a bare speaker which gives you degraded sound.
2. For better sound replay quality, speak with a distance to the on-board microphone and speak
clearly. Also keep the background noise as low as possible.
3. For even better sound replay quality, use microphone
input or Audio Line In input. If Audio Line In is used, the

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 amplitude of input signal should be < 100 mV p-pCHAPTER

SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -

contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons
for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuino
hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

WRITING SKETCHES

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches
are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has features
for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while
saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by the
Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other information. The
bottom righthand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial port. The
toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches,
and open the serial monitor.

NB: Versions of the Arduino Software (IDE) prior to 1.0 saved sketches with the
extension .pde. It is possible to open these files with version 1.0, you will be prompted to
save the sketch with the .ino extension on save.

Verify 
Checks your code for errors compiling it.

Upload 
Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board. See uploading below for
details.

Note: If you are using an external programmer with your board, you can hold down the

l
 "shift" key on your computer when using this icon. The text will change to "Upload
using Programmer"

New Creates a new sketch.

Open Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook. Clicking one will open it
within the current window overwriting its content.

Note: due to a bug in Java, this menu doesn't scroll; if you need to open a sketch late in
the list, use the File | Sketchbookmenu instead.

Save Saves your sketch.

Serial Monitor Opens the serial monitor.

Additional commands are found within the five menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, Help. The
menus are context sensitive, which means only those items relevant to the work currently
being carried out are available.

File

 New Creates a new instance of the editor, with the bare minimum structure of a sketch
already in place.
 Open Allows to load a sketch file browsing through the computer drives and folders.
 Open Recent Provides a short list of the most recent sketches, ready to be opened.
 Sketchbook Shows the current sketches within the sketchbook folder structure;
clicking on any name opens the corresponding sketch in a new editor instance.
 Examples Any example provided by the Arduino Software (IDE) or library shows up
in this menu item. All the examples are structured in a tree that allows easy access by topic
or library.
 Close Closes the instance of the Arduino Software from which it is clicked.
 Save Saves the sketch with the current name. If the file hasn't been named before, a
name will be provided in a "Save as.." window.
 Saveas... Allows to save the current sketch with a different name.
 PageSetup It shows the Page Setup window for printing.
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 Print 
Sends the current sketch to the printer according to the settings defined in Page Setup.
 Preferences 
Opens the Preferences window where some settings of the IDE may be customized, as the
language of the IDE interface.
 Quit 
Closes all IDE windows. The same sketches open when Quit was chosen will be
automatically reopened the next time you start the IDE.

EDIT

 Undo/Redo 
Goes back of one or more steps you did while editing; when you go back, you may go
forward with Redo.
 Cut 
Removes the selected text from the editor and places it into the clipboard.
 Copy 
Duplicates the selected text in the editor and places it into the clipboard.
 Copy for Forum Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard in a form suitable for
posting to the forum, complete with syntax coloring.
 Copy as HTML Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard as HTML, suitable for
embedding in web pages.
 Paste 
Puts the contents of the clipboard at the cursor position, in the editor.
 Select All Selects and highlights the whole content of the editor.
 Comment/Uncomment 
Puts or removes the // comment marker at the beginning of each selected line.
 Increase/Decrease Indent :Adds or subtracts a space at the beginning of each selected
line, moving the text one space on the right or eliminating a space at the beginning.

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 Find 
Opens the Find and Replace window where you can specify text to search inside the current
sketch according to several options.
 Find Next: Highlights the next occurrence - if any - of the string specified as the
search item in the Find window, relative to the cursor position.
 Find Previous : Highlights the previous occurrence - if any - of the string specified as
the search item in the Find window relative to the cursor position.

SKETCH

 Verify/Compile 
Checks your sketch for errors compiling it; it will report memory usage for code and
variables in the console area.
 Upload 
Compiles and loads the binary file onto the configured board through the configured Port.
 Upload Using Programmer

This will overwrite the bootloader on the board; you will need to use Tools > Burn
Bootloader to restore it and be able to Upload to USB serial port again. However, it allows
you to use the full capacity of the Flash memory for your sketch. Please note that this
command will NOT burn the fuses. To do so a Tools -> Burn Bootloader command must be
executed.

 Export Compiled Binary 

Saves a .hex file that may be kept as archive or sent to the board using other tools.
 Show Sketch Folder 
Opens the current sketch folder.
 Include Library 
Adds a library to your sketch by inserting #include statements at the start of your code. For
more details, seelibraries below. Additionally, from this menu item you can access the
Library Manager and import new libraries from .zip files.

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 Add File... 
Adds a source file to the sketch (it will be copied from its current location). The new file
appears in a new tab in the sketch window. Files can be removed from the sketch using the
tab menu accessible clicking on the small triangle icon below the serial monitor one on the
right side o the toolbar.

TOOLS

 Auto Format 
This formats your code nicely: i.e. indents it so that opening and closing curly braces line up,
and that the statements inside curly braces are indented more.
 Archive Sketch 
Archives a copy of the current sketch in .zip format. The archive is placed in the same
directory as the sketch.
 Fix Encoding & Reload 
Fixes possible discrepancies between the editor char map encoding and other operating
systems char maps.
 Serial Monitor 
Opens the serial monitor window and initiates the exchange of data with any connected
board on the currently selected Port. This usually resets the board, if the board supports Reset
over serial port opening.
 Board 
Select the board that you're using. See below for descriptions of the various boards.
 Port 
This menu contains all the serial devices (real or virtual) on your machine. It should
automatically refresh every time you open the top-level tools menu.
 Programmer 
For selecting a harware programmer when programming a board or chip and not using the
onboard USB-serial connection. Normally you won't need this, but if you're burning a
bootloader to a new microcontroller, you will use this.

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 Burn Bootloader 
The items in this menu allow you to burn a bootloader onto the microcontroller on an
Arduino board. This is not required for normal use of an Arduino or Genuino board but is
useful if you purchase a new ATmega microcontroller (which normally come without a
bootloader). Ensure that you've selected the correct board from the Boards menu before
burning the bootloader on the target board. This command also set the right fuses HELP

Here you find easy access to a number of documents that come with the Arduino Software
(IDE). You have access to Getting Started, Reference, this guide to the IDE and other
documents locally, without an internet connection. The documents are a local copy of the
online ones and may link back to our online website.

 Find in Reference 
This is the only interactive function of the Help menu: it directly selects the relevant page in
the local copy of the Reference for the function or command under the cursor.

SKETCHBOOK

The Arduino Software (IDE) uses the concept of a sketchbook: a standard place to store your
programs (or sketches). The sketches in your sketchbook can be opened from the File >
Sketchbook menu or from the Open button on the toolbar. The first time you run the Arduino
software, it will automatically create a directory for your sketchbook. You can view or
change the location of the sketchbook location from with the Preferences dialog.

Beginning with version 1.0, files are saved with a .ino file extension. Previous versions use
the .pde extension. You may still open .pde named files in version 1.0 and later, the software
will automatically rename the extension to .ino.

Tabs, Multiple Files, and Compilation

Allows you to manage sketches with more than one file (each of which appears in its own
tab). These can be normal Arduino code files (no visible extension), C files (.c extension),
C++ files (.cpp), or header files (.h).
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UPLOADING

Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools >
Board and Tools > Port menus. Theboards are described below. On the Mac, the serial port is
probably something like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or Mega2560 or Leonardo)
or /dev/tty.usbserial-1B1 (for a Duemilanove or earlier USB board),
or/dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected with a Keyspan USB-to-Serial
adapter). On Windows, it's probably COM1 or COM2 (for a serial board)
or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to find out, you look for USB serial
device in the ports section of the Windows Device Manager. On Linux, it should
be /dev/ttyACMx ,/dev/ttyUSBx or similar. Once you've selected the correct serial port and
board, press the upload button in the toolbar or select the Upload item from the Sketch menu.
Current Arduino boards will reset automatically and begin the upload. With older boards
(pre-Diecimila) that lack auto-reset, you'll need to press the reset button on the board just
before starting the upload. On most boards, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs blink as the
sketch is uploaded. The Arduino Software (IDE) will display a message when the upload is
complete, or show an error.

When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program that has
been loaded on to the microcontroller on your board. It allows you to upload code without
using any additional hardware. The bootloader is active for a few seconds when the board
resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most recently uploaded to the microcontroller. The
bootloader will blink the on-board (pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).

LIBRARIES

Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with hardware or
manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from the Sketch > Import
Library menu. This will insert one or more #include statements at the top of the sketch and
compile the library with your sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to the board with your
sketch, they increase the amount of space it takes up. If a sketch no longer needs a library,
simply delete its #includestatements from the top of your code.

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There is a list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are included with the Arduino
software. Others can be downloaded from a variety of sources or through the Library
Manager. Starting with version 1.0.5 of the IDE, you do can import a library from a zip file
and use it in an open sketch. See these instructions for installing a third-party library.

To write your own library.

THIRD-PARTY HARDWARE

Support for third-party hardware can be added to the hardware directory of your sketchbook

directory. Platforms installed there may include board definitions (which appear in the board
menu), core libraries, bootloaders, and programmer definitions. To install, create
the hardware directory, then unzip the third-party platform into its own sub-directory. (Don't
use "arduino" as the sub-directory name or you'll override the built-in Arduino platform.) To
uninstall, simply delete its directory.

For details on creating packages for third-party hardware, see the Arduino IDE 1.5 3rd party
Hardware specification.

SERIAL MONITOR

Displays serial data being sent from the Arduino or Genuino board (USB or serial board). To
send data to the board, enter text and click on the "send" button or press enter. Choose the
baud rate from the drop-down that matches the rate passed to Serial.begin in your sketch.
Note that on Windows, Mac or Linux, the Arduino or Genuino board will reset (rerun your
sketch execution to the beginning) when you connect with the serial monitor.

You can also talk to the board from Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, etc (see the interfacing
page for details).

PREFERENCES

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Some preferences can be set in the preferences dialog (found under the Arduino menu on the
Mac, or File on Windows and Linux). The rest can be found in the preferences file, whose
location is shown in the preference dialog.

LANGUAGE SUPPORT

 
Since version 1.0.1 , the Arduino Software (IDE) has been translated into 30+ different
languages. By default, the IDE loads in the language selected by your operating system.
(Note: on Windows and possibly Linux, this is determined by the locale setting which
controls currency and date formats, not by the language the operating system is displayed in.)

If you would like to change the language manually, start the Arduino Software (IDE) and
open the Preferences window. Next to the Editor Language there is a dropdown menu of
currently supported languages. Select your preferred language from the menu, and restart the

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 software to use the selected language. If your operating system language is not supported, the
Arduino Software (IDE) will default to English.

You can return the software to its default setting of selecting its language based on your
operating system by selectingSystem Default from the Editor Language drop-down. This
setting will take effect when you restart the Arduino Software (IDE). Similarly, after
changing your operating system's settings, you must restart the Arduino Software (IDE) to
update it to the new default language.

BOARDS

The board selection has two effects: it sets the parameters (e.g. CPU speed and baud rate)
used when compiling and uploading sketches; and sets and the file and fuse settings used by
the burn bootloader command. Some of the board definitions differ only in the latter, so even
if you've been uploading successfully with a particular selection you'll want to check it
before burning the bootloader. You can find a comparison table between the various board.

Arduino Software (IDE) includes the built in support for the boards in the following list, all
based on the AVR Core. TheBoards Manager included in the standard installation allows to
add support for the growing number of new boards based on different cores like Arduino
Due, Arduino Zero, Edison, Galileo and so on.

 Arduino Yùn 
An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog In, 20 Digital I/O and 7
PWM.
 Arduino/Genuino Uno 
An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 Arduino Diecimila or Duemilanove w/ ATmega168 
An ATmega168 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
 Arduino Nano w/  ATmega328 
An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset. Has eight analog inputs.

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 Arduino/Genuino Mega 2560 
An ATmega2560 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 16 Analog In, 54 Digital I/O and 15
PWM.
 Arduino Mega 
An ATmega1280 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 16 Analog In, 54 Digital I/O and 15
PWM.
 Arduino Mega ADK 
An ATmega2560 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 16 Analog In, 54 Digital I/O and 15
PWM.
 Arduino Leonardo 
An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog In, 20 Digital I/O and 7
PWM.
 Arduino/Genuino Micro 
An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog In, 20 Digital I/O and 7
PWM.
 Arduino Esplora 
An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
 Arduino Mini w/ ATmega328
An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 8 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 Arduino Ethernet 
Equivalent to Arduino UNO with an Ethernet shield: An ATmega328 running at
16 MHz with auto-reset, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 Arduino Fio 
An ATmega328 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset. Equivalent to Arduino Pro or Pro Mini
(3.3V, 8 MHz) w/ATmega328, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 Arduino BT w/  ATmega328 
ATmega328 running at 16 MHz. The bootloader burned (4 KB) includes codes to initialize
the on-board bluetooth module, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM..
 LilyPad  Arduino USB 
An ATmega32u4 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset, 4 Analog In, 9 Digital I/O and 4 PWM.

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 LilyPad  Arduino 
An ATmega168 or ATmega132 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital
I/O and 6 PWM.
 Arduino Pro or Pro Mini (5V, 16 MHz) w/  ATmega328 
An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset. Equivalent to Arduino Duemilanove or
Nano w/ ATmega328; 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 Arduino NG or older w/ ATmega168 
An ATmega168 running at 16 MHz without auto-reset. Compilation and upload is equivalent
to Arduino Diecimila or Duemilanove w/ ATmega168, but the bootloader burned has a
slower timeout (and blinks the pin 13 LED three times on reset); 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O
and 6 PWM.
 Arduino Robot Control 
An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
 Arduino Robot MOTOR 
An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
 Arduino Gemma 
An ATtiny85 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset, 1 Analog In, 3 Digital I/O and 2 PWM.

THE COMPILATION PROCESS

The arduino code is actually just plain old c without all the header part (the includes and all).
when you press the 'compile' button, the IDE saves the current file as arduino.c in the 'lib/build'
directory then it calls a makefile contained in the 'lib' directory.This makefile copies arduino.c as
prog.c into 'lib/tmp' adding 'wiringlite.inc' as the beginning of it. this operation makes the
arduino/wiring code into a proper c file (called prog.c).

 After this, it copies all the files in the 'core' directory into 'lib/tmp'. these files are the
implementation of the various arduino/wiring commands adding to these files adds commands to
the language. The core files are supported by pascal stang's procyon avr-lib that is contained in the
'lib/avrlib' directory. At this point the code contained in lib/tmp is ready to be compiled with the c
compiler contained in 'tools'. If the make operation is succesfull then you'll have prog.hex ready to
be downloaded into the processor

WORKING PROCESS:

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In this circuit diagram, power supply is given by microcontroller arduino which
maximum can be 5v

Here in the circuit we use 10 ohm resistor are in parallel with flex sensor which
again have the resistance of 10 ohm. On bending it changes its resistance and it
increases. From microcontroller the input goes to voice processor and through
speaker we get signal.

ADVANTAGES:

 Low cost.

 Compact system,

 Flexible to users

 It takes less power to operate system.

APPLICATIONS:

 Physically challenged persons

 Conveying information related operations.

CONCLUSION

This project aims to lower the community gap between the deaf or mute
community and the normal world. It was meant to be prototype to check the
feasibility of recognizing sign language using sensor gloves. The main feature of
this project is that the gesture recognizer is standalone system, which is applicable
in daily life.

FUTURE SCOPE

1. Wearable hand gloves mouse can be flexible for every hand size

2. These gloves cannot capture the facial expression .So device can be
develop that can capture facial expression also

REFERENCES

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The sites which were used while doing this project:

1. www.wikipedia.com

2. www.allaboutcircuits.com

3. www.microchip.com

4. www.howstuffworks.com

Books referred:

1. Raj kamal –Microcontrollers Architecture, Programming, Interfacing and System Design.

2. Mazidi and Mazidi –Embedded Systems.

3. ARDUINO Microcontroller Manual – Microchip.

4. Embedded C –Michael.J.Pont.

List of abbreviations
Term Description
 PSW: Program status word
 IP: Interrupt Priority
 SFR: Special Function Register
 ALE: Address Latch Enable
 SP: Stack Pointer
 DPL/DPH: Data Pointer Low/Data Pointer High
 PSEN: Program Store Enable
 PCON: Power Control
 TCON: Timer Control
 TMOD: Timer Mode
 ACC: Accumulator
 CAN: Control Area Network
 LED: Light Emitting Diode
 LCD: Liquid Crystal Display

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 IR: Infrared
 EA: External Access Enable
 RTS: Request to send
 CTS: Clear to send
 ISP : In system Programmable
 DTR: Data terminal ready
 DSR: Data set ready
 DB: Define byte
 SCON:Selection control
 SBUF: Selection buffer
 RS: Selection register
 RW: Read write
 EN: Enable

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